Solutions & Solubility

MONDAY NOVEMBER 5TH, 2018 DESAMITO

 Success Criteria
• I can classify solutions as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated using
calculations and solubility curves
•I can explain the process of formation for solutions that are produced by
dissolving ionic and molecular compounds in water, and for solutions that
are produced by dissolving non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents
• I can describe properties of water and explain why these properties make
water a good solvent
• I can explain the effects of changes in temperature and pressure on the
solubility of solids, liquids, and gases
 Classifying Solutions
➢ homogeneous
Solution mixture of 2 or
more substances

➢ part of solution ➢ dissolved in

that’s present in
the greatest
Solvent Solute solvent

amount
Classifying Solutions
▪ aqueous solutions → water as the solvent

▪ solutions can have a combination of solutes & solvents

(see pg. 355, Table 8.1)

▪ when substances are soluble in each other, they are miscible

▪ when substances do not dissolve in each other, they are immiscible

▪ a solid metallic solution is considered an alloy

 Solubility &
Qualitative
Saturation
Solubility ▪ The solubility of a substance is
the max. amount of solute that
Description
will dissolve in a given amount of
< 0.1 Insoluble solvent at a specific temperature
0.1 – 1 Slightly soluble
1 – 10 Soluble
> 10 Very soluble
Saturated, Unsaturated, & Supersaturated
Solutions
Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated

• Solution where • Solution where no • Solution that

more solute can more solute can contains more
be dissolved at be dissolved at dissolved solute
that temperature that temperature than a saturated
solution at the
same temperature
How to determine if a solution is
saturated
▪ Compare the amount of dissolved solute per unit volume of the
solution with the solubility of the solute
▪ Use a seed crystal. A seed crystal will:
▪ Dissolve if the solution is unsaturated
▪ Not dissolve if the solution is saturated
▪ Cause crystallization of excess solute if the solution is supersaturated
 Preparing a Supersaturated Solution

Cool the saturated

Heat a Saturated
Add extra solute solution slowly
Solution
and carefully
Water
- can dissolve a wide range of solvents → known as a
universal solvent
- special properties due to hydrogen bonding
◦Liquid at room temperature
◦High boiling point
◦High heat capacity
◦High density
◦More dense as a solid than liquid
 Process of Dissolving

The forces between the Intermolecular forces Attraction between

particles in the solid must between the particles in particles of the solid and
be broken the liquid must be broken particles of the liquid
Requires energy Requires energy Gives off energy
 Factors that
Affect
Solids Liquids Gases
Solubility
↑ solubility Solubility of - Solubility of two
Temperature
with ↑ two liquids gases not affected - Solubility of many
temp when not affected by temp substances changes with
dissolved by temp. - ↓ solubility with ↑ temperature
in liquid temp when
- ↑ temperature results in ↑
dissolved in liquid
energy of solvent particles,
producing more energetic
collisions with solvent and
solute particles
Solubility
Curves
Factors that Affect Solubility
Pressure
▪ Little effect on solubility of solids/liquids → usually give solubility of
solids & liquids at SATP (25°C & 100kPa)
▪ Solubility of gas in liquid directly proportional to the pressure of that
gas above the liquid
▪ ↑ pressure results in ↑ solubility for gases
 Factors that Affect the Rate of
Dissolving
• how quickly the solute dissolves in solvent (usually with solid solute
& liquid solvent)
• NOT solubility
1. Agitation/Mixing
◦ ↑ the # of collisions between solute & solvent
2. Temperature
◦ ↑ kinetic energy, causing more collisions with solute particles
3. Surface Area/Particle Size
◦ Greater surface area allows for more solute to be in direct contact with
solvent
Homework
1. Learning Check pg. 368 #7-12
2. Review Questions pg. 370 #7-9
3. Read pg. 371-377