Stat Las 1 Learning Activity Sheets

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STAT -LAS 1- Learning Activity Sheets
social sciences (Caraga State University)
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
Division of Butuan City
Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

IN
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
Quarter 3
Name: Year Level:

Track: Strand/Specialization:
Teacher: Date:
Rosal Street, Brgy. Dagohoy, Butuan City 8600 (085) 341 – 0022 butuan.city@deped.gov.ph

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Lesson 1: Random Variables and Probability Distribution
Lesson 1.1 Exploring Random Variables
A. Background Information for Learners (Discussion of
Topic/Lesson) Key Concept
In your previous lessons in Mathematics 10, an experiment is an
activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions and you
have learned also how to list all the possible outcomes in a given
experiment.
Below are lists of sample spaces given the experiment.
In this lesson, you will learn about variables that are associated with
probabilities called random variable. We will use a capital letter to
represent a variable.
Random variable is a function that associates a real number of
each element in the sample space.
Steps on how to determine the random variables on any events or
experiments:
1. Determine the sample space. Assign letters that will represent
each outcome.
2. Count the number of the value of the random variable (capital
letter assigned).
Example 1
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let H represent heads, T represent tails
and X be the random variable representing the number of heads that will
occur. Find the values of the random variable X.
Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable X
HH 2
TH 1
HT 1
TT 0
So the possible values of random variable X are 0, 1 and 2. We can also
say, X= 0, 1, 2.

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Example 2
Suppose there are three people to be tested in Covid-19. Let P represent
positive, N represent negative and Z be the random variable representing
the number of infected person that occur. Find the random variable Z.
PPP 3
PPN 2
PNP 2
NPP 2
NNP 1
NPN 1
PNN 1
NNN 0
So the possible values of random variable Z are 0, 1, 2, and 3. We can
also say, X= 0, 1, 2, 3.
Example 3
Two winners will be drawn from 5 security guards (S) and 6 canteen staff
(C). Let W be the random variable representing the canteen staffs. Find
the values of random variable W.
CC 2
CS 1
SC 1
SS 0
So the possible values of random variable W are 0, 1 and 2. We can also
say, W= 0, 1, 2.
B. Learning Competency (MELC) –

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:
1. illustrate random variable; and
2. find the possible values of a random variable.
C. Directions/ Instructions
Write legibly your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
D. Exercises / Activities
Activity 1. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the
statement is incorrect.
_____1. Rolling a die has two possible outcomes.

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_____2. Random variables can be classified as finite or infinite random

variables.
_____3. Random variable is a way to map outcomes of a statistical
experiment determined by a chance in to number.
_____4. There are four possible outcomes when four coins being tossed.
_____5. A random variable can only have one value.
Activity 2.
1. Four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable that represent
the number of tail that will occur. Find the values of random variable
Y.
2. Five computers will be delivered to a certain school for testing, but

three of them are defective. The principal will get two of these
computers for his office. Let T represent the random variable
representing the defective computers will occur. Find the values of
random variable T.
Reflection
In our lesson, we were able to perform mapping of the outcomes of a
statistical experiment determined by a chance in to number. We are
dealing here with chances. In life, managing risk is important especially in
our situation now that we cannot see our enemy. Now it’s up to you to
decide as young adult to risk or to save lives.
References for learners

Belecina, R.R.; Baccay, E.S.; Mateo, E.B., Statistics and Probability, First Edition, Rex Book Store
Freund, John E., Modern Elementary Statistics, Tenth Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall
Dolotina, Louela A. Statistics and Probability Quarter 1 – Module 1: Random Variables and
Probability Distribution First Edition, 2020, Department of Education – NCR, Division of
Pasig City

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Lesson 1.2 Exploring Discrete & Continuous Random
VariablesBackground Information for Learners (Discussion of
Were you able to sleep well last night? If so, how long did you sleep?
Did you also take your breakfast today? How many minutes did you
spend in the dining table? Why am I asking all these questions? Simply
because, it has something to do with our lesson today.
Two types of random variables:

1. Discrete random variable is a set of possible outcomes that are
countable or digital
2. Continuous random variable is a random variable where values are
on a continuous scale, where the data can take infinitely many values
such as temperature, weights and heights.
Example 1
Suppose a coin is tossed. Heads or tails are the two possible outcomes.
Therefore, this is a discrete random variable.
Example 2
Suppose a teacher surveys her class for the amount of calorie intake of
the students’ breakfast. This is not countable; thus, this is a continuous
random variable.
Example 3
Random Variable Classification
The number of male athletes Discrete
Time spent in eating breakfast Continuous
The amount of sugar in a cup of milk Continuous
The number of siblings you have Discrete
The number of deaths infected by COVID-19 in the Discrete
Philippines in the moth of February
A. Learning Competency (MELC) –

1. illustrate discrete and continuous random variable; and
2. distinguish the difference between discrete and continuous random
variable.

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B. Directions/ Instructions
Activity 1. Identification:
Classify each random variable as discrete or continuous random variable:
_____1. number of female teachers in your school
_____2. the amount of gasoline consumed by a grab driver
_____3. time needed to finish taking a bath
_____4. number of UPCAT passers this year in Butuan City
_____5. number of laptops given to Butuan City teachers for this school
year.
Activity 2. Multiple Choice:
Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. A random variable that represents measured data, such as height,
weight, and temperature.
a. Continuous b. Discrete c. Sample d. Normal Distribution
2. It is a random variable whose set of possible outcomes are countable.
a. Continuous b. Discrete c. Sample d. Normal Distribution
3. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. age of your teacher
b. rate of the grad delivery
c. the body temperature of the covid-19 patient
d. the number of recovered covid-19 patients in the Philippines
4. Which of the following is a continuous random variable?
a. the population of Senior High students in CARAGA
b. the number of drop out students last school year
c. the average Body Mass Index of the Senior High School students
d. the total number of tablets given by the City Government of
Butuan to the students for this school year
5. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
a. the average weight of GSP members
b. the number of covid-19 patients in the Philippines
c. the average amount of electricity consumed during ECQ
d. the amount of paint used in repainting the school building.
Reflection
Continuous variable can be an unlimited number of values between
highest to lowest. This data is desirable in statistics; however, in the next
lesson we will be focusing on discrete variables which are associated with

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limited number of possible values. Just like in life, sometimes we need to

consider the limited resources that we have specially in this pandemic.
Though the financial assistance of our government is continuous at
present, this will never be lifetime. Same with our decisions in life. Just like
for example the course you are going to pursue in college, you should
determine your choices by rank 1 up to 10 if you want. This process
illustrates example of discrete random variables.

Pasig City

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Lesson 1.3 Constructing Probability of Random Variables

Many decisions are made by assigning probabilities to all possible
outcomes in any situations and evaluation comes next. In this lesson, you
will learn probability distribution of a discrete random variable.
Steps in getting the probability of each value of the random variable:

1. Determine the sample space. Assign letters that will represent each
outcome.
2. Count the number of the value of the random variable (capital letter
assigned).
3. Given the total possible values of the random variable, assign
probability values to each value of the random variable.
Example 1
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let H represent heads, T represent tails
and X be the random variable representing the number of heads that will
occur. Find the values of the random variable X.
HH 2
TH 1
HT 1
TT 0
Number of Heads (X) Probability P(X)

0 ¼
1 ½
2 ¼
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is:
Number of Heads 0 1 2
Probability P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

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Example 2
Suppose there are three people to be tested in Covid-19. Let P represent
positive, N represent negative and Z be the random variable representing
the number of infected person/s that occur. Find the random variable Z.
Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Z
PPP 3
PPN 2
PNP 2
NPP 2
NNP 1
NPN 1
PNN 1
NNN 3
Number of infected person (Z) Probability P(Z)

0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable Z is:

Number of Heads (Z) 0 1 2 3
Probability P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Example 3
Two winners will be drawn from 5 security guards (S) and 6 canteen staff
(C). Let W be the random variable representing the canteen staffs. Find
the values of random variable W.
Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable W
CC 2
CS 1
SC 1
SS 0
Number of Canteen Staff (W) Probability P(W)

0 ¼
1 2/4
2 ¼
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable W is:

Number of Canteen Staff (W) 0 1 2
Probability P(W) 1/4 2/4 1/4

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Properties of a Probability Distribution:

1. The probability of each value of a random variable must be between 0
and 1 or equal to 0 or 1. We can also write it as 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must
be equal to 1 or Σ𝑃(𝑋) = 1.

1. illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and
its properties; and
2. compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
Activity 1. Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if
the statement
is incorrect.
_____1. Random variables can only have one value.
_____2. The probability of getting even number in rolling a die is ½.
_____3. The probability distribution of having tails in tossing 2 coins is ¼.
_____4. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be
equal to 1.
_____5. The probability of each value of a random variable must be between -1 to 1.
Activity 2. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables

described in each of the following situation given below.
1. Four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable that represent the
number of tails that will occur. Find the values of random variable Y.
Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable Y
2. Five computers will be delivered to a certain school for testing, but

three of them are defective. The principal will get two of these
computers for his office. Let T represent the random variable
representing the defective computers will occur. Find the values of
random variable T.

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Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable T
Activity 2. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability

distribution.
_____1.
M 0 1 2 3 4
Probability P(M) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6
_____1.
N 0 2 4 6 8
Probability P(N) 1/10 2/5 1/5 1/10 1/10
Activity 3. The following data shows the probability for the number of
computers sold in a given day at a certain mall.
Number of Computers S Probability P(S)
0 0.15
1 0.14
2 0.08
3 0.03
4 0.06
5 0.01
6 0.25
7 0.10
8 0.04
9 0.05
10 0.09
1. Find P(𝑋 > 3)

2. Find P(𝑋 ≤ 6)
3. Find P(2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 8)
Reflection
Decision making is very important in all aspects of our life. Like for
instance, if your family is into business. This situation and many others
require the use of random variables and probability distribution. We can
also apply this in our daily living like how we manage our time daily and

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determining which portion contains higher probability distribution. Then let

us check if that lifestyle is healthy or not.

Pasig City

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13

Lesson 4: Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
Mean is a measure of central tendency than balances the distribution.
It is also known as average. From your Junior High Lesson in Math, you
have learned that mean or average is equal to the sum of the
numbers/scores divided by the total number of scores.
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

Is the sum of the products of the values of the discrete random
variable and their corresponding probabilities. It is also called the
Expected Value of an event.
In symbols:
𝝁 = 𝑿𝟏 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟏) + 𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟐) + 𝑿𝟑 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟑) + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏 • 𝑷(𝑿𝒏)
𝝁 = Σ [(𝑿) • 𝑷(𝑿)]
where:
𝝁 – is mean or expected value
𝑿𝟏, 𝑿𝟐, 𝑿𝟑,…, 𝑿𝒏 – are values of the random variable
𝑷(𝑿𝟏), 𝑷(𝑿𝟐), 𝑷(𝑿𝟑), … , 𝑷(𝑿𝒏) – are the corresponding probabilities
Example 1
Three persons underwent a swab for COVID-19 test. Construct the
Probability distribution of the discrete random variable, number of positive
results, then find the mean, variance and standard deviation. Let Z
represents the random variable number of positive results.
To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution of the given discrete random
variable.
Z-Number of Positive Results Probability of Z P(Z)
0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8

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Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable to its corresponding

probability.
Z-Number of Probability of Z Z • P(Z)
Positive Results
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
3 1/8 3/8
Step 3. Find the summation of the products of the values of the random
variable and the probabilities.
Positive Results
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
3 1/8 3/8
Σ[𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = 12/5 = 𝟏. 𝟓
The mean number of positive results from the three people who
underwent a COVID-19 test is 1.5.
Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
Variance and Standard Deviation are measures of dispersion that tell

us how spread the scores are from the mean and from each other.
Variance is the average squared deviation from the mean while
Standard Deviation is the average deviation from the mean. A small
variance and standard deviation indicate that the scores are close to the
mean and from each other, while a large value tells us how spread the
scores are from the mean. A variance and standard deviation of 0 means
that all the scores in the data set are equal.
Variance of a discrete random variable is the difference between the
summation of the products of the squared value of the random variable
and its corresponding probability and the square of the mean. In symbols:
where:
𝝈𝟐 – is the variance
X – is the value of the discrete random variable
P(X) - is the probability of the discrete random variable
𝝁 − is the mean

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Standard Deviation of a discrete random variable is the square

root of the difference between the summation of the products of the
squared value of the random variable and its corresponding probability
and the square of the mean. In symbols,
where: 𝝈 −is the standard deviation

X – is the value of the discrete random variable
P(X) - is the probability of the discrete random variable
𝝁 − is the mean
To find the variance and standard deviation:

Step 1. Find the mean.
Positive Results
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
3 1/8 3/8
Σ[𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = 12/8 = 𝟏. 𝟓
Step 2. Square each value of the random variable.

Z-Number of Positive Probability of Z Z • P(Z) Z2
Results
0 1/8 0 0
1 3/8 3/8 1
2 3/8 6/8 4
3 1/8 3/8 9
Σ [𝒁 • 𝑷(𝒁)] = 𝟖/𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓
Step 3. Get the product of the squared value of the random variable and
its corresponding probability then get the sum of the products.
Z-Number of Probability of Z Z • P(Z) Z2 Z2 • P(Z)
Positive Results
0 1/8 0 0
1 3/8 3/8 1
2 3/8 6/8 4
3 1/8 3/8 9
Σ [𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = 12/8 = 𝟏. 𝟓 Σ [𝑍2 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = 24/8 = 𝟑

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Step 4. Apply the formula in finding the variance:

𝝈𝟐 = Σ [𝒁𝟐 • 𝑷(𝒁)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 3 − (1.5)2
𝝈𝟐 = 3 − 2.25
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
Step 5. Find the standard deviation by getting the square root of the
variance.
𝝈 = √Σ [ 𝑍 2 • P(Z)]– μ2
𝝈 = √0.75
𝝈 = 0.866
𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
The variance is 0.75 and the standard deviation is 0.87.
Example 2
A Grab driver wants to know his expected income in the past 10 days. He
opened his driver application and check the history of his completed jobs
and income for the past 10 days. The table below is the list of his income
in the past 10 days. Construct the probability distribution of the driver’s
income in the past 10 days (X) then find his expected income. Find also
the variance and standard deviation.
Number of Days Income
Day 1 2800
Day 2 3000
Day 3 3560
Day 4 2790
Day 5 2500
Day 6 3700
Day 7 3700
Day 8 3480
Day 9 2500
Day 10 3000

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To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution of the given discrete random
variable.
X - income P(X)
3700 2/10
3560 1/10
3480 1/10
3000 2/10
2800 1/10
2790 1/10
2500 2/10
probability.
X - income P(X) X * P(X)
3700 2/10 7400/10
3560 1/10 3560/10
3480 1/10 3480/10
3000 2/10 6000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10
2790 1/10 2790/10
2500 2/10 5000/10
Σ[𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)] =31030/10
= 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑
The Grab Driver’s expected income in the past 10 days is Php 3103.
To find the variance and standard deviation:

Step 1. Find the mean.
X - income P(X) X * P(X)
3700 2/10 7400/10
3560 1/10 3560/10
3480 1/10 3480/10
3000 2/10 6000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10
2790 1/10 2790/10
2500 2/10 5000/10

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Σ [𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = 31030/10
= 3103
X - income P(X) X * P(X) X2
3700 2/10 7400/10 13690000
3560 1/10 3560/10 12673600
3480 1/10 3480/10 12110400
3000 2/10 6000/10 9000000
2800 1/10 2800/10 7840000
2790 1/10 2790/10 7784100
2500 2/10 5000/10 6250000
Σ [𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = 31030/10
= 3103
Step 3. Get the product of the squared value of the random variable and
its corresponding probability then get the sum of the products.
X - income P(X) X * P(X) X2 X2 * P(X)
3700 2/10 7400/10 13690000 27380000/10
3560 1/10 3560/10 12673600 12673600/10
3480 1/10 3480/10 12110400 12110400/10
3000 2/10 6000/10 9000000 18000000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10 7840000 7840000/10
2790 1/10 2790/10 7784100 7784100/10
2500 2/10 5000/10 6250000 12500000/10
Σ[𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎/𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑
Σ [𝑋2 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = 98288100/10 = 𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝝈𝟐 = Σ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 9828810 − (3103)2
𝝈𝟐 = 9828810 − 9628609
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏
variance.
𝝈 = √Σ [ 𝑍 2 • P(Z)]– μ2
𝝈 = √200201
𝝈 = 447.438
𝝈 = 𝟒𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟒
The variance is 200201 and the standard deviation is Php 447.44.

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Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to:
1. illustrate mean and variance of a discrete random variable; and
2. calculate mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
Activity 1. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a measure of central tendency that is also known as average.
a. Variance b. Standard Deviation c. Median d. Mean
2. What is the mean of the given set of numbers {76, 80, 81, 89, 89} ?
a. 81 b. 82 c. 83 d. 89
3. A measure of variability that is known as the average squared deviation
from the mean.
a. Variance b. Standard Deviation c. Median d. Mean
4. Find the mean of the given discrete random variable.
Y 0 1 2 3
PY) 1/5 2/5 1/5 1/5
a. 6 b. 1.5 c. 1.4 d. 1
5. Which of the following symbols denotes variance?
a. 𝜎 b. 𝜃2 c. 𝜎2 d. 𝜇
Directions: Complete the given table then find a. Mean, b. Variance and
c. Standard Deviation of the given discrete random variable.
1. X is the number of orders placed on an online store in a day for the

past 12 days.
X P(X) X * P(X) X2 X2 * P(X)
1 1/12
2 5/12
3 3/12
4 1/12
5 2/12

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2. Y is the number of phone calls received by an agent in an hour for 8

hours.
Y P(Y) Y * P(Y) Y2 Y2 * P(Y)
12 1/8
15 1/8
17 1/8
20 2/8
23 1/8
24 2/8
Reflection
Mean and Variance are mathematical concepts that we use and
encounter every day. They help us analyze our daily routines and
experiences. Like if you will look at your electric bill you will see your
average consumption in a month and you will also see a graph of how much
electricity you consume for the past 12 months. We are now all living in the
new normal, where most of us stay at home and do our work and school
activities at home, hence we consume more electricity. In what ways can
you help reduce electricity consumption at home?

Pale-Federigan, Maria Geralyn, Statistics and Probability Quarter 1 – SLM 4: Mean and Variance
of Discrete Random Variable, First Edition, 2020– NCR, Division of Pasig City

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Mean is a measure of central tendency (measure of location) than
balances the distribution. To physically interpret that, let us take a look at
the histogram of our previous example.
The histogram above shows the probability distribution when 3 persons

are tested for COVID-19 and Z represents the number of persons who
tested positive. From the graph, the probability that none of the three
persons tested positive is 0.125 or that is 12.5%, the probability that 1 of
the 3 tested positive is 0.375 or 37.5%, the probability that 2 tested positive
is 0.375 or 37.5% and the probability that all 3 tested positive is 0.125 or
12.5%. Imagine the bars in the graph to be like woods and the horizontal
axis is a seesaw, the seesaw will only be balance at point 1.5, which is the
mean of the distribution. The mean is a value that acts like the middle of
the seesaw so that the left and right side of the distribution will be equal.

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Mean of a discrete random variable is also known as the Expected

Value. Events that are repeated many times like tossing a fair coin, rolling
a die, betting in a lotto game and the likes will produce the same average
or the expected average outcome over many observations.
Example 1.
Find the expected outcome when a die is rolled many times.
To find the expected outcome or mean:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution.

Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
probability.
Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Product (1)(1/6) (2)(1/6) (3)(1/6) (4)(1/6) (5)(1/6) (6)(1/6)
=1/6 =2/6 =3/6 =4/6 =5/6 =6/6
Σ[(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒) • 𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒)] = (16) + (26) + (36) + (46) + (56) + (66) = 21
6
= 3.5
When a die is rolled repeatedly the expected outcome is 3.5.
Let us look at the histogram of this event.
The distribution is balance at point 3.5 which is the mean or expected value.
Note: 1/6 is approximately equal to 0.166667

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Example 2
Gabriel is planning to play an online game where it is possible for
him to lose Php 2,000, break even, win Php 1,000 and win Php 5,000.
Find the expected outcome if he plays and will the odd be at his favor.
The probability distribution for each outcome is given in the table below:
Outcomes -2,000 0 1,000 5,000
Probability 0.30 0.400 0.20 0.10
To find the mean, the first step is to construct the probability distribution
which is already given above, we proceed to step 2.

probability.
Outcomes -2,000 0 1,000 5,000
Probability 0.30 0.400 0.20 0.10
Product (-2000)(0.30) (0)(0.40) (1000)(0.20) (5000)(0.10)
= -600 =0 =200 =500
Σ[(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒) • 𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒)] = (−600) + (0) + (200) + (500) = 100
Gabriel is expected to win Php 100 after repeatedly playing the game, the
odds are in his favor.
If mean is a measure of location, variance on the other hand, is a measure

of spread. It is not only important to locate the point where the distribution
will be balanced, we also have to consider if the data in the set are spread
out. Let us consider the examples below, random variable X and Y both
have a mean of 0.
Probability Distribution of X
Values of X -2 -1 0 1 2
P(X) 1/10 2/10 4/10 2/10 1/10
X* P(X) (2)(1/10) (-1)(2/10) (0)(4/10) (1)(2/10) (2)(1/10)
= -2/10 = -2/10 =0 =2/10 =2/10
2 2 2 2
Σ[(X) • 𝑃(X)] = (− 10 ) + (− 10) + (0) + (10) + (10) = 0 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)
Probability Distribution of Y
Values of Y -3 3
P(Y) 1/2 1/2
Y* P(Y) (-3)(1/2)= -3/2 (3)(1/2)=3/2

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Σ[(X) • 𝑃(X)] = (− 32) + (32) = 0 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)

If we are to compare these two distributions base on the mean, we
will say that they do not differ from each other since they have the same
mean, but is that really the case? To answer that question let us examine
the histogram of the two discrete random variables.
Below you can see that the values of X are close to each other and to
the mean, while the values of Y are far apart and are spread out from the
mean.
Let us get the variance and standard deviation to check if our observation
is correct.

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The variance and standard deviation of random variable X is smaller

than the variance and standard deviation of Y, this means that random
variable X have less variability than Y, and in Statistics the less variability
or the less spread of the data are in the set the better.
Example 3
In a factory, a certain part of a car is being produced, the target
number of parts that should be produced in a day is 100. The quality control
officer checks and records all parts that are produced in a day. The data
for a 20-day production are shown on the table below. Find the average
number of parts produced in 20 days. Did they meet the target number of
parts that should be produced in a day? Determine the variance and
standard deviation and tell if there is a big difference between the average
number of parts produced to the number of parts produced daily in 20 days.
102 100 98 100 101 102 102 100 99 102
98 102 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 101
To find the mean or the expected value:
Number of Parts Probability
98 2/20
99 2/20
100 9/20
101 2/20
102 5/20
Step 2. Multiply each value of the random variable to its corresponding
probability.
X=Number of Parts Probability P(X) X*P(X)
98 2/20 196/20
99 2/20 198/20
100 9/20 900/20
101 2/20 202/20
102 5/20 510/20
Step 3. Get the summation of the product.
The average number of parts that they have produced in 20 days is 100.3
parts or at least 101. They have met the target number of parts that should
be produced in a day, since the target number of parts that they need to
produce in a day is only 100 and they were able to produce an average of
101 parts a day in 20 days.

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26
To find the variance and standard deviation, first we have to find the
mean, which we already computed,100.3.

X=Number of Probability P(X) X*P(X) X2
Parts
98 2/20 196/20 9604
99 2/20 198/20 9801
100 9/20 900/20 10000
101 2/20 202/20 10201
102 5/20 510/20 10404
Step 3. Multiply the squared value of the random variable to its

corresponding probability then get the summation of the products.
X=Number of Probability X*P(X) X2 X2*P(X)
Parts P(X)
98 2/20 196/20 9604 19208/20
99 2/20 198/20 9801 19602/20
100 9/20 900/20 10000 90000/20
101 2/20 202/20 10201 20402/20
102 5/20 510/20 10404 52020/20

𝝈𝟐 = Σ[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 10061.6 − (100.3)2
𝝈𝟐 = 10061.6 − 10060.09
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏
variance.
𝝈 = √Σ[X2 • P(X)] − μ2
𝝈 = √1.51
𝝈 = 1.2288
𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑
The variance of the distribution is 1.51 and the standard deviation is 1.23.
The variance and standard deviation are both small numbers which
indicates that the number of parts produced per day in 20 days are less
disperse and that the average which is 100.3 parts do not differ or is very
close from the number of parts produced per day in 20 days.

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27

At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to interpret mean
and variance of discrete random variable.
Activity 1. Directions: Given below is the histogram of a probability
distribution of discrete random variable X. Examine the graph and answer
the following.
a. Does the graph represent a probability distribution? Explain your

answer.
b. Estimate the mean. Explain your answer.
c. Compute the actual mean.
d. Tell whether the distribution has a small or large variance. Explain your
answer.
e. Compute the actual variance and standard deviation.
Activity 2. Practice
Directions: Examine each histogram, then answer the following questions.
a. Does the graph represent a probability distribution? Explain your
answer.
b. Estimate the mean. Explain your answer.
c. Compute the actual mean.
d. Tell whether the distribution has a small or large variance. Explain your
answer
e. Compute the actual variance and standard deviation.

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28
1.
2.
ACTIVITY 2: Keep Practicing

Directions: Answer the problem below. Show your complete solutions.
The first patient who recovered from COVID-19 virus in the Philippines
was recorded on March 16, 2020. Given in the table below are the
number of recoveries for the whole March of 2020. Find the mean number
of COVID-19 patients who recovered from the virus. Does the number
indicate a good recovery rate if there were a total of 2084 confirmed
cases at the end of the month? Find the variance and standard deviation,
interpret the results.

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Date
March 31
March 16
March 21
March 22
March 23
March 24
March 25
March 26
March 27
March 28
March 30
Recorded
Number of 1 4 15 1 2 6 2 3 4 7 7
Recoveries
Data are from Laging Handa website.
Reflection
Mean will balance a statistical distribution while Variance is the
squared difference from the mean.
As a student who is now living in the new normal, you should know
how to balance your schedule or time in studying all your different subjects
since you are now more independent and have more freedom when it
comes to doing school works online. Everything now is different from what
we used to do, but we should learn how to adjust to this new normal and
let us all continue to live our lives and pray that this too shall pass.

Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom, Variance of Discrete Random Variables,www-math.mit.edu
Laging Handa, http://www.covid19.gov.ph/mar-covid-19-timeline/
Pale-Federigan, Maria Geralyn. Statistics and Probability Quarter 1 – SLM 5: Mean and Variance
of Discrete Random Variable First Edition, 2020, Department of Education – NCR, Division of
Pasig City

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30


In this lesson we will apply what we have discussed in the past

modules in the real world. We will solve problems involving discrete
random variables and find their mean and variance. These measures are
common measures that we are not aware that we encounter them every
day. Let’s have the following examples.
Example 1
Mommy Joyce is an online shop that sells cooked sisig. Joyce, the
owner, keeps a record of the number of tubs of sisig she sells. Below is
her record of her 10-day sales. Find the mean number of tubs of sisig
sold in 10 days. If she claims that the least number of tubs of sisig sold in
a day in her online shop is 24, is this a credible claim? Determine the
variance and standard deviation, interpret the results.
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day
10
25 22 20 28 22 20 25 25 28 22
To find the mean,

X – Number of tubs of sisig P(X)
sold per day
20 2/10
22 3/10
25 3/10
28 2/10

probability.
X – Number of tubs of P(X) X*P(X)
sisig sold per day
20 2/10 40/10
22 3/10 66/10
25 3/10 75/10
28 2/10 56/10

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The mean number of tubs of sisig sold is 23.7 tubs or at least 24 tubs is
sold in a day for 20 days. The claim of Mommy Joyce online shop is true
and credible based on the 10-day sales.
To find the variance and standard deviation, first we have to find the
mean, which we already computed, 23.7.
X – Number of tubs of P(X) X*P(X) X2
sisig sold per day
20 2/10 40/10 400
22 3/10 66/10 484
25 3/10 75/10 625
28 2/10 56/10 784

X – Number of tubs P(X) X*P(X) X2 X2*P(X)
of sisig sold per day
20 2/10 40/10 400 800/10
22 3/10 66/10 484 1452/10
25 3/10 75/10 625 1875/10
28 2/10 56/10 784 1568/10

𝝈𝟐 = Σ[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] – 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 569.5 − (23.7)2
𝝈𝟐 = 569.5 − 561.69
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏
variance.
𝝈 = √Σ[X2 • P(X)] − μ2
𝝈 = √7.81
𝝈 = 2.794
𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗

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The variance is 7.81 and the standard deviation is 2.79. The variance
indicates that the number of tubs sold in 20 days slightly vary every day
or the data are a little spread out. The average difference of the daily
sales from the mean is 2.79.
Example 2
The school council of a certain senior high school organized a concert to
raise funds for their future projects. They invested Php 8,000 and expect
to sell tickets worth Php 15,000. However, if it rains on the day of the
concert, they will not be able to sell any tickets and they will lose their
investment. According to the weather forecast, there is a 20% chance that
it will rain on the day of the concert. Find the expected gain of the school
council. Is this a good fund-raising project?
To find the expected value or mean,

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution based on the given.
Gain Loss
Outcomes 7000 -8000
Probability 0.80 0.20
Based on the problem, the student council invested 8000 pesos and they
expect to sell 15000 pesos worth of tickets, their profit or gain will be 7000
and if it rains on the day of the concert, they will lose the amount they
invested which is 8000 pesos. The probability that it will rain and they will
lose 8000 is 20% or 0.20 and the probability that it will not rain and they
will earn 7000 is 1 − 0.20 = 0.80. The summation of the probability should
be equal to 1.

probability.
Gain Loss
Outcomes 7000 -8000
Probability 0.80 0.20
Product (7000)(0.80)= 5600 (-8000)(0.20)= -1600
Σ[(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒) • (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)] = (5600) + (−1600) = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
The school council is expected to gain Php 4000 from the ticket sales, the
concert is a good fund-raising project since the expected value or gain is
positive.

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Example 3
A certain company manufactures batteries. One out of 50 batteries are
defective but the company does not know which ones are defective until
they received complaints from the buyers. The company makes a profit of
Php 3 for a sale of a working battery but loss Php 80 for every defective
battery.
Find the expected value. Will the company make a profit in the long run?
To find the expected value or mean,

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution based on the given.
Gain Loss
Outcomes 3 -80
Probability 49/50 1/50
From the problem the outcomes are, the company will gain 3 pesos for
every working battery but they will lose 80 pesos for every defective
battery. The probability that they will lose 80 pesos is one out of 50 or
1 49
1/50 and the probability that they will earn 3 pesos is1 − = 50. Sum of
50
all probabilities should be equal to 1.

probability.

At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to solve
problems involving mean and variance of probability distribution.
Gain Loss
Outcomes 3 -80
Product (3)(49/50)= 2.94 (-80)(1/50)= -0.16
Σ[(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒) • (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)] = (2.94) + (− 0.16) = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖
The company is expected to gain Php 2.78 from each battery. Yes, they
will make a profit in the long run.
Example 4
The Math Society of a certain Senior High School organized a raffle
where the prize is the latest edition of a certain brand of calculator. The
raffle aims to raise funds for their club. They were able to sell 1000 tickets

lOMoARcPSD|31695121
34
that cost 5 pesos each. If they spent 3500 for the prize, what will be the
expected gain of a student who will buy one ticket?
First let us construct the probability distribution based on the given.

Win Loss
Outcomes 3495 -5
Each ticket cost 5 pesos, if you only have one ticket then if you will win
the calculator which cost 3500 pesos that means you only won 3495
pesos because you paid 5 pesos for the ticket. The probability that you
will win is only one out of 1000 (1000 is the total number of tickets sold),
1 999
while the probability that you will lose is is1 − 1000 = 1000. Sum of all
probabilities should be 1.
Step 2. Multiply the outcomes to its corresponding probability.

Win Loss
Outcomes 3495 -5
Product (3495)(1/1000)= 3.495 (-5)(999/1000)= -4.995

Σ[(𝑋) • 𝑃(𝑋)] = (3.495) + (−4.995) = −𝟏. 𝟓
The student is expected to lose 1.5 for every ticket he/she will buy.
Remember for each ticket you buy, you either lose 5 pesos or win a
calculator. The 1.5 pesos is the average expected loss for every ticket
you buy after buying more tickets.
Example 5
Mr. Santos plans to open a food business and found the statistics below
for the similar restaurant.
Probabilities Profit in a Year
20% -2,500,000
30% 0
40% 2,500,000
10% 7,500,000
If Mr. Santos will use the data above, what would be his expected profit in
a year? If you are Mr. Santos are you going to continue putting up the
food business? Find the variance and standard deviation, interpret the
results.

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35
To find the mean, construct the probability distribution. The probability

distribution is already given above, so we proceed to step 2.
Step 2. Multiply the outcomes to its corresponding probability.

Probabilities Profit in a Year Product
20% -2,500,000 -500,000
30% 0 0
40% 2,500,000 1,000,000
10% 7,500,000 750,000

Σ[(𝑋) • 𝑃(𝑋)] = (−500000) + (0) + (1000000) + (750000) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Mr. Santos is expected to gain Php 1,250,000 in a year if he will use the
same statistics.
If I, were Mr. Santos, yes I will continue putting up the restaurant business
because based on the Statistics above I’ am expected to earn an average
of Php 1,250,00 in a year.
To find the variance and standard deviation, first we find the mean
which we already have Php 1,250,000.
Step 2. Square each value of the random variable or the outcomes.

Probabilities Profit in a Year Product Square of the
outcomes
20% -2,500,000 -500,000 6.25x1012
30% 0 0 0
40% 2,500,000 1,000,000 6.25x1012
10% 7,500,000 750,000 5.625x1012

Probabilities Profit in a Product Square of Product of squared
outcome and
Year the
probability
outcomes
20% -2,500,000 -500,000 6.25x1012 1.25x1012
30% 0 0 0 0
12
40% 2,500,000 1,000,000 6.25x10 2.5x1012
10% 7,500,000 750,000 5.625x1012 5.625x1012
Σ[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿) = (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + (𝟎) + (𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + (𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)
= 𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

lOMoARcPSD|31695121
36

𝝈𝟐 = Σ[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 9375000000000 − (1250000)2
𝝈𝟐 = 9375000000000 − 1562500000000
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
variance.
𝝈 = √𝛴[𝑋 2 • 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
𝝈 = √7812500000000
𝝈 = 2795094.972
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟕
The variance is 7812500000000 and the standard deviation is
2795094.97.
The variance and standard deviation are too large which indicates that
the outcomes are disperse or far from each other. Yes, you are expected
to make a profit of Php 1,250,000 in a year, but the average deviation is
Php 2,795,094.97 which is a very wide deviation.
Activity 1. Direction: Read and answer the given problem. Show your
complete solutions.
A discrete random variable can only take two values, 1 and 2. If P(1) =
0.80 and P(2) = 0.20, what is the expected value of X? Find the variance
and standard deviation.
X - Random Variable 1 2
Probability P(X) 0.80 0.20
Activity 2. Practice
Direction: Read and answer the given problems below. Show your
complete solutions.
1. A college statistics class has 20 students. The ages of these students are
as follows: One student is 16 years old, four are 18, nine are 19, three are 20,
two are 21, and one is 30. Let x be the age of any student (randomly selected).
Find the mean age of the students and determine the variance and standard
deviation. Interpret the results.

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37
2. Given below is the histogram of the probability distribution of playing in a

game where X is a random variable that represents the possible outcomes of
the game. Find the expected gain if the game will be played over and over
again.
ACTIVITY 2: Keep Practicing

Directions: Answer the problem below. Show your complete solution.
In a certain Lottery Draw the prize was Php 10,000,000. If you bought 1
ticket that cost Php 20 and there were 1000,000 tickets sold, what is your
expected gain from buying one ticket? Will the organizers of the Lottery make
a profit from the draw? Explain your answer.
Reflection
Our discussion about Mean and Variance challenged us to be mindful of

our decisions in life: choosing which of the two projects at hand is more viable,
knowing the chance of winning in a lottery, analyzing the gains and looses in
putting up a business, and interpreting gathered data correctly.
The COVID-19 virus has changed all our lives in just one flick of a finger,
but we should all take this virus as a challenge. To abide by the health protocol
set by DOH, we must repeatedly do washing of hands at an average of about
20 seconds every wash time every 30 minutes. Likewise, observing a one-meter
physical distance is also required. The battle cry of DepED now is to continue
educating our learners despite the pandemic crisis. Hence, this distance
learning. We should not let this virus hinder your goal to learn and achieve your
dreams. We, your teachers, are all willing to help you achieve your dreams. You
just have to do your part and that is even without a teacher physically guiding
you, you are expected to study on your own, make right decisions, and be
honest at all times.

Pale-Federigan, Maria Geralyn. Statistics and Probability Quarter 1 – SLM 6: Mean and Variance
of Discrete Random Variable First Edition, 2020, Department of Education – NCR, Division of Pasig City

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: Year Level:

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

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B. Learning Competency (MELC) –

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_____2. Random variables can be classified as finite or infinite random

2. Five computers will be delivered to a certain school for testing, but

References for learners

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Two types of random variables:

A. Learning Competency (MELC) –

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limited number of possible values. Just like in life, sometimes we need to

References for learners

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

A. Background Information for Learners (Discussion of

Steps in getting the probability of each value of the random variable:

Number of Heads (X) Probability P(X)

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Number of infected person (Z) Probability P(Z)

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable Z is:

Number of Canteen Staff (W) Probability P(W)

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable W is:

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Properties of a Probability Distribution:

B. Learning Competency (MELC) –

Activity 2. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables

2. Five computers will be delivered to a certain school for testing, but

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Possible Outcomes Values of the Random Variable T

Activity 2. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability

1. Find P(𝑋 > 3)

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determining which portion contains higher probability distribution. Then let

References for learners

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

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Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable to its corresponding

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable

Variance and Standard Deviation are measures of dispersion that tell

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Standard Deviation of a discrete random variable is the square

where: 𝝈 −is the standard deviation

To find the variance and standard deviation:

Step 2. Square each value of the random variable.

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Step 4. Apply the formula in finding the variance:

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To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

To find the variance and standard deviation: