CHEMICAL BONDS AND CHEMICAL

COMPOUNDS

CHEMICAL BOND

 Attractive force between two atoms holding them

together to form a molecule or a chemical
compound
 Forces that link together atoms to form different
kinds of matter

VALENCE ELECTRONS LEWIS STRUCTURE

 Plays a crucial role in formation of chemical bonds
 Electrons located in the outermost energy level
OCTET RULE
 In forming chemical bonds, main group elements
gain, lose , or share electrons to achieve
configuration in which they are surrounded by
eight valence electrons
 Type of structural formula that uses dots or dashes
to indicate bonds
 Visual representation of the structure of a
covalently bonded molecule or ion that shows the
distribution of all valence electrons
 BONDING PAIR- a pair of electrons shared by
two atoms
 LONE PAIRS – nonbonding electron pairs

DUET RULE

 Hydrogen and Helium may have not more than 2

Electrons in their valence shells

LEWIS DOT SYMBOL

 Developed by Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946)

 Electron Dot diagram
 Visual representation of valence electrons of an
atom
 Valence electrons are represented as dots placed
around the element symbols

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

 IONIC BOND
 COVALENT BOND
 METALLIC BOND
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND

 Chemical bond resulting from the transfer of
electrons from one bonding atom to another
 In an ionic bond, the positively charged ion (cation)
is attracted to negatively charged ion (anion)
 Static electrical attraction is the basis for ionic
bonds
 Commonly formed between the ion of metallic
element (cation) and an ion of nonmetallic element
(anion)
 Formed by a shared pair of electrons between two
atoms
 Chemical bond formed when valence electrons
are shared by nonmetal elements
 Covalent bonds are found in paper, plastics, plant
and animal tissue
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
Based on the number of electron pair shared

 Single bond
 Double bond
 Triple bond

SINGLE BOND

 Two atoms share exactly one pair of electrons

 Ionic bonding occurs when ions assemble into an

extended array called a lattice and are held together
by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

DOUBLE BONDS

 Consists of two pairs of shared electrons

Acetone Formaldehyde
TRIPLE BOND

 Consists of three pairs of shared electrons

EXAMPLES OF IONIC CHARACTER

 C – O: EC = 2.5; EO = 3.5
ΔEN = |3.5 – 2.5| = 1.0 (Polar)
 Na – Cl: ENa = 0.9; ECl = 3.0
BOND LENGTH ΔEN = |3.0 – 0.9| = 2.1 (Ionic)

 The distance between the nuclei of the bonded  F - F: EF = 4.0

atoms ΔEN = |4.0 – 4.0| = 0.0 (Non-polar)
 Single bond is longer than double bond
 Double bond is longer than triple bond  P - Br: EP = 2.1; EBr = 2.8
BOND ORDER ΔEN = |2.8 – 2.1| = 0.7 (Polar)

 the number of electron pairs shared between two TYPES OF COVALENT BOND BASED ON BOND
atoms in the formation of the bond POLARITY

TYPE OF BOND BOND ORDER  Polar covalent bond

SINGLE 1  Nonpolar covalent bond
DOUBLE 2  Coordinate or Dative covalent bond
TRIPLE 3
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND

BOND POLARITY  A bond that has an even distribution of charge due

to an equal sharing of bonding electrons
 due to difference in electronegativity of atoms
 If the electronegativity difference is zero, the bond is
classified as nonpolar covalent.
 A bond along which a dipole exists is a polar bond.
 Also referred to as a polar covalent bond since
electrons are still being shared.
 The greater the electronegativity difference, the
more polar the bond.
 When the electronegativity difference exceeds 2.0,
the bond is classified as ionic. POLAR COVALENT BOND

 A bond that has uneven distribution of charge

due to unequal sharing or bonding electrons

 A chemical bond between two atoms that have

different electronegativities, such that one end of
the bond takes on a partial positive charge and
the other end takes on a partial negative charge
and constitute a dipole
COORDINATE BOND
 also called a dative covalent bond
 A covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in
which both electrons comes from the same atom.
METALLIC BONDING
 Metallic: sharing by forming a mobile “sea of
electrons”
 Positively charged metal nuclei arranged in a
lattice. Electrons move, more or less, freely
throughout the whole lattice.
 Free movement allows metals to conduct
electricity
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND
 When two atoms approach one another, the
negatively charged electron clouds are attracted to
the other atom’s positively charged nucleus.
 The diagram represents electron density during
bond formation.
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND
 Driving force behind bond formation is lowering
of overall energy.
o Ionic bonding lowers energy by transferring
electrons between a metal and a nonmetal.
o Covalent bonding lowers energy by sharing
electrons between two nonmetals.
Potential energy between two atoms.
 Electrons on each atom are attracted to the
nucleus of the other atom.
 Nuclei of the bonding atoms repel each other,
as do the bonding electrons.
 A covalent bond forms where the attractive
and repulsive forces balance each other and
energy is at a minimum.
BOND ENERGY
The energy released when isolated atoms form a
covalent bond
The amount of energy required to break a bond
(Bond dissociation energy)
A measure of the strength of chemical bond
The larger the bond energy, the stronger the
 bond
Triple bond is stronger than double bond
Double bond is stronger than triple bond
HYBRID ORBITALS
Hybrid orbitals are created by a linear
combination of atomic orbitals, producing an
equal number of hybrid orbitals.
o Two atomic orbitals combine, two hybrid
orbitals are generated.
Hybrid orbital name comes from the type and
number of atomic orbitals combined (e.g., sp3)
The indicated orbital geometry gives rise to
common molecular shapes.
Hybridization of the s and p orbitals on carbon.
The four sp3 hybrid orbitals have equal energy.
The four valence electrons are distributed
evenly across the sp3 hybrid orbitals.
The angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is
109.5o.
Table 7.2
The five common orbital hybridization schemes are
shown, the names for these hybrid orbitals are derived
from the type and number of orbitals that combine to
form them. Thus sp2 hybrids result from combining an s
orbital with a pair of p orbitals. The orbital geometries
shown in the left-hand column give rise to the common
molecular shapes described in the next section.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 Molecular shape - the way bonded atoms arrange
themselves in three dimensions.
o Molecular shape affects molecular properties,
including reactivity.
VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR
REPULSION (VSEPR)
Theory - molecules assume a shape that allows
them to minimize the repulsions between electron
pairs in the valence shell of the central atom.
 Electron pairs include both lone pair electrons
and bonding pair electrons.
PREDICTING THE MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 Molecular geometries are predicted For 4 bonding electron pairs and a lone pair, the
systematically. lone pair occupies the less repulsive equatorial
position.
o Draw the Lewis dot structure.

o Count the number of bonding and

nonbonding electron pairs around the central
atom.

Double and triple bonds count as one bonding

pair.

o For zero nonbonding pairs on central atom,

molecular shape matches shape predicted by
VSEPR.

o For nonbonding pairs on central atom, a base

geometry predicted by VSEPR theory is used.

Bond angles and shapes are predicted by electron

pair repulsion between valence electron pairs.

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Lone pair electrons occupy more space than

bonding electrons.
 BASED ON THE SOURCE OR ORIGIN

ORGANIC COMPOUND- derived from living or

organic sources like plants and animals and
usually contain carbon

Examples: alcohol, sugar, gasoline, starch, fats and

proteins

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- do not contain

CHEMICAL COMPOUND
carbon like ores, minerals
A pure substance made up of atoms of two or more
Example: NaCl
elements joined together by chemical bonds
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
Substance that contains two or more elements
PRESENT
chemically combined in fixed proportion
BINARY COMPOUNDS- contain one positive ion
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING A COMPOUND
and one negative ion
1. Based on the kind of bond
Examples: HCl, CaCl2
2. Based on the source or origin
TERNARY COMPOUNDS- contain three kinds of
3. Based on the number of elements present elements with oxygen as the third element

4. Based on the ability to conduct electricity Example Na2CO3

BASED ON THE KIND OF BOND BASED ON THE KINDS OF ELEMENTS

PRESENT
Ionic compound or electrovalent compound
Covalent or molecular compound Acid
Bases
IONIC COMPOUND Salts
Oxides
Also known as electrovalent compound
ACIDS
compound of positive and negative ions combine
so that the charges are neutralized ARRHENIUS CONCEPTS
Compounds that yield Hydrogen ion or H3O+ when
formed from a metal and non-metal dissolved in water
Examples: NaCl, KBr, Fe2O3

COVALENT COMPOUND OR MOLECULAR

COMPOUND

compound that has atoms held together by covalent

bond H3O+

Always involve two nonmetals Bronsted-Lowry concept

Acid is a substance that donates hydrogen
Examples: CO, CO2, CH4 ion(proton) Acid is a proton donor.
 LEWIS CONCEPT
Base is a substance that donates electrons
(nucleophile)

LEWIS CONCEPT SALTS

Acid is a substance that accepts electrons Ionic compound containing cations except H+ and
(electrophile) anions except OH
Produced by neutralization reaction of acid and
base

TYPES OF ACIDS OXIDES

Based on the number of H+ produced Compounds which contain oxygen and only one
other element
Monoprotic acid HCl, HF
o -Metallic oxides- oxides of metal
Diprotic acid H2SO4
Ex. BaO, CaO, ZnO
Triprotic acid H3PO4 o -Nonmetallic oxides-oxides of non-metals
Ex. CO, SO2
BASE - Is a metallic hydroxides
BASED ON THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT
ARRHENIUS CONCEPT ELECTRICITY
Base is a substance that yields hydroxide ion when
dissolved in water ELECTROLYTES- substance whose aqueous
solutions are capable of conducting electric
current

These substances can exist as ions in solution

NONELECTROLYTES- substances whose

aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity.
These contain neutral molecules, hence cannot
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT
migrate in an electric field
Base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ion
(proton) Base is a proton acceptor