Lifeskill Lab

LIFE AND
EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
PRACTICAL MANUAL
(M–SCHEME)
R. ANANDHA KUMAR, M.A., B.Ed.
Lecturer
Sri Renugambal Polytechnic College,
Polur – 606 907.
LIFE AND EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS PRACTICAL MANUAL
Copy right © : K A L P a t hi p pa ga m
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other record, without prior agreement and written permission of the publisher.
First Edition : June 2013

Revised Edition : June 2017
Price : 128.00 For Contact :

99446 50380
Publisher : 96266 26747
KAL PATHIPPAGAM
Vellore – 632 011
Type setting :
Students’ Media Computer Graphics
Vellore – 632 011.
3002 - LIFE AND EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS PRACTICAL
DETAILED SYLLABUS
SECTION SKILLS TO BE ACQUIRED ACTIVITY Hrs.
Part – A :  Deductive / Reasoning Skills  Taking down notes / hints 12

LISTENING  Cognitive Skills  Answering questions
ACTIVITY  Retention Skills  Fill in the blanks the exact words heard
Part – B :  Personality/Psychological  Instant sentence making 28

SPEAKING Skills  Say expressions/phrases
ACTIVITY  Pleasing & Amiable Skills  Self- introduction/another higher official in
 Assertive Skills company
 Expressive Skills  Describe/explain products
 Fluency/Compatibility Skills  Dialogues on technical grounds
 Leadership/Team Spirit Skills  Discuss & interact
 Group Discussion
Part – C :  Creative & Reasoning Skills  Frame questions based on patterns 08

READING AND  Creative & Composing Skills  Make sentences based on patterns
WRITING  Attitude & Aim Skills  Prepare a resume
ACTIVITY  Entrepreneurship Skills  Prepare an outline of a project to obtain loan
from bank in becoming an entrepreneur
Part – D :  Cognitive Skills  Search in the website

GOOGLE  Presentation Skills &  Prepare a presentation 12
SEARCH Interactive Skills  Discuss & interact
AND  Record as assignment
PRESENTATION
IN RECORD NOTE
Contents
Part – A : LISTENING Page No.
1. Listen to the content and take down notes / hints ………….. 01
2. Listen to the answer the questions ………………………………… 02
3. Listen to the answer fill in the blanks …………………………….. 03
Part – B : SPEAKING
1. Say in a sentence instantly on hearing the word …………….. 16
2. Say expression commonly used in communication …………. 20
3. Introducing Oneself / Others in Organisation …………………. 24
4. Explain / Describe the Product / Machine / Department … 30
5. Dialogue at the place of work ………………………………………… 35
6. Group Discussion ………………………………………………………….. 41
Part – C : WRITING & READING

1. Frame new questions from the given pattern ………………….. 65
2. Make sentences from the given pattern …………………………. 69
3. Prepare a resume ………………………………………………………….. 73
4. Prepare an outline of a project ………………………………………. 85
Part – D : GOOGLE SEARCH …………………………………… 90
Question Bank from DOTE

Model Question Paper
LISTENING
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the
communication process. Listening is key to all effective communication. Without
the ability to listen effectively, messages are easily misunderstood. As a result,
communication breaks down and the sender of the message can easily become
frustrated or irritated.
Listening is so important that many top employers provide listening skills

training for their employees. This is not surprising when you consider that good
listening skills can lead to better customer satisfaction, greater productivity with
fewer mistakes, and increased sharing of information that in turn can lead to
more creative and innovative work. Many successful leaders and entrepreneurs
credit their success to effective listening skills.
Good listening skills also have benefits in our personal lives, including a
greater number of friends and social networks, improved self-esteem and
confidence, higher grades at college and in academic work and even better health
and general well-being.
Listening is not the same as hearing. Hearing refers to the sounds that
enter your ears. It is a physical process that happens automatically. Listening
requires focus and concentrated effort, both mental and sometimes physical as
well. The phrase ‘active listening’ is used to describe this process of being fully
involved.
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Principles of effective listening
1) Stop talking : Don't talk, listen. When somebody else is talking listen to what
they are saying, do not interrupt, talk over them or finish their sentences for
them. When the other person has finished talking you may need to clarify to
ensure you have received their message accurately.
2) Prepare yourself to listen : Focus on the speaker. Put other things out of mind
and concentrate on the messages that are being communicated.
3) Put the Speaker at ease: Help the speaker to feel free to speak. Remember their
needs and concerns. Nod or use other gestures or words to encourage them to
continue.
4) Remove distractions : Focus on what is being said. Avoid unnecessary

interruptions. These behaviours disrupt the listening process and send
messages to the speaker that you are bored or distracted.
5) Empathise : Try to understand the other person’s point of view. If the speaker
says something that you disagree with then wait and construct an argument
to counter what is said but keep an open mind to the views and opinions of
others.
6) Be patient : A pause, even a long pause, does not necessarily mean that the
speaker has finished. Be patient and let the speaker continue in their own
time.
7) Wait and watch for non-verbal communication : Gestures, facial expressions,

and eye-movements can all be important. We don’t just listen with our ears
but also with our eyes. Watch and pick up the additional information being
transmitted via non-verbal communication.
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EXERCISES ON LISTENING
Example : 1
1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :
ENVIRONMENT
Environment consists of both living and non-living things that surround
us. There is a relationship between living beings and the environment. Man is an
intelligent animal. Man is able to influence environment with his activities. The
effects of man’s activities on environment have been both positive and negative.
On one hand, the scientific inventions of man has made human life comfortable.
On the other hand, these inventions have caused danger for the sustainability of
our environment.
We travel in vehicles that use petroleum and emit harmful gases causing
air pollution. Many of the things of our everyday life such as lights, refrigerator,
fans, television, etc. run on electricity. However, the fossil fuels that are burnt to
produce electricity cause an increase in green-house gases. These gases trap the
temperature and don’t allow it to get released. As a result, the planet earth’s
temperature increases that damage the environment. This increase in earth’s
temperature is called global warming. It is the responsibility of every human-
being to protect and save the environment, so that the future generation may
enjoy the gifts of nature and environment.
2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

1) What is the passage about?
The passage is about environment.
2) What does environment consist of?

Environment consists of both living and non-living things that surround us.
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3) What made human life comfortable?
Scientific inventions made human life comfortable.
4) What causes an increase in green-house gases?

The fossil fuels that are burnt to produce electricity cause an increase in green-
house gases.
5) What is global warming?

The increase in earth’s temperature is called global warming.
3. Listen to the content and fill in the blanks with the exact words heard :
1) Environment consists of both living and non-living things that surround us.
2) Man is an intelligent animal.
3) Scientific inventions have caused danger for the sustainability of our

environment.
4) Vehicles emit harmful gases causing air pollution.
5) It is the responsibility of every human-being to protect and save the

environment.
Example : 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA

Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling
groundwater level, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests,
biodiversity loss, and land degradation are some of the major environmental
issues of India at present. India's population growth adds pressure to
environmental issues and its resources.
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The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuel
wood and biomass, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of
sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water drainage
system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, highly polluting old public
transport, etc.
Rapidly depleting levels of groundwater is one of the biggest threat to food

security and livelihood in the country. Excessive exploitation of limited
groundwater resources for irrigation of cash crops is the major cause.
Uncontrolled use of plastics is another major concern for the country. Rapid
urbanization, poaching and indiscriminate hunting have made some animals
critically endangered. Many of the plants commonly harvested for their medicinal
properties are vanishing along with the legacy of Ayurvedic treatment.

The passage is about the environmental issues in India.
2) What are the the major environmental issues of India at present? (Any two)
Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling
groundwater level, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests,
biodiversity loss, and land degradation are some of the major environmental
issues of India at present.
3) What are the major sources of pollution in India? (Any two)

The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuel wood
and biomass, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of
sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water
drainage system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, highly polluting old
public transport, etc.
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4) What is the major cause for depleting level of ground water?
Excessive exploitation of limited groundwater resources for irrigation of cash
crops is the major cause.
5) What made some animals critically endangered?

Rapid urbanization, poaching and indiscriminate hunting have made some
animals critically endangered.
1) India's population growth adds pressure to environmental issues and its
resources.
2) Rapidly depleting levels of groundwater is one of the biggest threat to food
security and livelihood in the country.
3) Uncontrolled use of plastics is another major concern for the country.
4) Rapid urbanization, poaching and indiscriminate hunting have made some
animals critically endangered.
5) Many of the medicinal plants are vanishing along with the legacy of
Ayurvedic treatment.
Example : 3
POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
Pollution refers to the release of chemical or substances into the

environment that is injurious for human, animal and plant life. The water, air,
noise and other forms of pollution in one terminology is known as the pollution of
the eco-system. Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such
as river, sea, lakes, ocean, etc. It happens when pollutants are discharged into
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water without proper treatment. The major sources of water pollution are food-
processing wastes, tree debris, acidic industrial discharge, sediment, etc. Proper
treatment of pollutants before their introduction to the water bodies is necessary
to control the growing water pollution.
Air pollution is introduction of chemicals to the atmosphere. It damages

environmental balance and causes several diseases. The major causes include
massive deforestation, atomic explosions, old vehicles, industrial fumes, etc.
Massive deforestation should be immediately stopped since it has altered the
balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide. Industrial and vehicle law relating
to air pollution should be properly implemented.
1) What is pollution?
Pollution refers to the release of chemical or substances into the environment
that is injurious for human, animal and plant life.
2) What does water pollution refer to?

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as river, sea,
lakes, ocean, etc.
3) How does water pollution happen?

Water pollution happens when pollutants are discharged into water without
proper treatment.
4) What is air pollution?

Air pollution is introduction of chemicals to the atmosphere.
5) What are the major causes of air pollution?

The major causes of air pollution include massive deforestation, atomic
explosions, old vehicles, industrial fumes, etc.
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1) The water, air, noise and other forms of pollution in one terminology is known
as the pollution of the eco-system.
2) The inorganic sources of water pollution are acidic industrial discharge,
sediment, etc.
3) Proper treatment of pollutants is necessary to control the water pollution.
4) Air pollution damages environmental balance and causes several diseases.
5) The principal cause behind pollution is exploitation of nature.
Example : 4
PLASTIC POLLUTION
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the
environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Humans
use plastics at high levels because it is inexpensive and durable. However, it is
slow to degrade. Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and
oceans. Drainage systems become clogged with plastic bags, films, and other
items, causing flooding. Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into
the surrounding soil, which can then seep into groundwater or other surrounding
water sources. This can cause serious harm to the species that drink the water.
Marine animals can be affected through entanglement and direct ingestion

of plastic waste. Animals that normally feed in waste dumps, like cows, have had
intestinal blockages from plastic packaging. Humans are also affected to health
problems such as disruption of thyroid hormone, etc. Plastic reduction efforts
should be promoted for plastic recycling and use of biodegradable plastics.
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The passage is about plastic pollution.
2) What does plastic pollution involve?

Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the
environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.
3) How plastic pollution cause flooding?

Drainage systems become clogged with plastic bags, films, and other items,
causing flooding.
4) How marine animals can be affected due to plastic pollution?

Marine animals can be affected through entanglement and direct ingestion of
plastic waste.
5) How plastic pollution can be controlled?

Plastic reduction efforts should be promoted for plastic recycling and use of
biodegradable plastics.
1) Humans use plastics at high levels because it is inexpensive and durable.
2) Plastic is slow to degrade.
3) Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans.
4) Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil.
5) Humans are affected to health problems such as disruption of thyroid hormone.
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Example : 5
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's
atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a higher temperature. When sunlight
reaches the surface of the Earth, some of it is absorbed which warms the ground
and some reflected back to space as heat. Greenhouse gases that are in the
atmosphere absorb and then redirect some of this heat back towards the Earth.
The difference between the Earth's actual average temperature and the expected
effective temperature just with the Sun's radiation gives the strength of the
greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is a major factor in keeping the Earth warm. In fact,
without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average global temperature would be
much colder and life on Earth would not be possible. But, human activities,
primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have increased the
natural greenhouse effect. It leads to global warming. Water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and ozone are the major
contributors for greenhouse effect. Clouds also absorb and emit infrared radiation
and thus contributes green house effect.

The passage is about greenhouse effect.
2) What is greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's
atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a higher temperature.
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3) What is the strength of greenhouse effect?
The difference between the Earth's actual average temperature and the
expected effective temperature just with the Sun's radiation gives the strength
of the greenhouse effect
4) What is the importance of natural greenhouse effect?

Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average global temperature would
be much colder and life on Earth would not be possible.
5) What are the major contributors of greenhouse effect?

Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and
ozone are the major contributors for greenhouse effect.
1) Greenhouse gases absorb the reflected heat and redirect back towards the Earth.
2) The greenhouse effect is a major factor in keeping the Earth warm.
3) Burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests have increased the natural
greenhouse effect.
4) Increased natural greenhouse effect leads to global warming.
5) Clouds also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus contributes green
house effect.
Example : 6

GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due
to the effect of greenhouse gases. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, fluorinated gases and ozone are the major contributors for greenhouse
effect. Greenhouse gases absorb and redirect some of the reflected heat back
towards the Earth surface, causing global warming.
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Combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and
heating result in the total worldwide emission of about 22 billion tons of carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere each year. Nitrous oxide emissions are mainly caused
by the use of synthetic fertilizers for agriculture. Deforestation become a massive
impact in greenhouse gas emissions. Desertification, increased melting of snow
and ice, sea level rise, stronger hurricanes and cyclones are the major effects of
global warming.

The passage is about global warming.
2) What is global warming?

Global warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to
effect of greenhouse gases.
3) How global warming causes?

Greenhouse gases absorb and redirect some of the reflected heat back towards
the Earth surface, causing global warming.
4) What are the major sources of carbon dioxide emission?

Combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and
heating are the major sources of carbon dioxide emission.
5) What are the major effects of global warming?

Desertification, increased melting of snow and ice, sea level rise, stronger
hurricanes and cyclones are the major effects of global warming.
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1) The increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to the effect of

greenhouse gases is called global warming.
2) Greenhouse gases absorb and redirect some of the reflected heat back towards
the Earth surface
3) The total worldwide emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere each year
is about 22 billion tons.
4) Nitrous oxide emissions are mainly caused by the use of synthetic fertilizers.
5) Deforestation become a massive impact in greenhouse gas emissions.
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SPEAKING
Speaking is an act of making vocal sounds. Speaking skills are the skills
that give us the ability to communicate effectively. These skills allow the speaker,
to convey his message in a passionate, thoughtful, and convincing manner.
Speaking skills also help to assure that one won’t be misunderstood by those who
are listening.
What to do before speaking?

The first step to speaking is to think and the first step to perfect speaking
is to think positive. Good speakers have the ability to quickly analyze and absorb
the information given to them, assess it fast and to make a decision and
communicate that decision to other.
Be an active listener : The key ingredient towards making you a person

who can think on the spot and respond intelligently is to be an active listener.
This mean listening carefully and giving your full attention to the words, tone,
emotion and logic behind what the other one is saying.
Be a quick organiser of thoughts : All of us have the ability to think

fast. The trick is to adopt some frameworks or models to structure new
information into something coherent that we can respond with.
Structure your speech in your mind : The basic structure of any speech
involves : opening, body and conclusion. It is very useful in delivering speeches
and especially for speaking in situations such as meetings or other times when
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called upon to “say some words”. Thinking before speaking is important for us to
add value in terms of communicating our thoughts, ideas and feelings.
Speaking skills required in meeting or group discussion

Speaking skills are very important in business. Those who are at ease
conversationally have the ability to connect with others which builds rapport and
relationships. Effective business meeting communication is very much a
learnable skill. Here are important tips on speaking well as a meeting
participant.
Follow KISS (Keep It Short and Simple) principle : When you are
speaking don’t beat around the bush or try to impress with complex metaphors.
Stories can be a powerful speaking tool, especially when they contain at least a
hint of humour. But again, keep them short and on point.
Talk to the entire group : When speaking in groups, move your eyes
around and talk to anyone who is listening to what you have to say. When
responding to a question, address the entire group, not just the person who asked
the question.
Reach out and encourage feedback : Actively encourage comment and

feedback based on what you have to contribute.
Mirror the tenor of the meeting : Another business meeting basic is

establishing a comfortable atmosphere where everyone fees at ease. One effective
way to achieve that is to establish a consistency in communication. If most
participants are keeping their remarks short, do the same. If their tone is low and
reserved, follow their lead.
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EXERCISES ON SPEAKING
Ex. No.1 SAY IN A SENTENCE INSTANTLY
ON HEARING THE WORD
Note : The examiners at the time of Practical Examination may provide words which are
commonly used in day to day life. 5 words must be given one after another.
Example words and sentences :

ability : I have the ability to pass all the subjects in the examination.
achieve : He has achieved a lot in his profession.
allowance : An allowance of 0.5 mm is given to the length of workpiece.
approximate : The approximate weight of the product is 3 kg.
automatic : The operation of machine can be controlled automatically.
background : The background music in this film is really good.
blend : Blend the cement with silica sand to prepare a concrete paste.
boiling : The boiling temperature of water is 100oC.
boycott : We should boycott foreign goods to boost our country’s economy.
bumper : The bumper helps to protect the car if it hits something.
capture : The police captured the robbers.
collapse : The building collapsed suddenly.
curious : I am curious to know more about the new machine.
decision : I will make the decision on my own.
deficiency : The accident was caused by deficiencies in the engine.
delicious : This is the most delicious ice cream.
domestic : Bullock and cows are domestic animals.
effective : My teacher gave an effective lecture.
endangered : The Bengal tiger is an endangered species.
essential : It is essential to wear shoes in workshops.
exhaust : There is a problem with the car's exhaust.
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fault : A fire caused by an electrical fault.
favourite : English is my favourite subject.
flexible : The material is very flexible.
forecast : The company is forecasting increased profits.
fundamental : The Constitution ensures our fundamental rights.
gallery : The movie features a gallery of different characters.
generate : Windmills are used to generate electricity.
glorious : My teacher had a long and glorious teaching career.
gradually : We noticed a gradual change in temperature.
guidance : We need more guidance on how to handle the new machine.
harmful : Vehicles emit harmful gases causing air pollution.
heaven : The child is a gift from heaven.
hesitate : We should not hesitate to ask the doubts to our teachers.
hurdle : My family faces severe financial hurdles this year.
hurt : We should not hurt anybody.
immediately : I called the ambulance immediately after the accident.
impact : The ball impacts against the bat with a loud noise.
Infinite : There are an infinite number of stars in the sky.
influence : He used politician influence to get the contract.
intelligence : She impressed the teacher with her superior intelligence.
jealous : His success made his relatives jealous.
joint : Welding joint is stronger than soldering.
junction : I met my friend in railway junction.
kick : The child kicked the ball to me.
knob : Turn the knob to open the valve.
knock : He knocked into a table.
know : I know the answer for this question.
knowledge : I have a good knowledge of this machine.
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landmark : The moon landing is a landmark in space exploration.
launch : India has successfully launched a number of rockets in space.
layer : The furnace is coated with a layer of refractory material.
lifetime : My lifetime goal is becoming a scientist.
location : The location of the hole is marked on the workpiece.
maintenance : Good maintenance of machines prevents accidents.
maximum : The beam can withstand a maximum load of 15 tons.
merits : List out the merits of this process.
modern : We should update our knowledge with modern innovations.
nowadays : A lot of people work with computers nowadays.
occasionally : I go to Chennai occasionally.
offence : It is an offense to drive vehicles without license.
opportunity : There is a wide range of opportunities for diploma holders.
outstanding : You did an outstanding job on the project.
panic : There is no reason to get into a panic.
peculiar : My mother is a very peculiar person for me.
portable : Portable devices are becoming increasingly popular.
powerful : The car has a very powerful engine.
prohibit : Use of mobile phone is prohibited inside the college.
punctual : I am always punctual in attending my classes.
quantity : The quantity of flow is measured using flow meter.
query : The accountant answered my query on fees payment.
queue : A long queue is waiting outside the ATM to take cash.
quotation : I asked the company to send a quotation for supply of machines.
random : The students select questions in practical examination at random.
rapid : The piston moves rapidly during return stroke.
recognize : My teacher recognized me as a good student.
reputation : A good teaching gain the reputation among the students.
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reverse : Engage the reverse gear to move the vehicle backwards.
schedule : We should always follow a planned schedule for success.
separate : A separate computer is provided for every student in our college.
significant : The significant feature of this device is its high precision.
stagnant : Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water.
suspicious : I am very suspicious about her motives.
tendency : He has a tendency to forget things.
threat : Pollution creates a great threat to our life.
tiny : The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
trace : The police have traced the stolen car.
tremendous : I have tremendous respect for Principal.
unity : There is a great deal of unity among our students.
universal : English is referred to as a universal language.
unknown : There are three unknowns in this equation.
unofficial : There is an unofficial meeting with staff members.
upright : An upright man is respectable.
vacancy : There are number of vacancies for the post of supervisor.
vacuum : A vacuum is created inside the tube.
validity : The validity of a Cheque is 6 months.
variable : Speed is a variable in this experiment.
visible : Stars are visible only at night.
warm : It is a nice and warm climate today.
whirl : The room began to whirl before my eyes.
worn out : Replace the worn out tool to avoid accident.
worth : The book is worth reading.
wrapper : Avoid using plastics as wrappers for packaging products.
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Ex. No. 2 SAY EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY
USED IN COMMUNICATION
Note : Students are supposed to say 5 expressions reflecting Politeness / Courtesy /
Etiquette / Mannerism / Request
Being polite is important in all languages especially if you are asking

someone to help you. We all know that if we want things to be done whether in
our personal or professional lives, it pays to be polite. You won’t get far by being
rude or impolite. Different cultures have different ways of tackling politeness.
In English Language cultures, the need to be polite and to use the correct
expressions is essential. Not only will people appreciate it, they will see you as a
competent English Language speaker. There are a few polite expressions that are
frequently used in the English Language and it is important for learners to know
how to use them correctly and in the right context.
 Please – This is one of those words that can show good manners or come
across as sarcastic, based on your tone. Any time you ask for something,
it's always a good idea to add this word to soften the request.
 You're welcome – When someone says, "Thank you," your instant

response should be, "You're welcome," "You're certainly welcome," or some
variation that feels comfortable to you. Another way to express the same
thought is, "I was happy to do it," or, "My pleasure."
 Thank you – When someone does something nice for you or gives you a
gift, you should always say, "Thank you." Not doing so gives the impression
that you feel entitled to whatever it is, and that can leave a sour taste in a
mannerly person's mouth.
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 May I – The phrase "may I" puts you on the same side as the person you are
speaking to. It gives the other person the feeling that you empathize,
without your having to say that. For example, when you say, "May I see that
book?" you give the person an opportunity to share what she is looking at.
 Excuse me – This is an acknowledgment that you are asking forgiveness

for leaving the table, coughing, or otherwise disrupting something you are
engaged in.
 Pardon me – This phrase is interchangeable with "excuse me." “Pardon
me” sounds more formal.
 I beg your pardon – This phrase is used for asking someone to repeat
what they'd just said. One expression that is most definitely not polite is
“What?”. If you use it when you haven’t heard or understood something,
you may get some disapproving looks from the other person.
 I'm sorry – When you make a mistake, hurt someone's feelings, or do
something that you know you shouldn't have done, saying, "I'm sorry," is
always the first thing you should say. You're letting the other person know
you regret having done whatever it was.
 I’m afraid – If you have to give someone some bad news and want to
apologise for this, you would use “I’m afraid”.
Example expressions :
1) Making requests – asking someone to do something for you

 Excuse me, could you tell me the way to railway station?
 Excuse me, do you have the time?
 Excuse me, is this seat taken?
 Could you give me a hand, please?
 Could I have tomorrow off, please?
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 Could you open the door for me, please?
 Would you mind opening the door for me, please?
 Can you open the door for me, please?
 Could you please call the suppliers tomorrow?
 Quiet, please!
 Can you give me the book?
 Could you phone me at 7 o’clock?
(Hint : could and can are followed by the verb without to. Would you mind is
followed by the verb and -ing.)
2) Making requests – asking if you can do something
 Can I use your computer, please?

 Could I borrow some money from you, please?
 Do you mind if I turn on the television?
 Would you mind if I turned on the television?
(Hint : Could is more polite that can. Do you mind if…" is followed by the verb
in the present tense, but would you mind if… is followed by the verb in the
past tense)
3) Offering to do something for another person

 Can I help you?
 Shall I open the window for you?
 Would you like another coffee?
 Would you like me to answer the phone?
 I'll do the photocopying, if you like.
(Hint : Shall, can and will are followed by the verb without to. Would you like…
is followed either by a noun, or by an object pronoun and the verb with to.)
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4) Responding to offers
 Can I help you?
Yes please. I'd like to know what time the train leaves.
 Can I help you?
No thanks, I'm just looking." (In a shop.)
 Shall I open the window for you?
Yes please. That would be very kind of you.
No thanks." Or, "No thank you.
Yes please, that would be lovely. Or, Yes please, I'd love one.
 Would you like me to answer the phone?
If you wouldn't mind. Or, If you could.
 I'll do the photocopying, if you like.
It's OK, I can do it. Or, Don't worry, I'll do it.
Or, Thank you, that would be great.
5) Expression for apology

 Sorry I’m late. The traffic was terrible.
 I’m sorry, I didn’t realise that you were in the queue.
 I beg your pardon, I didn’t see you standing there.
 Pardon? I didn’t quite hear that. Could you repeat the number please?
 Sorry? Did you say 30 or 13?
 I’m afraid I won’t be able to attend the meeting next week.
 I’m afraid we have run out of seats.
 Do you have change for `2000? I’m afraid not.
 I’m afraid there has been a misunderstanding.
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Ex. No. 3 INTRODUCING ONESELF/
OTHERS IN ORGANISATION
Example : 1
Introduce yourself as a prospective candidate for the company
while facing the interview.
 Good morning, Sirs !
 First of all, I would like to thank you for giving me an opportunity to

introduce myself.
 I am I. Aravindan. I have applied for the post of Supervisor in your company.
 I have passed Diploma in Mechanical Engineering with first class.
 I have finished two certificate courses on recent trends in technologies.
 I have participated in paper presentation competitions and won prizes.
 I have undergone inplant training in a reputed company.
 I have working experience of 2 Years in a leading company.
 I can fluently speak and write in English and Hindi, apart from Tamil
which is my mother tongue.
 CNC Programming and CAD are my fields of interest.
 I am positive, hard worker and be flexible in every situation.
 My short term goal is to get a good job in a reputed company as yours.
 My long term goal is to get a higher position in that company.
 I hope that I am a prospective candidate for this post and request you to
consider me positively. Thank you sir.
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Example : 2
Imagine the General Manager from the Head office of your
company has to inspect your factory. Introduce him.
 Dear employees and colleagues !
 I would like to introduce our General Manager Mr. I. Agilan, who have
come from the Head office.
 With great pleasure, I warmly welcome him on behalf of you.
 Mr. Agilan is known for his excellent managerial skills, leadership

approach, decision making qualities and directive nature.
 He holds an experience of more than 10 years, working at various positions

linked in this company.
 He has a proven record of punctuality, dedication and sincerity.
 As we know, he came here for the inspection of our factory.
 I hope that all of you are well prepared for facing this inspection.
 I request every one of you to give your kind cooperation for the successful
completion of this inspection in an effective manner.
 Thank you very much.
Example : 3
Imagine a consultant has come to your department. Introduce him
to your subordinates.
 Dear colleagues, Good morning to all !
 I would like to introduce Dr.K. Kumar, who is an eminent consultant from

ABC Consultancy Services.
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 With great pleasure, I warmly welcome him to our department.
 His consulting company provides need based consultancy on any issue.
 Dr. Kumar has got Doctorate in Management studies.
 He has many years of experience at management level in a variety of

corporate, public sector and non-profit sector.
 He also has consulting experience regarding different issues, including

strategy, change, environmental issues and diversity.
 It is our privilege to have Dr. Kumar here.
 I ask every one of you to raise your query regarding any issue and get it
clarified by him.
 I request you to make his visit as memorable and success. Thank you all.
Example : 4
New Factory Manager has been appointed. Introduce him to all
the employees of your firm.
 Dear employees, Good morning to all !
 I am very pleased to introduce to you our new Factory Manager, Mr. Vijay.
 Vijay is truly an exceptional find in this industry.
 He brings with him an impressive 17-years record in the automotive

maintenance, sales, and service industry.
 He spent the first five years as a maintenance mechanic, followed by eight

years in vehicle sales, and he has worked as a customer service
representative for the past four years.
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 You won't find many people who know the business from all of the major
aspects like Vijay does.
 In his previous position, Vijay won one National Award and one Regional
Award for excellence in customer service.
 In his new position, Vijay will be pleased to look after all of your vehicle
maintenance needs.
 A real people person, he looks forward to getting to know all of our

customers, both old and new.
 I request all the employees to render your cooperation for him to lead this
factory towards growth. Thank you all.
Example : 5
Introduce yourself after joining the department / factory / company.

 Good morning to all. My name is I. Aravindan.
 I finished my diploma in Civil Engineering and started my career as

designer in private agencies and worked for 5 years.
 In ABC Constructions Private Limited, I did a lot of work related to design

of structures for various constructions. I had experience in handling major
design and analysis softwares.
 After that, I joined a private agency to manage a team of fresh diploma

holders and to train them in designing of structures.
 Here I have been appointed as Design Engineer. I am responsible to lead

a group of trained designers.
 I am delighted to be working for our company. I shall look forward to

getting to know you all. Thank you all.
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Example : 6
Assume that the Inspector of Factories has come to check the
quality of products and the safety standards adopted as per Government
norms and regulations. Introduce him to the staff of all departments for
their cooperation, in this regard.
 Dear employees of all department of our company !
 I would like to introduce Dr. R. Iniyavan, who is Inspector of Factories.
 Dr. Iniyavan is known for his straight forward and strict nature of duty.
 He has come here to check the quality of products manufactured in our

company.
 He also check whether the safety standards are adopted in our company
as per Government Norms and Regulations.
 As an ISO certified company, we are strictly following Government norms

and regulations. I assure that we are not committing any violation against
the the same.
 I request all the staff members to extend your full cooperation to him for
conducting the verification in a smooth manner.
 I also request you to provide necessary details and documents without any
delay, wherever demanded.
 I request our Inspector to provide feed back and suggestions so that to

initiate corrective measures in future.
 Thank you all.
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Example : 7
A Marketing Company Representative visits your factory to buy
your product. Introduce him to your Supervisors.
 Dear Supervisors, a very good morning to all !
 I would like to introduce Mr. S. Kumar, who is a senior representative from

ABC Marketing Private Limited.
 Mr. Kumar is a post graduate in Management studies.
 After graduating, he entered the corporate sector and worked in a number

of large organisations.
 He gained valuable management experience in operations, marketing and

sales.
 Mr. Kumar is a high achiever and a strong professional in the field of

marketing.
 As we know, marketing plays a vital role in sales of any product. Mr.

Kumar do this for us.
 Mr. Kumar procures our products in whole sale basis and do the retail sale
through his marketing company.
 I request all the supervisors to exhibit our company’s products and

demonstrate their salient features to him.
 I also request you to provide necessary details and documents, wherever

necessary.
 I request Mr. Kumar to consider our products favourably for purchasing.
 Thank you all.
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Ex. No. 4 EXPLAIN / DESCRIBE THE
PRODUCT / MACHINE / DEPARTMENT
Example : 1
Explain / Describe the product, you are about to launch in the market.
 Good morning everybody!
 XYZ Company has always been keen on customer service and innovation.
Our products have always added value to our customer’s everyday life.
 We are really excited to announce yet another new product in our health
series. It is called ABC Health Mix.
 ABC is a healthy and nutritious product. It is specially designed to keep

health conscious customers in mind. It is 100% natural and comes with no
added sugar.
 ABC is the perfect companion for breakfast, lunch, dinner and in between
snacks. It is light, delicious and comes in real fruit flavours.
 ABC is available in all the leading supermarkets, specialty stores and

online stores as well.
 Please visit our website www.abc.com to know more and avail exciting
offers. Thank you all.
Example : 2
Describe the newly installed modern machine in your company
which is purchased for purpose of increasing the production.
 Good morning everybody!
 Our company is receiving a number of increasing orders from customers.
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 To meet out this demand, we have purchased a new modern machine for
the purpose of increasing the production.
 This machine is fully automatic and works on Numerical Control principle.
 It is equipped with automatic tool changer, automatic pallet changer, etc.
 It also detect and correct errors using automatic diagnosing facility.
 It can produce parts with high precision and at a faster rate.
 It is a multi-tasking machine and the settings can be customized to suit

our needs.
 It is designed for efficient chip flow and effective chip removal.
 It is more efficient machine and consumes relatively less power.
 If you encounter any problem during the operation of this machine, kindly
refer the user manual or ask the assistance of experts. Thank you all.
Example : 3
Explain the functioning and the efficiency of the machine that you
have manufactured in your company.
 Good morning to all !
 We are proud to introduce a new machine called Horizontal flow wrap

machine, which is manufactured in our company.
 This machine can be used to pack products of different shapes namely

cubical, cylindrical and others.
 It can be operated on different types of heat sealable laminates or films.
 It is equipped with adaptable pouch length mechanism, which helps to

reduce of wastage on packaging material.
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 It is also facilitated with integral photoelectric system with proper lining
adjustment for the film feed.
 It can be operated at adjustable speed of 25-250 packs per minute.
 It has efficient power consumption and low maintenance.
 It is very easy to handle and provide a reliable performance.
 Thank you all.
Example : 4
Illustrate the launch of new model car and its capabilities.
 Good morning to all ! I would like to illustrate the launch of new model car
and its capabilities.
 The more powerful and active flagship from Lamborghini, the Aventador S,
has been launched in India. The price of the car is `5 crore.
 The Aventador S has 6.5-litre V12 motor which produces 740 hp. The
engine generates 690 Nm of torque.
 The engine rotates at 8,500rpm. It comes with a seven-speed gearbox.
 Power to weight ratio has also improved and rated as 469 hp/ton.
 The Aventador S gets a more strong front bumper which helps to produce
130 percent more downforce up front.
 It gets a rear wing that can be moved into three positions and helps to
increase the downforce by up to 50 percent.
 The car comes with four-wheel steering which improves high-speed stability.
 A new touch screen with Apple CarPlay included as standard in the cabin.
 I hope you all love this car. Thank you all.
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Example : 5 (a)
Describe your department ( in college)
 Good morning to all ! I would like to describe my department.

 I belongs to Mechanical Engineering department of this institution.
 My department has sufficient number of well-experienced and dedicated
teaching and non-teaching technical faculty members.
 The department has properly equipped and well maintained facilities such
as laboratories & workshops as per AICTE norms.
 The college has a state of art class room facility for all students of
mechanical engineering. There is a seminar hall equipped with latest LCD
projector for various seminar activities.
 The Department has properly equipped and well maintained facilities such
as laboratories & workshops as per AICTE norms.
 The laboratories include Basic Electrical & Mechanical Workshop, Fluid
Mechanics Laboratory, Machine Shop, Thermal Engineering Lab, Metrology
& Measurements Lab, CAD/CAM Lab, Process Automation Lab, etc.
 The mechanical workshop consists of Fitting Shop, Sheet Metal Shop,
Foundry Shop, Welding Shop and Carpentry Shop.
 The Machine shop is equipped with latest machines like, centre lathes,
automatic lathe, milling machines, various types of grinding machines,
drilling machines, shaper, slotter, etc.
 The CAD/CAM Lab includes a number of computers loaded with latest
design and analysis softwares. It is also equipped with a modern CNC
lathe and CNC milling trainer.
 A department library is provided to cater the requirements of the department.
 I am proud to be a student of this Mechanical Engineering Department.
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Example : 5 (b)
Describe your department (in company)
 Good morning to all ! I would like to describe my department.

 I am working as a Supervisor in Production Department of this company.
 Production is the functional area responsible for turning inputs into
finished outputs through a series of production processes.
 The Production Manager is responsible for making sure that raw materials
are provided and made into finished products effectively.
 As a supervisor, I am responsible to make sure that work is carried out

smoothly as per the schedule.
 Our department has well experienced and dedicated machine operators,

technicians, supervisors and trainees.
 Our department is equipped with latest CNC based production machines

such as turning centres, milling centres, wire-cut EDM, various types of
welding machines, grinding machines, boring machines, robots, etc.
 It is equipped with sophisticated material handling equipment such as

Automated Guided Vehicles, overhead cranes, hoists, trucks, etc.
 Our department implements all kinds of safety measures to the workers.
 Our department achieve the planned target every year without fail.
 I am proud to be a supervisor in this production department.
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Ex. No. 5 DIALOGUE AT THE PLACE OF WORK
Example : 1
As the department Head, call the Supervisor and talk to him about
the installation of the new machines in your factory.
Note : Assume Mr. Arun as Supervisor and Mr. Raju as Department Head.
Arun : Good Morning, sir.

Raju : Very good morning Mr. Arun. I hope you know that we have purchased some
new machines to our factory.
Arun : Yes, I know sir. To meet out the increasing demand from our customers, we
have purchased these machines for the purpose of increasing the production.
Raju : Nice. Have you chosen any location for the installation of these machines?
Arun : Not yet, sir. But I am thinking that these machines can be installed in
Machine Shop – III.
Raju : Good. I am also thinking the same. In Machine Shop – III, there is sufficient
space to accommodate these machines.
Arun : Yes, sir. More over, we have to adopt batch type production. Hence, installing
these machines there helps to increase the production rate.
Raju : Yes, Mr. Arun. Keep in mind that these are heavy duty machines. They
require strong foundation to avoid vibrations and chatter.
Arun : Yes, I know well sir. I already gone through the installation manual and
ordered to purchase necessary tools and materials for installation.
Raju : Good. You will be responsible for the proper installation of the machines.
Make a complete dry run of the machine after the installation so that to
ensure the safety and stability of the machine.
Arun : Certainly, sir. I will share the progress then and there.
Raju : Good luck. You may proceed further.
Arun : Yes, sir. Thank you very much.
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Example : 2
Talk to your colleague working in the factory about the safety standards
to be implemented in your factory after the visit of Inspector of Factories.
Note : Assume that you are Mr. Gopi and your colleague is Mr. Ram.
Ram : Good Morning, Mr. Gopi.

Gopi : Very good morning Mr. Ram. I hope that you have received the inspection
report from Inspector of Factories.
Arun : Yes. Even though we are implementing major safety measures, he has
suggested some more standards to be implemented for the safety of workers.
Ram : Yes. Especially he has noticed that the drivers of material handling
equipment must wear seatbelts.
Gopi : He has also mentioned that all workers must wear personal protective
equipment wherever necessary.
Ram : Yes. He has suggested that the equipment must be operated by trained and
authorised person only.
Gopi : He insisted that proper ventilation and lighting must be provided.
Ram : He suggested that the workers should not operate improperly guarded
equipment or defective equipment.
Gopi : He also suggested that the workplace must be kept clean as far as possible.
Ram : We should agree that there is a close relationship between safety
measures and efficiency of workers.
Gopi : Of course, Mr. Ram. We must give top priority to implement the necessary
safety standards at the earliest in our factory.
Ram : Yes, it is. Moreover, it is our responsibility to create awareness among
the workers to follow safety practices.
Gopi : Yes, Mr. Ram. Let us start to implement the safety standards
immediately. Thank you, Mr. Ram.
Ram : Ok, Thank you, Mr. Gopi.
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Example : 3
Speak to your colleague about the training you had at the Head
Quarters and the outcome of the training in handling the latest machine
installed in your factory.
Note : Assume that you are Mr. Gopi and your colleague is Mr. Ram.
Gopi : Good Morning, Mr. Ram.

Ram : Very good morning Mr. Gopi. I have not seen you in the past one week.
Gopi : Yes. I went to our Head Quarters to attend a training program.
Ram : Nice. How was the training?
Gopi : It was very useful and effective.
Ram : What was the training about?
Gopi : The training is about handling the latest machine installed in our factory.
Ram : Oh! Nice. Is there any special features in this new machine.
Gopi : Yes. A number of special features are available in this machine. Especially it
is fully automatic and the production rate is very high.
Ram : Have the demonstration of machine given?
Gopi : Yes. We have given demonstration on the same model machine available in
our Head Quarters. The experts trained us about the operation of machine,
programming the machine, maintenance of machine, detecting and rectifying
minor faults and so on.
Ram : Nice. I hope that you are ready to operate the machine.
Gopi : Yes, Mr. Ram. I also wish to give training to some more operators including
you. Can you join with us?
Ram : With pleasure. I am most curious about to know this new machine.
Gopi : Ok, then we will start the training today itself. .
Ram : Certainly. Thank you, Mr. Gopi.
Gopi : Ok, thank you, Mr. Ram.
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Example : 4
Call the subordinate who is irregular and careless in his work. Advise him.
Note : Assume that you are Mr. Gopi and your subordinate is Mr. Deva.
Deva : Good Morning, Sir.

Gopi : Good Morning, Mr. Deva. Take your seat.
Deva : It’s ok, sir. The supervisor asked me to meet you immediately.
Gopi : Yes, I said. Your recent activities made me worry about you.
Deva : Please, tell me sir. I will correct myself if there is any mistake with me.
Gopi : Ok, good. During the past few days, you are irregular and careless in your
work. As a well wisher of you, I need to advise you.
Deva : Sure, sir. It is very helpful for me, if you tell me specifically.
Gopi : Yes. Being punctual is most important in doing any task. During the past few
days, you are coming late to the company. You might have thought that a few
minute late will not make any serious problem. But it adds minus point in
your career. You are taking leave continuously without prior permission of
your superior. It shows that you are violating the rules and regulations of our
company. I noticed that you have lack of interest towards your work. Being
an adult, it is very important to control yourself without giving root for any
unwanted distraction. It is very difficult to gain a good name from the
superiors, unless you work hard. Take this as my kind advise and try to
change your attitude.
Deva : Yes, sir. It is very kind of you. I feel very sorry about my irregular and
careless activities. Hereafter, I will be very punctual and do my work with
utmost care. Thank you very much, sir.
Gopi : It’s ok. Good luck and carry on.
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Example : 5
Speak to you higher officer about the steps taken to stop the strike
proposed by the workers of your factory.
Note : Assume that you are Mr. Gopi and your higher officer is Mr. Ravi.
Gopi : Good Morning, Sir.

Ravi : Good Morning, Mr. Gopi. Take your seat.
Gopi : Thank you, sir. I hope that you know about the strike proposed by the workers.
Ravi : Yes, I am in worry about the strike. Do you know the demands of the workers?
Gopi : Yes, sir. The workers are proposing three demands. They are demanding a
salary hike, reconsideration of the termination of their co-worker, more
compensation for the family of a worker dead in an accident in our company.
Ravi : Ok! Tell me, what are the steps you have taken to stop the strike?
Gopi : Sure, sir. I have called the Union Leader, and assured that our management
will definitely consider their demands and asked him to withdraw the strike.
Ravi : What about the termination of the worker?
Gopi : I explained the Union Leader about the misbehaviour and violation committed
by the worker against the rules and regulation of our company. He accepted
and withdrawn the demand for the reconsideration of termination.
Ravi : Good. Have you met the family members of the worker dead in the accident?
Gopi : Yes, sir. I called his wife and assured to give a job to someone in her family.
This fact is informed to the Union Leader and he withdraws the demand
about this issue.
Ravi : Ok, nice. What shall we do regarding salary hike?
Gopi : Sir, you may consider 10 % hike in salary and one month bonus.
Ravi : Ok. Let me to think. Call the Accounts Manger to meet me immediately.
Gopi : Ok, sir. Thank you very much.
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Example : 6
Speak with your immediate boss about the progress you have made.
Note : Assume that you are Mr. Gopi and your immediate boss is Mr. Bala.
Gopi : Good Morning, Sir.

Bala : Good Morning, Mr. Gopi. Take your seat.
Gopi : Thank you, sir. I would like to share the progress about ongoing job work.
Bala : Well. We have received this job work at the end of last month and started the
process by the beginning of this moth. Is n’t?
Gopi : Yes, sir. As it is a batch type production order, we rearranged the material
flow path after a careful motion study. It has taken a considerable time, and
the actual production is started with a delay.
Bala : Ok. Is the process going as per the planned schedule?
Gopi : No, sir. The process is lagging 32 hours comparing with maser schedule.
Bala : Is it? But, the customer wants the order to be delivered promptly.
Gopi : Sure, sir. It is a policy of our company too.

Bala : Then, what shall we do for finishing the job work at scheduled time?
Gopi : Sir, we need additional work force and dedicated machines.

Bala : Ok, I will make arrangement for this. Anyway, you must finish the job work
on or before the scheduled date.
Gopi : Sure, sir. Thank you very much.
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Ex. No. 6 GROUP DISCUSSION
What is Group Discussion (GD) :
Nowadays Group Discussion is being extensively used along with personal
interviews for the final selection of candidates. It plays a main role in selecting the
best among the best. It helps in choosing the socially suitable candidate among the
academically superior achievers. It is one of the best tools to study the responses
related with behaviour and attitude of the participants.
Tips and tricks to shine in a Group Discussion

 Be as natural as possible.
 Sit with a straight and confident posture.
 You need to stick to your values and beliefs, but learn to respect the values
and opinions of others too.
 Grab the opportunity to speak first.
 Do not repeat a point, or be lengthy or irrelevant.

 Facilitate contribution from others. Allow others to speak too.
 Make an eye contact with all the participants. It creates more room for
conversation. Also keep nodding, when others speak, it shows receptivity.
 Be an active and dynamic participant. The examiner wants to hear you speak.
So do put forth your views.
 Be positive and prepare your thoughts well but do not be over-confident.

 Think well before you speak. You are being heard and judged upon.
 When raising an objection to a point kept by another speaker, back it up with
a solid reason to get the point across.
 Use quotes, facts and figures, statements, everyday life examples to express
a clear chain of thoughts. Also it might leave a good impression on the
examiner and help you score well.
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EXERCISES ON GROUP DISCUSSION
Note : Depending on the strength of the students in a Batch, they may divided into groups
of six / eight and be asked to discuss on anyone of the following topics :
Example : 1
PRODUCTIVITY IN INDUSTRIES -
COMPARISON WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let me initiate the group discussion on the topic
Productivity in industries – comparison with developed countries. In my
opinion, a developed country is a sovereign state that has a highly developed
economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations.
S-2 : Yes, I agree with him. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree
of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national
product (GNP), the per capita income, etc.
S-3 : Yes. Accordingly, as of 2015, the ten largest developed countries were
United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Australia,
Canada, Japan, South Korea and Spain.
S-4 : Let me define productivity. Productivity is an average measure of the
efficiency of production. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs
used in the production process. The output are measured by gross value
added (GVA) rather than GDP.
S-5 : Yes. Let me give the difference between GVA and GDP. GVA is measured at
basic prices, while GDP is measured at market prices.
S-6 : Yes, that is right. The comparison of productivity is made based on two
aspects. It is based on output per worker or output per hour worked.
S-1 : Over the 5 year period 2010 to 2014, German output per hour is estimated
to be 24% above the UK, French is 18 % higher and US is 45 % higher.
S-2 : However, Italian productivity is 17 % below the UK over this period.
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S-3 : By considering output per worker, US manufacturing workers generate
61% more output than their UK counterparts.
S-4 : However, the gap reverses when comparing the UK with Germany and
France and the UK’s productivity lead over Italy widens to 25 percentage
points over 2010 to 2014.
S-5 : Yes. Estimates for earlier 5-year periods suggest a trend deterioration in
Italian productivity relative to the UK, but a trend for the US productivity
advantage in manufacturing to widen.
S-6 : Let me conclude this group discussion. By comparing the productivity, it is
evident that hard work and team effort alone will lead a country to become a
economic super power. Thank you all.
Example : 2
QUALITY TOOLS, QUALITY CIRCLES AND QUALITY CONSCIOUSNESS

S-1 : Good morning, guys! Let me start the group discussion about Quality tools,
quality circles and quality consciousness. The quality tools were referred as
Seven Basics Tools of Quality because these tools could be implemented by
any person with very basic training in statistics.
S-2 : Yes. Check sheet is another quality tool. It is a structured, prepared form
for collecting and analyzing data; a generic tool that can be adapted for a
wide variety of purposes.
S-3 : Yes. But, Control charts, an another quality tool, are graphs used to study
how a process changes over time.
S-4 : Yes. Histogram is the most commonly used graph for showing frequency
distributions, or how often each different value in a set of data occurs.
S-5 : But, pareto chart is another quality tool, that shows on a bar graph which
factors are more significant.
S-6 : Yes. Scatter diagram are graphs pairs of numerical data, one variable on
each axis, to look for a relationship.
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S-1 : Stratification is a method of dividing data into sub–categories and classify
data based on group, division, class or levels that helps in deriving
meaningful information to understand an existing problem.
S-2 : Let me define quality circle. A quality circle is a participatory management
technique that uses the help of employees in solving problems related to their
own jobs.
S-3 : Circles are formed of employees working together in an operation who meet
at intervals to discuss problems of quality and to devise solutions for
improvements.
S-4 : Quality circles are led by a supervisor or a senior worker.
S-5 : Employees who participate in quality circles usually receive training in
formal problem-solving methods and are then encouraged to apply these
methods either to specific or general company problems.
S-6 : In my view, quality consciousness habits and processes are part of a
management philosophy that seeks to improve quality constantly rather
than just to meet a certain set goal.
S-2 : Yes. Companies employ quality consciousness processes on an
organizational level to improve their products.
S-4 : In addition, individuals benefit when they build quality consciousness
habits into their thoughts and behaviors.
S-3 : I conclude this group discussion that the productivity and the quality of the
product manufactured in a company can be improved by properly
implementing quality tools, quality circles and quality consciousness.
Thank you all guys.
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Example : 3
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
S-1 : Good morning, friends! The topic given for our discussion is effective
management. Effective management is important to an organization because
it involves planning and goal setting, along with motivation of workers in order
to execute the plans.
S-2 : Yes, I agree with him. Effective management creates a direction for the
organization and communicates the vision internally and externally.
S-3 : Let us discuss the qualities for an effective management. The key to leadership
success is to effectively delegate both the responsibility for completing
assignments and the authority required to get things done. When you delegate
work to employees, you multiply the amount of work you can accomplish while
you develop your employees' confidence, leadership and work skills.
S-4 : Yes. Every employee needs goals to strive for. Set specific and measurable
goals and regularly monitor their progress.
S-5 : Of course. Effective communication is essential. You must make every effort
to get employees the information they need to do their jobs quickly and
efficiently.
S-6 : Yes. Leadership is a people job. When an employee needs to talk with you,
make sure that you set aside the time to do so.
S-1 : When an employee do a good job, recognize him with a bonus, a small trophy or
even just a vocal recognition.
S-2 : Yes, it is. As the manager and leader, you should set an example in terms of
your behaviour.
S-3 : An effective manager can make the workday more enjoyable, and the
employees do their best work for the manger.
S-4 : Let me conclude that every one of us wish to be a leader or manager to mange
something. But, we must improve our managerial skills for an effective
management. Thank you all.
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Example : 4
HOUSE KEEPING IN INDUSTRIES

S-1 : Good morning, friends! The topic given for our discussion is house keeping in
industries, which is very essential. Effective housekeeping can eliminate some
workplace hazards and help get a job done safely and properly.
S-2 : Yes. On the other hand, poor housekeeping can frequently contribute to
accidents by hiding hazards that cause injuries.
S-3 : Of course. Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas
neat and orderly; maintaining halls and floors free of slip and trip hazards;
and removing of waste materials and other fire hazards from work areas.
S-4 : Yes. It also requires paying attention to important details such as the layout
of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities, and
maintenance.
S-5 : Let us discuss the benefits of good housekeeping. A clean, well-ordered,
attractive work environment sets the quality of the establishment.
S-6 : Well. It also encourages organized work habits in employees. It helps reduce
fatigue. It promotes good worker-management relations. It also gives a lift to
morale, which is reflected in the quality of production and overall efficiency.
S-1 : Good housekeeping is also a good advertisement for the company. Customers
and clients have more confidence in an organisation where the work being
carried out efficiently in clean, pleasant, well- ordered surroundings.
S-2 : Let us conclude this group discussion that a good housekeeping makes the
industry a safer place to work. Thank you all.
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Example : 5
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)
S-1 : Good after noon, friends! Now, let us discuss about occupational safety and
health (OSH), which is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety,
health, and welfare of people at work.
S-2 : Yes. It It actually involves promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations.
S-3 : Yes, of course. OSH may also protect co-workers, family members,
employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the
workplace environment.
S-4 : Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the
collaboration and participation of both employers and workers in health
and safety programmes.
S-5 : Yes. It involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational
medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety,
ergonomics, psychology, etc.
S-6 : In India, the Labour Ministry formulates national policies on occupational
safety and health in factories with advice and assistance from Directorate
General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI. It
enforces its Policies through inspectorates of factories.
S-1 : Well. Let us conclude this discussion that Poor working conditions of any
type have the potential to affect a worker's health and safety. Therefore,
work environments should be safe and healthy.
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Example : 6
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT AND FIRST - AID

S-1 : Good morning, friends! The topic given for our discussion occupational accident
and first-aid. Work-related accidents are very costly and can have many serious
direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families.
S-2 : Yes. The costs to employers of occupational accidents are also estimated to
be enormous. Implementing occupational health and safety programmes
can prevent work-related diseases and accidents.
S-3 : Yes, I agree with him. Accidents or injuries may still occur even after the
usage of safety devices and techniques. The injuries should be treated
immediately, otherwise leads to complications and even fatal.
S-4 : Let us discuss about important basic first-aid procedure. First of all, one
should ensure that both the injured person and the first aider are moved or
located away from any danger or hazards.
S-5 : Yes. If an employee suffers from a burn, cool the area as soon as possible
with cold water.
S-6 : If a casualty suffers from bleeding, raise the injured area above the heart and
immediately apply some pressure on or near the wound to reduce the bleeding.
Once the bleeding has eased, clean the area and fit a dressing or bandage.
S-1 : It is important that any casualty suffering with potential head or spinal
injuries is not moved. Instead, stay with the casualty and contact the
ambulance service who will be able to safely move the person.
S-2 : Any injury caused to the eye will require cleaning the eye as soon as
possible. Ensure that clean water is used and attempt to get any foreign
object or substance out of the eye quickly.
S-3 : If the first aid proves difficult and symptoms do not improve, ensure the
casualty is taken straight to the hospital to gain specialist treatment.
S-4 : Let us conclude this discussion that the work environments should be safe
and healthy to avoid occupational accidents.
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Example : 7
LABOUR WELFARE LEGISLATION
S-1 : Good morning, friends! The topic given for us is labour welfare legislation. It
is an important area which has a great impact on the industrial relations
system.
S-2 : Yes, I agree. Labour legislation has been instrumental in shaping the
course of industrial relations in India. Establishment of social justice has
been the principle which has guided the origin and development of labour
legislation in India.
S-3 : Yes, of course. The labour laws regulate not only the conditions of work of
industrial establishments, but also industrial relations, payment of wages,
registration of trade unions, certification of standing orders, etc. In
addition, they provide social security measures for workers.
S-4 : They also define legal rights and obligations of employees and employers
and also provide guidelines for their relationship.
S-5 : In India, all laws emanate from the Constitution of India. Under the
Constitution, labour is a concurrent subject, i.e., both the Central and State
governments can enact labour legislation.
S-6 : Yes. A rough estimate places the total number of enactments in India to be
around 160. After Independence, many laws concerning social security and
regulation of labour employment were enacted.
S-1 : Let us conclude this discussion that the objectives of Labour Legislation are
to protect workers from exploitation, to strengthen industrial relations, to
provide mechanism for settling industrial disputes and welfare of workers.
Thank you all.
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Example : 8
LABOUR WELFARE ACTS AND RIGHTS
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss about labour welfare acts and rights.
They refer to laws regulating labour in a country.
S-2 : In India, labour is a subject in the concurrent list. Both central and state
governments have enacted laws on labour relations and employment issues. A
rough estimate places the total number of enactments in India to be around 160.
S-3 : The labour legislation in India can be categorised into three such as
Protective and Employment Acts, Social Security Acts and Regulatory Acts
S-4 : Yes. Factories Act, Payment of Wages Act, Minimum Wages Act, Equal
Remuneration Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Apprentice Act and Employment
Exchange Act are protective and employment acts.
S-5 : Some of these acts are concerned with the health and safety of the worker
at his workplace. Others protect the worker by ensuring that he gets paid
for the work done at the end of each month.
S-6 : Yes. Social Security Acts include acts such as the Employees State
Insurance Act - 1948, Employees Provident Fund Act - 1952 and the
Payment of Gratuity Act - 1952.
S-1 : These acts are meant to protect workers against risks of undue hardship
and privation, and to provide income to the worker after his retirement.
S-2 : The Industrial Disputes Act - 1947, Industrial Employment Act - 1946 and
the Trade Unions Act - 1926 are some regulatory acts.
S-3 : The Industrial Disputes Act basically provides for the investigation and
settlement of industrial disputes.
S-4 : Yes. The Industrial Employment Act requires management to specify the
terms and conditions of employment and communicate these to the workers.
S-5 : The Trade Union Act is the enabling legislation for the formation of trade unions.
S-6 : Let us conclude this discussion that the Constitution of India embedded a series
of fundamental labour rights in the constitution, particularly the right to join
and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work, and the
aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions.
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Example : 9
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
S-1 : Good after noon, friends! Let me initiate the discuss about entrepreneurship.
In my view, entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and
running a new business, offering a product, process or service for sale or
hire.
S-2 : Yes, it is. An entrepreneur is a person who starts, organizes and manages
any enterprise with considerable initiative and risk.
S-3 : The Entrepreneurship include developing a business plan, hiring the
human resources, acquiring financial and material resources, providing
leadership, and being responsible for the success or failure of the business.
S-4 : Yes, of course. Entrepreneurship is often associated with true uncertainty,
particularly when it involves the creation of a novel good or service.
S-5 : Strategies that entrepreneurs may use include: innovation of new products,
services or processes, continuous process improvement (CPI), exploration,
use of technology, use of business intelligence, development of future
products and services, optimized talent management, etc.
S-6 : Management skill and strong team building abilities are the essential
leadership attributes for successful entrepreneurs.
S-1 : Yes. Entrepreneurs need to practice effective communication both within
their firm and with external partners and investors, in order to launch and
growth a venture and enable it to survive.
S-2 : Yes, of course. An entrepreneur needs a communication system that links
the staff of her firm and connects the firm to outside firms and clients.
S-3 : Let us conclude this discussion that everyone of us will try to become an
entrepreneur in their field of interest.
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Example : 10
MARKET ANALYSIS, SUPPORT AND PROCUREMENT
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss about market analysis, support and
procurement. Effective and efficient procurement policies, procedures and
practices in contracting authorities can have a significant impact on
obtaining value for money in the purchase of goods and services.
S-2 : Yes. Supply market analysis is a technique which enables a contracting
authority to understand how a market works, the direction in which a
market is heading, the competitiveness of a market, the key suppliers and
the value that suppliers place on the contracting authority as a customer.
S-3 : Yes. This can help inform, improve and shape the tendering process leading
to improved procurement outcomes such as better value for money or
service, and reduced prices.
S-4 : A market study is useful when defining requirements, preparing budgets,
choosing procurement method, planning and scheduling the procurement of
goods, services and works, evaluation of proposal, and to justify contract
amendments.
S-5 : The minimum expected results of a market study are the identification,
interest and availability of suppliers, contractor or services providers, their
technical capability and financial capacity, and price trends.
S-6 : It is very useful to develop a template for recording and filing the results of
a market study, and for future use when procuring similar goods, services
or works from similar market.
S-1 : Well. Let me conclude this discussion that a proper market analysis can be
made before deciding procurement of any goods and services.
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Example : 11
GLOBAL WARMING
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss about global warming, which is very
essential and alarming event worth to discuss.
S-2 : Yes. Let me explain what is global warming. It is the increase of Earth's
average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases.
S-3 : Yes, it is. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated
gases and ozone are the major contributors for greenhouse effect.
S-4 : Greenhouse gases absorb and redirect some of the reflected heat back
towards the Earth surface, causing global warming.
S-5 : Let us discuss the reasons. Combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation,
transportation, and heating result in the total worldwide emission of about
22 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere each year.
S-6 : Nitrous oxide emissions are mainly caused by the use of synthetic fertilizers
for agriculture.
S-1 : Deforestation become a massive impact in greenhouse gas emissions.
S-2 : Desertification, increased melting of snow and ice, sea level rise, stronger
hurricanes and cyclones are the major effects of global warming.
S-3 : Let me conclude that every one must contribute as much as possible to save
our planet Earth by reducing the causes of global warming.
Example : 12
ENVIRONMENT
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss about Environment. It consists of both
living and non-living things that surround us. There is a relationship
between living beings and the environment.
S-2 : Man is an intelligent animal. Man is able to influence environment with his
activities. The effects of man’s activities on environment have been both
positive and negative.
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S-3 : Yes. On one hand, the scientific inventions of man has made human life
comfortable. On the other hand, these inventions have caused danger for
the sustainability of our environment.
S-4 : We travel in vehicles that use petroleum and emit harmful gases causing
air pollution.
S-5 : Many of the things of our everyday life such as lights, refrigerator, fans,
television, etc. run on electricity. However, the fossil fuels that are burnt to
produce electricity cause an increase in green-house gases.
S-6 : Yes. These gases trap the temperature and don’t allow it to get released. As
a result, the planet earth’s temperature increases that damage the
environment. This increase in earth’s temperature is called global warming.
S-1 : Yes. Let me conclude this discussion that It is the responsibility of every
human-being to protect and save the environment, so that the future
generation may enjoy the gifts of nature and environment.
Example : 13
POLLUTION
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss about Pollution, which is an alarming
and essential topic to discuss. Pollution refers to the release of chemical or
substances into the environment that is injurious for human, animal and
plant life.
S-2 : The water, air, noise and other forms of pollution in one terminology is
known as the pollution of the eco-system.
S-3 : Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as river,
sea, lakes, ocean, etc. It happens when pollutants are discharged into water
without proper treatment.
S-4 : Yes. The major sources of water pollution are food-processing wastes, tree
debris, acidic industrial discharge, sediment, etc.
S-5 : Air pollution is introduction of chemicals to the atmosphere. It damages
environmental balance and causes several diseases.
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S-6 : The major causes include massive deforestation, atomic explosions, old
vehicles, industrial fumes, etc.
S-1 : Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the
environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.
S-2 : Drainage systems become clogged with plastic bags, films, and other items,
causing flooding.
S-3 : Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding
soil, which can then seep into groundwater or other surrounding water
sources. This can cause serious harm to the species that drink the water.
S-4 : Let us discuss the control measures to prevent pollution. Proper treatment
of pollutants before their introduction to the water bodies is necessary to
control the growing water pollution.
S-5 : Industrial and vehicle law relating to air pollution should be properly
implemented.
S-6 : Usage of plastic must be banned as much as possible.
S-1 : Yes. Let us conclude this discussion that every one realise the effect of
pollution and take steps to prevent it. Thank you all.
Example : 14
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us discuss importance of communication in

English, which is useful and interesting topic. . It is natural that the demand
for communication is high in this ever changing world.
S-2 : English plays a crucial role in communication and is no doubt the foremost
and most important tool of communication all over the world.
S-3 : Yes, I agree with him. The importance of the ability to speak or write English
has recently increased significantly because English has become the global
standard.
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S-4 : Learning the English language has become popular for business, commerce
and cultural reasons and especially for internet communications
throughout the world.
S-5 : With command over English language we can get jobs easily and can
participate in interviews and discuss with people in a group. English is
widely used by many information and technology industries and recognized
as being standard.
S-6 : Modern communications, videos, journals and news papers on the internet
use English and have made ‘knowing English’ essential.
S-1 : With good understanding and communication in English, we can travel
around the globe. By using English one can become a citizen of the world
almost naturally.
S-2 : English plays a dominant role in the media. It has been used as medium for
inter-state communications and broadcasting.
S-3 : Apart from being most important, widely used and useful, English is
considered to be one of the easiest languages to learn and speak.
S-4 : Yes. With daily practice, you can communicate-well with others and
improve your skills.
S-5 : Well. It is the time to conclude that the impact of English is not only
continuing but increasing. Let us try to mastering in English and conquer
the world.
Example : 15
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR WOMEN IN INDIA
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let me initiate discussion about constitutional and
legal provisions for women in India. The Indian Constitution guarantees to
all women the fundamental right to equality under which they get equal
voting rights and equal right to political participation.
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S-2 : Our Constitution is firmly grounded in the principles of liberty, fraternity,
equality and justice, and accordingly contains a number of provisions for
the empowerment of women.
S-3 : Yes. There are 14 major Articles are provided in the Constitution of India
to ensure the rights and safeguards for women.
S-4 : Yes. The state to secure for men and women equally the right to an
adequate means of livelihood [Article 39(a)], the state is required to ensure
that the health and strength of women workers are not abused and that
they are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to
their strength [Article 39(e)], the state shall make provision for securing
just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief [Article 42], it
shall be the duty of every citizen of India to renounce practices derogatory
to the dignity of women [Article 51-A(e)], one-third of the total number of
seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for
women [Article 243-D(3)] are some of the important provisions.
S-5 : There are number of legal provision to safeguard the women in India. The
crimes, which are directed specifically against women, are characterized as
'Crime against Women'.
S-6 : Under Indian Penal Code, some sections provide support for women status
and services. Rape (Sec. 376), Kidnapping & Abduction for different
purposes ( Sec. 363-373), Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their
attempts (Sec. 302/304-B), Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A),
Molestation (Sec. 354) are some of the IPC provisions.
S-1 : To overcome issues of discrimination and violence, IPC has focused on the
safeguard of Indian women.
S-2 : Although all laws are not gender specific, the provisions of law affecting
women significantly have been reviewed periodically and amendments
carried out to keep bound with the emerging requirements.
S-3 : Yes. The Family Courts Act-1954, The Hindu Marriage Act – 1955, The
Maternity Benefit Act -1961, Dowry Prohibition Act -1961, Commission of
Sati (Prevention) Act-1987, The Protection of Women from Domestic
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Violence Act – 2005, The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act – 2013 are some of the
important legal acts.
S-4 : Let me conclude this discussion that, apart form laws and acts, we should
honestly respect women as there is a women behind the success of every
man. Thank you all.
Example : 16
SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE

(PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT, 2013
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let me initiate discussion. The Sexual Harassment of
Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 is
a legislative act enacted by the Indian Parliament to provide protection
against sexual harassment of women at workplace and prevention and
redressal of complaints of sexual harassment .
S-2 : The Act came into force from December 9, 2013. This act includes the
Vishakha Guidelines for prevention of sexual harassment introduced by the
Supreme Court of India.
S-3 : The Act makes it mandatory for every employer to constitute an Internal
Complaints Committee at each office or branch with 10 or more employees.
The District Officer is required to constitute a Local Complaints Committee
at each district.
S-4 : The Act stipulates that aggrieved woman can make written complaint of
sexual harassment at workplace to the ICC or to the LCC (in case a
complaint is against the employer), within a period of three months from
the date of incident.
S-5 : The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil courts for gathering
evidence.
S-6 : The Committees are required to provide for conciliation before initiating an
inquiry. The inquiry process under the Act should be confidential.
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S-1 : Government can order an officer to inspect workplace and records related
to sexual harassment in any organisation.
S-2 : The Act requires employers to conduct education and sensitisation
programmes and develop policies against sexual harassment.
S-3 : Non-compliance with the provisions of the Act shall be punishable with a
fine of up to ` 50,000.
S-4 : Repeated violations may lead to higher penalties and cancellation of licence
or registration to conduct business.
S-5 : Let us conclude this discussion that everyone must respect women and treat
them as sisters not only at workplace, but also everywhere. Thank you all.
Example : 17
GUIDELINES AND NORMS LAID DOWN BY THE

HON’BLE SUPREME COURT IN VISHAKA AND OTHERS
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let us start the discussion about the guidelines and
norms laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Vishaka and other. The
Vishakha Guidelines were a set of procedural guidelines for use in India in
cases of sexual harassment.
S-2 : According to the guidelines, it shall be the duty of the employer to prevent the
commission of acts of sexual harassment and to provide the procedures for the
resolution, settlement or prosecution of acts, of sexual harassment by taking
all steps required.
S-3 : The guidelines state that, where such conduct amounts to a specific offence
under the Indian Penal Code or under any other law, the employer shall
initiate appropriate action in accordance with law by making a complaint with
the appropriate authority.
S-4 : It insists that an appropriate complaint mechanism should be created in the
employer’s organisation for redress of the complaint made by the victim.
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S-5 : The Complaints Committee should be headed by a woman and not less than
half of its member should be women.
S-6 : Further, to prevent the possibility of any undue pressure or influence from
senior levels, such Complaints Committee should involve a third party, either
NGO or other body who is familiar with the issue of sexual harassment.
S-1 : The guidelines insist that employees should be allowed to raise issues of sexual
harassment at a workers’ meeting.
S-2 : It also insists that where sexual harassment occurs as a result of an act or
omission by any third party or outsider, the employer and person in charge
will take all steps necessary and reasonable to assist the affected person in
terms of support and preventive action.
S-3 : Let us conclude this discussion that everyone must respect women and treat
them as sisters not only at workplace, but also everywhere. Thank you all.
Example : 18
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS (NCPCR)
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let me initiate the discussion about National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights. It was set up in March 2007 under
the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005,
S-2 : Yes. NCPCR is a statutory body under the administrative control of the
Ministry of Women & Child Development ,Government of India.
S-3 : Yes. The Commission's Mandate is to ensure that all Laws, Policies,
Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in agreement with the
Child Rights perspective as devised in the Constitution of India and also the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
S-4 : Let us discuss the functions of this Commission. It provides recommendations
to central government to improve the safeguards.
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S-5 : It examines the risk factors for children affected by terrorism, communal
violence, riots, natural disasters, domestic violence, maltreatment, torture,
exploitation, etc. and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
S-6 : It looks into the special care and protection of children from distress,
marginalised and disadvantaged backgrounds.
S-1 : It studies and ensures implementations of child rights treaties.
S-2 : It conducts research in the field of child rights and creates awareness through
various mediums.
S-3 : It Inspects any children custodial home, or place of residence or institution for
children, under the control of the central government or any other authority,
and take up with authorities for remedial action.
S-4 : Let us conclude this discussion that we love the children, and protect them
from any abusement and harassment. Thank you all.
Example : 19
19. PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES (POCSO)

ACT AND RULE 6 OF POCSO RULES, 2012
S-1 : Good morning, friends! Let me initiate the discussion about Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and rule 6 of POCSO rules, 2012.
S-2 : The Act defines a child as any person below the age of 18 years and provides
protection to all children from the offences of sexual assault, sexual
harassment and pornography.
S-3 : The Act provides for severe punishments, which have been graded as per the
seriousness of the offence. The punishments range from simple to rigorous
imprisonment of varying periods and fine.
S-4 : The attempt to commit an offence under the Act has been made liable for
punishment for up to half the punishment prescribed for the commission of the
offence. This would cover trafficking of children for sexual purposes.
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S-5 : At the same time, to prevent misuse of the law, punishment has been provided
for making false complaint or proving false information with malicious intent.
S-6 : The Act provides for the establishment of Special Courts for trial of offences.
S-1 : The Act incorporates child friendly procedures for reporting, recording of
evidence, investigation and trial of offences.
S-2 : The Act imposes a duty on the Central and State Governments to spread
awareness through media at regular intervals to make the general public,
children as well as their parents and guardians aware of the provisions of this
Act.
S-3 : Under Section 44 of the POCSO Act and Rule 6 of POCSO Rules, 2012, the
National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) and State
Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs) have been made the
designated authority to monitor the implementation of the Act.
S-4 : Let us conclude this discussion that we love the children, and protect them
from any abusement and harassment. Thank you all.
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WRITING & READING
Writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing skills
allow you to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger
audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversations.
You might be called upon to write a report, plan or strategy at work, write
a grant application or press release within a volunteering role, or you may fancy
communicating your ideas online via a blog. And, of course, a well written
Curriculum Vitae or Resume with no spelling or grammatical mistakes is
essential if you want a new job.
Correct grammar, punctuation and spelling are key in written

communications. The reader will form an opinion of you, based on both the
content and presentation. Errors are likely to lead them to form a negative
impression.
Improving your writing skills

Writing is a skill which can be learned like any other. One trick for
checking and improving your work is to read it aloud. Reading text forces you to
slow down and you may pick up problems with the flow that your eye would
otherwise skip over.
Here are some simple steps that you can take to improve your written
English and impress people with your writing skills.
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Expand your vocabulary : To express yourself clearly, you need a good
active vocabulary. That’s not just being able to recognise lots of words – it means
actually being able to use them correctly. Do this by learning new words with
example sentences, not just word lists.
Master English spelling : You must know how to spell those words
correctly. Incorrect spelling changes the meaning of your sentence. Additionally,
incorrect spelling makes it difficult for the reader to understand what you’ve
written.
Read regularly :People often say that we learn to write best by reading.
Reading in English is useful in many ways. It is a great way to get an idea of the
different styles of writing and see how to use words appropriately.
Improve your grammar : Grammar is very important because it

improves the quality of your writing. Always use the appropriate tense and
remember to use punctuation. Punctuation is a great way to make your writing
clear and fluent.
Just do it : The best way to improve is get a pen and paper, and actually
write. Be prepared to write several versions of each text because even for
professional writers, the first draft is never perfect. Remember, practice makes
perfect.
kl
* 64 *
EXERCISES ON WRITING & READING
Ex. No.1 FRAME NEW QUESTIONS FROM THE
PATTERN GIVEN BY CHANGING
SETS OF WORDS WITH YOUR OWN
Example : 1
Question :
When do you return?
How is his performance?
Where has the manager gone?
What is the progress today?
Why are the machines not functioning?
Model answers (Change of one set is sufficient in each of the sentences) :

1) When do you come?
2) Where is his performance?
3) Where has the supervisor gone?
4) How is the progress today?
5) Why are the machines not working?
Example : 2
Question :
What are the methods adopted?
When is the manager coming?
Why will he give?
Where has the product gone?
How do you perform?
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* 65 *
Model answers :
1) What are the methods followed?
2) When is the supervisor coming?
3) What will he give?
4) Where has the welder gone?
5) How do you work?
Example : 3
Question :
Why do you go?

Which has he completed?
What will be the outcome?
How does this work?
Where is the progress?
Model answers :
1) Where do you go?
2) Which has he finished?
3) What will be the result?
4) How does this function?
5) What is the progress?
Example : 4
Question :
What would be the result?
Whose product has come out recently?
When shall the new product be launched?
How can we overcome this problem?
Who is the manager in this factory?
kl
* 66 *
Model answers :
1) What would be the efficiency?
2) What product has come out?
3) When shall the new product be introduced?
4) How can we solve this problem?
5) Who is the manager in the company?
Example : 5
Question :
On whom would you put the blame?

Who shall responsible for this?
What do you want to convey?
When can we see performance?
How will you solve this problem?
Model answers :
1) On whom would you put the fault?

2) Who shall be in charge for this?
3) What do you want to choose?
4) When can we start performance?
5) How will you answer this problem?
kl
* 67 *
Example : 6
Question :
When do they award the winners?
Why don't You realise your weakness?
Who will make him responsible?
What do you want coffee or tea?
Where can we meet?
Model answers :
1) How do they award the winners?
2) Why don’t you realise your mistake?
3) Who will make him efficient?
4) What do you like, coffee or tea?
5) When can we meet him?
kl
* 68 *
Ex. No.2 MAKE SENTENCES FROM THE
PATTERN GIVEN BY CHANGING
SETS OF WORDS WITH YOUR OWN
Example : 1
Question :
The workers are on strike?
The labourers are paid well in this factory.
There is a rest room for the workers.
These are the new products Launched.
Almost everyone came to the company on motorbikes.
Model answers (Change of one set is sufficient in each of the sentences) :

1) The engineers are on strike.
2) The labourers are paid less in this factory.
3) There is rest room for the women staff.
4) These are the new products introduced.
5) No one cam to the company on motorbikes.
Example : 2
Question :
We work for the society.
They introduce new techniques for efficiency.
Wearing helmets is compulsory.
Our company announce bonus for the employees.
Labour laws are followed strictly in our company.
kl
* 69 *
Model answers :
1) We work for the company.
2) They introduce new methods for efficiency.
3) Wearing helmets is essential.
4) Our company announces salary hike for the employees.
5) Safety rules are followed strictly in our company.
Example : 3
Question :
The supervisor enquired the workers.
The industry is shut for May Day.
New methods are introduced in the company.
Gopi works in the first shift.
We manufacture bolts & nuts.
Model answers :
1) The manager enquired the workers.
2) The industry is closed for May Day.
3) New techniques are introduced in the company.
4) Gopi works in the night shift.
5) We produce bolts & nuts.
Example : 4
Question :
The workers are the assets of this factory.
The welfare of the employees is looked after.
Safety is the first priority for any company.
Labour welfare laws are strictly followed.
I take pride to work here.
kl
* 70 *
Model answers :
1) The employees are assets of this factory.
2) The welfare of the teachers is looked after.
3) Safety is the first priority of any organisation.
4) Safety rules are strictly followed.
5) I take pride to study here.
Example : 5
Question :
He was promoted as G.M yesterday.
My life has been wonderful here.
These will be my targets.
They are in the canteen now.
We have a bike stand near the gate.
Model answers :
1) He was promoted as Sales Manger yesterday.
2) My life has been successful here.
3) These will be my goals.
4) They are in the class room now.
5) We have a bike stand near the canteen.
Example : 6
Question :
The doctor is on duty.
Edison was a great scientist.
There were many trees in our village.
Our teachers give us Useful guidance.
Most children go to school by vans.
kl
* 71 *
Model answers :
1) The manager is on duty.
2) Sir. C.V.Ramn is a great scientist.
3) There were many trees in our company.
4) Our parents give us useful guidance.
5) Most children to to school by bus.
kl
* 72 *
Ex. No.3 PREPARE A RESUME
A resume is a written compilation of your education, work experience,
credentials, and accomplishments that is used to apply for jobs. It is one of the
most important pieces of any job application. The goal of any resume is to show a
hiring manager the applicant's strengths, skills, and experience in as short a time
as possible
The following are the tips for preparing an effective resume :

 Keep your resume to one page unless you have extensive related
experience.
 Organize headings so that the most important points are first.
 Invite the readers' attention by using open space, wide margins, and
bullets to set off text.
 Use good quality white paper.
 Use clear and dark 10-12 point type.
 Spell and punctuate perfectly. Proofread several times.
Generally it's always good to present the information on your resume in

the following order:
 Contact details
 Opening statement
 List of key skills
 List of technical/software skills
 Employment history/volunteering/work placements
 Personal attributes/career overview
 Educational qualifications
 Personal details
 References/referees
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Example : 1. Prepare a resume for the post of Department Manger
# 2, Arani Main Road, Phone : 96266 26747

Adukkamparai, E-mail : karthik1993@gmail.com
Vellore - 632 011.
Tamilnadu, India.
R. KARTHIK, D.M.E.
Career Objective :
To work in challenging environment and contribute towards organization’s
success through honest contribution skill set I possess. In the longer term, I wish to
enhance my knowledge and skills, and grow with organization.
Career Summary :
 Highly motivated and hardworking professional with extensive experience in
managing various prodiction activities in an industry.
 Excellent planning and management skills.
 Experience in writing technical documents.
 Experience of working with various industries and well verse with industry
trends, procedures, and production rules.
Key Skills :
 Proficiency in Material Requirement Planning and Enterprise Requirement
Planning systems.
 Well verse with safety standards and compliances.

 Strong knowledge of quality standards and systems.
 Expertise in testing techniques and methodologies.
 In-depth knowledge of production and manufacture techniques.
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Personality Traits :
 Excellent communication skill.
 Excellent in problem analysis and solving.
 Strong judgment and decision-making.
 Ability to tolerate stress in pressurized situations.
 Excellent managing and organizing skills.
Professional Experience :
Midtown Manufacturing India Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
Production Manager (May 2014 – Till Date)
Key Result Area :

 Prepare production schedules as per business demand.
 Responsible for maintaining and improving the productivity with extensive
quality and cost reduction.
 Mentor and coordinate with production staff members.
 Responsible for purchasing, control inventory and raw material handling.
Career Commencement :
Samco Metals & Alloys India Private Ltd, Vellore.
Production Supervisor (May 2011 – April 2014)
Qualification :
 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering From Sri Renugambal Polytechnic
College, Polur in 2011
 10th From Govt. Boys Higher Secondary School, Polur in 2008
Personal Details :
 Date of Birth: 20–05–1993.
 Languages known: Tamil, Hindi and English.
kl
* 75 *
Example : 2. Resume for the post of Program Trainee in a software firm
# 8, 3rd Main Road, Phone : 99446 50380
T. Nagar, Chennai – 600 017, E-mail : m.surya_dce@gmail.com
Tamilnadu, India.
M. SURYA, D.C.E.
Objective :
Seeking an opportunity to utilize and enhance my skills by facing the challenges
of the company, thus achieving growth and bring best results to my organization.
Educational Qualification :
 Diploma in Computer Engineering with 93 % From Durga Polytechnic College,
Chennai (2017)
 SSLC with 86% From Sunbeam Higher Secondary School, Chennai (2014)
Software proficiency :
 Languages : C, C++, JAVA /J2EE .
 DBMS Packages : SQL, ORACLE.
 Web Designing : JAVA, HTML/XML.
Academic Project Details :

 Project Title : “SMART CARD BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER(AT89S52)”
 Software used : Embedded C, Keil, Proload
 Objective : To limit the consumption of electricity.
Strengths :
 Sincere and optimistic.
 Punctual and ability to adjust to situation.
 Friendly and co-operative in nature.
Personal Profile :
 Date of Birth : 23–08–1999.
 Languages known : Tamil, Hindi and English.
kl
* 76 *
Example : 3. Resume for the post of Site Supervisor in a Tower Erection Company
Mobile : +91-99446 50380

R. SANTHOSH, D.E.E.E. E-mail : r.santhosh_deee@gmail.com
Career Objective
Looking for a challenging career which demands the best of my professional
ability in terms of, technical and analytical skills, and helps me in broadening and
enhancing my current skill and knowledge.
Career Summary
 A dedicated, result oriented candidate with more than 3 years of work

experience in electrical engineering.
 Proficient in preparing electrical layouts for design of electrical projects.
 Experience in monitoring projects for cost, resource deployment, timeliness
and quality work.
 An eye for identifying and resolving issues affecting work.
Skill Set
 Preparing engineering drawings of Electrical Services and technical

specifications.
 Performing requirement analysis, finalising specifications and validating
designs.
 Providing technical inputs & engineering support to the team from
conception to completion of project.
 Coordinating techno-commercial activities and drawing specifications.
 Managing tendering process from floating bids to awarding contracts.
 Managing installation, erection & commissioning of electrical systems.
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* 77 *
Personal Qualities
 Strong analytical and problem solving skills
 Strong communication skills
 Quick decision making
Work Experience
 Currently working as Site Engineer for ABC Co. Ltd. , since August – 2013.
Achievements
 Monitored installation and commissioning of 11KV HT VCB Panel, 415 Volt
PMCC, MCC,400KW soft starter, HT Motor (380 KW), and Transformer(11KV /
433V), etc. for 3 major clients.
 Recognised with a certificate for contribution in earthing, wiring and lighting
tasks in the projects.
 Awarded certificate by ABC Co. Ltd. for completion of project earlier tha n
estimated time.
Academic Qualification
 Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering with 92 % - TJS Polytechnic
College, Chennai (2013)
 SSLC with 87% - Vidhya Vikas Higher Secondary School, Chennai (2010)
Personal Profile
 Date of Birth : 14th June 1995
 Languages : Tamil, English & Hindi
 Address : No.5, 3 rd Main Road,
Rajiv Gandhi Nagar,
Vellore – 632 002,
Tamilnadu, India.
kl
* 78 *
Example : 4. Resume for the post of Senior Sales Manager in an organisation
No.6, Anna Salai,

K. MURALI, B.E., M.B.A Kamarajar Nagar,
Mobile : +91-99446 50380 Namakkal – 637 002,
E-mail : k.murali.mba@gmail.com Tamilnadu, India.
CARREER OBJECTIVE
To use my experience and skills for the development of organization
and myself, and also to establish myself as the best worker in growth and
Prosperity.
CAREER SUMMARY
 A progressive thinker and multitalented professional having 2 years

rich experience as a marketing manager.
 Exceptional in implementing marketing laws to the practical thing.
 Expert in developing marketing programs for a variety of business-
to-business clients.
 Proven ability to build new business relationships and new
territories.
 Experience in developing business opportunities within existing
client bases.
PERSONAL QUALITIES
 Strong interpersonal and leadership skills.

 Ability to handle the team.
 Excellent in communication in writing and verbal both.
 Ability to handle the pressure.
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* 79 *
KEY RESPONSIBILITIES HANDLED
 Manage marketing plan to achieve the target.
 Assign the target to the sales team.
 Supervise the daily work of sales team.
 Manage the communication with accounts department for daily
incomings of money.
 Maintain the record of junior staff.
 Motivate the junior staff in regular basis.
 Train the new recruiters.
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Reduce the marketing budget by 2% by proper planning.
 Successfully achieved targets in five consecutive months.
 Receive 'BEST Employee' award in 2016.
EMPLOYERS
 Working as Sales Manager in ASD Company from 2013 – Present
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION
 MBA with 88 % - SKP Business School, Namakkal (2013)
 B.E in Electronics & Communication Engineering with 85 % -
KSPR Engineering College, Namakkal (2011)
 12 th with 92% - SKM Higher Secondary School, Dindugul (2007)
PERSONAL DETAILS
 Date of Birth : 14 th March, 1990
kl
* 80 *
Example : 5. Resume for the post of Site Engineer in a Compny
I. ARAVINDAN, B.E.
123, Main Street, Madurai – 625 001, Tamilnadu, India
Home: 99446 50380 | Mobile : 96266 26747
E-mail : aravindan.1990@gmail.com
Career Objective
Seeking a career that is challenging and interesting, and lets me work
on the leading areas of technology, a job that gives me opportunities to learn,
innovate and enhance my skills and strengths in conjunction with company
goals and objectives.
Professional Summary
Highly skilled and resourceful Civil Site Engineer with excellent
record of cost-effective project completion. Able to function effectively as
an independent worker or as part of a team.
Core Qualifications
 Strong experience in all aspects of civil engineering including
geotechnical issues earthwork volumes and survey alignments.
 Excellent skills in budgeting and cost forecasting.
 Sound expertise in water and waste water treatment systems.
 High abilities in designing developing and administering major

earthwork construction projects.
 Superior understanding of vendors and market.
 Good organizational and analytical abilities.
kl
* 81 *
Experience
Civil Site Engineer ABC Construction Pvt. Ltd
7/1/2014 – Present Chennai
 Outlined structural mechanisms and tracked project progress.
 Coordinated with clients vendors and outside contractors.
 Designed and distributed work orders.
 Created technical packages and proposals as well as budget plans.
Civil Site Engineer KAK Earthworks Inc.

5/1/2012 - 6/1/2014 Chennai
 Planned earthwork projects in coordination with other teams.
 Created and submitted budget proposals to clients with suggestions
on potential future adjustments.
 Assessed waste water contamination potential and provided
troubleshooting strategies.
Education
 B.E. in Civil Engineering 2012
MPS Engineering College, Karur 85 %
 Diploma in Civil Engineering 2009
SKN Polytechnic College, Madurai 94%
 HSC – Academic 2007
SKN Higher Sec. School, Madurai 92 %
Personal Details
 Date of Birth : 14 th March, 1990
kl
* 82 *
Example : 6. Resume for the post of Lecturer in a Polytechnic College
P. SARAVANAN, B.E. # 2, B.S.S Koil Street,

Mobile : 99446 50380 Bagayam, Vellore - 632 001.
E-mail : p.saravanan@gmail.com Tamilnadu, India.
Career Objective :
Seeking a career to share my knowledge and experience with students and gain
more experience into the education and teaching field.
Career Summary :
Graduate in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING with 5 years of experience in
teaching and high proficiency in CAD/CAM and analysis related softwares.
Experience :
Organization Designation Period Experience
Samco Metals Pvt. Ltd., Vellore – 102. Designer 2011- 2012 14 Months
SV Polytechnic College, Vellore –11 Lecturer 2012 - Till date 5 Years
Subjects handled :
 Engineering Graphics  Strength of Materials  Fluid Mechanics
 Design of Machine Elements  Thermodynamics  Thermal Engineering
 Thermal Engineering Lab.  CAD / CAM Lab.  Metrology Lab.
Professional achievements :
 Achieved above 90% results in all the subjects handled.
 Conducted more than 50 board practical examinations as an external / internal
examiner.
 Guided more than 10 projects for diploma students.
 Conducted various short-term technical courses with the assistance of
THADCO.
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* 83 *
Computer Proficiency :
CAD : AutoCAD 2014, Pro/E Wildfire 5.0, Solid Works, IDEAS
CAM : MasterCAM, APT, CNC Programming for Fanuc
Analysis : ANSYS 15.0, Unigraphics
Functional Knowledge :
 3D Modeling of any type of engineering components.
 Various engineering analysis of models created using CAD packages.
 Training the students in designing, analysis and CAM softwares.
Managerial Skills :
 Excellent interpersonal skills.
 Strong analytical, logical and mathematical skills.
 Excellent communication skills in written and verbal both.
 Arranging industrial visits.
 Conducting various cultural programs and competitions.
 Conducting seminars.
Academic qualification :
Year of %age of
Course School /College / University
passing marks
Thanthai Periyar Govt. Institute of 88.5
B.E. (Mechanical) April, 2011
Technology, Vellore -2. (1st Class)
Diploma Sri Venkateswara Polytechnic 92.2
April, 2008
(Mechanical) College, Vellore – 11 (1st Class)
St. Anne’s Higher Secondary School,
HSC (I Group) March, 2006 89.2
Tindivanam.
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
SSLC April, 2004 86.8
Marakkanam.
Personal details :
Date of birth : 23.05.1989
Languages : Tamil & English
kl
* 84 *
Ex. No.4 PREPARE AN OUTLINE OF A PROJECT
A project outline is a brief description of a project and consists of maximum
three pages. The project outline should give an overview of what the project
should accomplish. It should help both specialists and non-specialist to
understand the project.
The project outline should contain the sections listed hereafter (objective,
implementation, results, duration, financing and working title) and can be
adjusted individually. A convincing project outline is an important basis for
developing your project. The outline will help you to enrich your ideas and to
better structure them. It also makes it easier to take a first important step
towards authorities and institutions responsible for the approval of your project.
The steps involved in preparing an effective outline of a project are :

 Create a project summary : Title the project at the top of the outline. Briefly
summarize each step required to complete the project, detailing associated
costs and proposing a timeline. Include a list of administrative officials
associated with the project.
 Identify the major milestones of the project : Establish the main objectives
necessary to complete the project, and list them using Roman numerals. Be
concise in describing the objectives, and restrict them to a manageable
amount.
 List the tasks needed to accomplish each milestone : Below each of the
major milestones, list the subtasks needed to complete each one. Alphabetize
the subtasks using capital letters. For added specificity, break down the steps
of each subtask using lowercase bullets, and break down these tasks until the
outline is complete.
kl
* 85 *
Example : 1. Outline of project to obtain a loan
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

II. BUSINESS PROFILE
2.1 History of our business
2.2 Infrastructure
2.3 Our employees
2.4 Our market and customers
III. MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE
3.1 Promoters
3.2 Our management team
IV. REGIONAL OPERATIONS
V. LOAN REQUEST
5.1 Detailed estimate
5.2 Collateral
VI. LOAN REPAYMENT.
6.1 Detailed estimate
VII. FISCAL ACQUISITIONS AND TIE-UPS
7.1 Personal financial statements
7.2 Business financial statements.
7.3 Projections
VIII. MEANS OF FINANCING
IX. FINANCIAL SUMMARY
9.1 Balance sheet
9.2 Profit and loss statements
9.3 Fund flow statement
9.4 Chief ratios
9.5 Break even point evaluations
X. CONCLUSIONS
kl
* 86 *
Example : 2. Outline of project to start factory with your own funds
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY
III. BUSINESS SUMMARY
3.1 Nature of business
3.2 Company location and facilities
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
4.1 Market description
4.2 Market needs, trends and growth
4.5 Past and existing supply network
4.6 Production prospects and limitations
4.7 Exports and Imports
4.8 Flexibility of demand
V. FINANCIAL ASSESSMENT
5.1 Investment estimate
5.2 Anticipated productivity
VI. MARKETING ASSESSMENT
6.1 Sales forecasting, Price and Promotion
VII. OPERATIONAL PLAN
7.1 Business models
7.2 Production of goods and services
VIII. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
IX. BUSINESS STRUCTURE
X. FINANCIAL PLAN
9.1 Break-Even Assessment
9.2 Projected Profit and Loss Synopsis
9.3 Projected Fund Flow Summary
XI. CONCLUSION
kl
* 87 *
Example : 3. Outline of project to start a retail selling showroom
with your friends as partners.
II. BUSINESS OBJECTIVES
III. BUSINESS SUMMARY
3.1 Partnership
3.2 Startup investment
3.3 Showroom location and facilities
IV. PRODUCTS
4.1 Products description
4.2 Competitive comparison
4.3 Sales literature and Future products
V. MARKET ANALYSIS
5.2 Main competitors
VI. STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Marketing strategy
6.2 Pricing and Promotion
6.3 Sales forecast
VII. MANAGEMENT
7.1 Organizational structure
7.2 Strategic partners
7.3 Management team
VIII. FINANCIAL PLAN
8.1 Break even analysis
8.2 Projected profit and loss
8.3 Projected cash flow
IX. CONCLUSION
kl
* 88 *
Example : 4. Outline of project so as to start a factory on job-work
basis from the order you can get from a big company
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY
III. COMPANY SUMMARY
2.1 Nature of business
2.2 Company location and facilities
IV. SCOPE OF BUSINESS
4.2 Scope of small scale and Auxiliary sectors
4.3 Main competitors
4.4 Past and existing supply network
4.5 Production prospects and limitations
V. FINANCIAL ASSESSMENT
5.1 Investment estimate
5.2 Anticipated productivity
VI. OPERATIONAL PLAN
6.1 Quality enhancement and analysis
6.2 Auxiliary development and sub- contracting exchanges
6.3 Provision of goods for manufacturing
6.4 Fiscal aid
VII. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
VIII. BUSINESS STRUCTURE
IX. FINANCIAL PLAN
9.1 Break-Even Assessment
9.2 Projected Profit and Loss Synopsis
9.3 Projected Fund Flow Summary
X. CONCLUSION
kl
* 89 *
GOOGLE SEARCH
Google is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used
search engine on the World Wide Web. The order of search on Google's search-
results pages is based on a priority rank called a "Page Rank". Google Search
provides many different options for customized search. The following are some
useful tips for an effective Google search.
1) Start with the basics

No matter what you're looking for, start with a simple search like What is
Global Warming?. You can always add a few descriptive words if necessary.
2) Search using your voice

To search with your voice, say "Ok Google" or select the Microphone .
3) Find quick answers

For many searches, Google will do the work for you and show an answer
to your question in the search results.
 Weather: Search weather to see the weather in your location or add a city
name, like weather Vellore, to find weather for a certain place.
 Dictionary: Put define in front of any word to see its definition.
 Calculations: Enter a math equation like 3*9123, or solve complex

graphing equations.
 Unit conversions: Enter any conversion, like 3 feet in meters.
 Quick facts: Search for the name of a celebrity, location, movie, or song to
find related information.
kl
* 90 *
4) Common search techniques
 Exclude words from your search : Put – in front of a word you want to leave
out. For example, jaguar speed-car
 Search for an exact match : Put a word or phrase inside quotes. For
example, "tallest building".
 Search for wildcards or unknown words : Put a * in your word or phrase
where you want to leave a placeholder. For example "largest * in the world".
 Combine searches : Put "OR" between each search query. For

example, marathon OR race.
 Tilt your screen by searching “tilt”: This is one of the fun additions built in
by Google engineers.
 Search for a specific site : Put "site:" in front of a site or domain. For
example, site:youtube.com or site:.gov.
 Search for related sites : Put "related:" in front of a web address you already
know. For example, related:time.com.
5) Filter search results

At the top or bottom of a search results page, you’ll see a number of ways
to filter your results to see one type of content. You can refine your results even
further using Search tools. Search tools can include things like location, color,
size, and the date a page was published.
6) Advanced Search
Narrow down search results for complex searches by using the Advanced
Search page. For example, you can find sites updated in the last 24 hours or
images that are in black and white.
kl
* 91 *
PRODUCTIVITY IN INDUSTRIES :
1. COMPARISON WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
A developed country is a sovereign state that has a highly developed
economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of
economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product
(GNP), the per capita income, etc. As of 2015, the ten largest developed countries
were United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Canada,
Japan, South Korea and Spain
Productivity is an average measure of the efficiency of production. It can

be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production process. The
output are measured by gross value added (GVA) rather than GDP. GVA is
measured at basic prices, while GDP is measured at market prices. There are
marked differences in comparisons based on output per worker and those based
on output per hour worked.
GVA per hour worked GVA per worker

Period Ger- Ger-
France UK Italy US France UK Italy US
many many
2000 - 2004 127 129 100 95 135 100 105 100 94 148
2005 - 2009 127 126 100 88 145 99 102 100 85 159
2010 - 2014 124 118 100 83 145 94 95 100 75 161
Over the 5 year period 2010 to 2014, German output per hour is estimated
to be 24% above the UK, French is 18 % higher and US is 45 % higher. However,
Italian productivity is 17 % below the UK over this period.
By considering output per worker, US manufacturing workers generate

61% more output than their UK counterparts. However, the gap reverses when
comparing the UK with Germany and France and the UK’s productivity lead over
Italy widens to 25 percentage points over 2010 to 2014. Estimates for earlier 5-
year periods suggest a trend deterioration in Italian productivity relative to the
UK, but a trend for the US productivity advantage in manufacturing to widen.
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2. QUALITY TOOLS, QUALITY CIRCLES AND QUALITY CONSCIOUSNESS
Quality tools
The quality tools were referred as Seven Basics Tools of Quality because
these tools could be implemented by any person with very basic training in
statistics. The Quality Tools are :
1. Cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa chart): Identifies many possible causes
for an effect or problem and sorts ideas into useful categories.
2. Check sheet: A structured, prepared form for collecting and analyzing data; a
generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes.
3. Control charts: Graphs used to study how a process changes over time.
4. Histogram: The most commonly used graph for showing frequency
distributions, or how often each different value in a set of data occurs.
5. Pareto chart: Shows on a bar graph which factors are more significant.
6. Scatter diagram: Graphs pairs of numerical data, one variable on each axis,
to look for a relationship.
7. Stratification: A method of dividing data into sub–categories and classify data
based on group, division, class or levels that helps in deriving meaningful
information to understand an existing problem.
Quality circle
A quality circle is a participatory management technique that uses the help
of employees in solving problems related to their own jobs. Circles are formed of
employees working together in an operation who meet at intervals to discuss
problems of quality and to devise solutions for improvements. Quality circles are
led by a supervisor or a senior worker. Employees who participate in quality circles
usually receive training in formal problem-solving methods and are then
encouraged to apply these methods either to specific or general company problems.
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Quality consciousness
Quality consciousness habits and processes are part of a management
philosophy that seeks to improve quality constantly rather than just to meet a
certain set goal. Companies employ quality consciousness processes on an
organizational level to improve their products. In addition, individuals benefit
when they build quality consciousness habits into their thoughts and behaviors.
3. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT
Effective management is important to an organization because it involves
planning and goal setting, along with motivation of workers in order to execute
the plans. Effective management creates a direction for the organization and
communicates the vision internally and externally. The following are essential
for an effective management.
1. Delegate wisely : The key to leadership success is to learn to effectively
delegate both the responsibility for completing assignments and the authority
required to get things done. When you delegate work to employees, you
multiply the amount of work you can accomplish while you develop your
employees' confidence, leadership and work skills.
2. Set achievable goals : Every employee needs goals to strive for. Set specific
and measurable goals and regularly monitor their progress.
3. Communicate : you must make every effort to get employees the information
they need to do their jobs quickly and efficiently.
4. Make time for employees : Leadership is a people job. When an employee needs
to talk with you, make sure that you set aside the time to do so.
5. Recognize achievements : When an employee do a good job, recognize him
with a bonus, a small trophy or even just a vocal recognition.
6. Be the example : As the manager and leader, you should set an example in
terms of your behaviour.
7. Help employees enjoy work : An effective manager can make the workday more
enjoyable, and the employees do their best work for the manger.
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4. HOUSE KEEPING IN INDUSTRIES
Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and help

get a job done safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can frequently contribute
to accidents by hiding hazards that cause injuries. If the sight of paper, debris,
clutter and spills is accepted as normal, then other more serious health and safety
hazards may be taken for granted.
Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas neat

and orderly; maintaining halls and floors free of slip and trip hazards; and
removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards from
work areas. It also requires paying attention to important details such as the
layout of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities,
and maintenance. Good housekeeping is also a basic part of accident and fire
prevention. Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a hit-and-
miss cleanup done occasionally.
A clean, well-ordered, attractive work environment sets the quality of the

establishment. It encourages organized work habits in employees. It helps reduce
fatigue. It promotes good worker-management relations. It also gives a lift to
morale, which is reflected in the quality of production and overall efficiency. Good
housekeeping is also a good advertisement for the company. Customers and
clients have more confidence in an organisation where the work being carried out
efficiently in clean, pleasant, well- ordered surroundings. Above all, good
housekeeping makes the industry a safer place to work.
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5. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a multidisciplinary field

concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. It involves the
following :
 promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all occupations;
 prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their
working conditions;
 protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from

factors adverse to health;
OSH may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers,

and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment. Successful
occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and
participation of both employers and workers in health and safety Programmes. It
involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial
hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.
Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at
least eight hours a day in the workplace. Poor working conditions of any type have
the potential to affect a worker's health and safety. Therefore, work environments
should be safe and healthy. The efforts in occupational health and safety must
aim to prevent industrial accidents and diseases.
In India, the Labour Ministry formulates national policies on occupational

safety and health in factories with advice and assistance from Directorate
General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI. It enforces
its Policies through inspectorates of factories.
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6. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT AND FIRST - AID
Workers in every occupation can be faced with a multitude of hazards in

the workplace. Work-related accidents are very costly and can have many serious
direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. The costs to
employers of occupational accidents are also estimated to be enormous.
Implementing occupational health and safety Programmes can prevent work-
related diseases and accidents.
Accidents or injuries may still occur even after the usage of safety devices
and techniques. The injuries should be treated immediately, otherwise leads to
complications and even fatal. Basic first aid refers to the initial treatment given
on the spot to someone who has been injured
The following are some basic first aid procedures :
 Ensure that both the injured person and the first aider are moved or
located away from any danger or hazards.
 If an employee suffers from a burn, cool the area as soon as possible with
cold water.
 If a casualty suffers from bleeding, raise the injured area above the heart
and immediately apply some pressure on or near the wound to reduce the
bleeding. Once the bleeding has eased, clean the area and fit a dressing or
bandage.
 It is important that any casualty suffering with potential head or spinal
injuries is not moved. Instead, stay with the casualty and contact the
ambulance service who will be able to safely move the person.
 Any injury caused to the eye will require cleaning the eye as soon as
possible. Ensure that clean water is used and attempt to get any foreign
object or substance out of the eye quickly.
If the above first aid proves difficult and symptoms do not improve, ensure
the casualty is taken straight to the hospital to gain specialist treatment.
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7. LABOUR WELFARE LEGISLATION
Labour Welfare Legislation is an important area which has a great impact

on the industrial relations system. Labour legislation has been instrumental in
shaping the course of industrial relations in India. Establishment of social justice
has been the principle which has guided the origin and development of labour
legislation in India.
The setting up of the International Labour Organisation gave an impulse

to the consideration of welfare and working conditions of the workers all over the
world, and also led to the growth of labour laws in all parts of the world, including
India.
The labour laws regulate not only the conditions of work of industrial
establishments, but also industrial relations, payment of wages, registration of
trade unions, certification of standing orders, etc. In addition, they provide social
security measures for workers. They define legal rights and obligations of
employees and employers and also provide guidelines for their relationship.
In India, all laws emanate from the Constitution of India. Under the
Constitution, labour is a concurrent subject, i.e., both the Central and State
governments can enact labour legislation. A rough estimate places the total
number of enactments in India to be around 160. After Independence, many laws
concerning social security and regulation of labour employment were enacted.
The objectives of Labour Legislation in India are to

 Protect workers from exploitation,
 Strengthen industrial relations,
 Provide mechanism for settling industrial disputes and welfare of
workers.
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8. LABOUR WELFARE ACTS AND RIGHTS
Labour Welfare Acts and Rights refer to laws regulating labour in a

country. The Constitution of India embedded a series of fundamental labour
rights in the constitution, particularly the right to join and take action in a trade
union, the principle of equality at work, and the aspiration of creating a living
wage with decent working conditions.
In India, labour is a subject in the concurrent list. Hence, both central and
state governments have enacted laws on labour relations and employment issues.
A rough estimate places the total number of enactments in India to be around 160.
The labour legislation in India can be categorised as follows :

1) Protective and Employment Acts: This category includes Factories Act,
Payment of Wages Act, Minimum Wages Act, Equal Remuneration Act, Payment
of Bonus Act, Apprentice Act and Employment Exchange Act. Some of these are
concerned with the health and safety of the worker at his workplace. Others
protect the worker by ensuring that he gets paid for the work done at the end of
each month.
2) Social Security Acts: This category includes acts such as the Employees
State Insurance Act - 1948, Employees Provident Fund Act - 1952 and the
Payment of Gratuity Act - 1952. These social security measures are meant to
protect workers against risks of undue hardship and privation. The ESI Act, for
example, provides medical care, accident compensation and compensation to a
worker when he is unemployed or ill. The Provident Fund and Gratuity Schemes
are meant to provide to the worker with some income after his retirement.
3) Regulatory Acts: The Industrial Disputes Act - 1947, Industrial

Employment Act - 1946 and the Trade Unions Act - 1926 come under this
category. The Industrial Disputes Act basically provides for the investigation and
settlement of industrial disputes. Its main objective is to provide for a justice
settlement of disputes by negotiations, conciliation, mediation, voluntary
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arbitration and compulsory adjudication. The Act places constraints on strik es
and lockouts. It provides for a works committee at the plant level to ensure that
management and worker contribute to the efficient day to day working of the
enterprise. The Industrial Employment Act requires management to specify the
terms and conditions of employment and communicate these to the workers. The
Trade Union Act is the enabling legislation for the formation of trade unions.
9. ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a

new business, offering a product, process or service for sale or hire. An
entrepreneur is a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise with
considerable initiative and risk.
The Entrepreneurship include actions such as developing a business plan,

hiring the human resources, acquiring financial and material resources,
providing leadership, and being responsible for the success or failure of the
business. Entrepreneurship is often associated with true uncertainty,
particularly when it involves the creation of a novel good or service.
Strategies that entrepreneurs may use include : innovation of new

products, services or processes, continuous process improvement (CPI),
exploration, use of technology, use of business intelligence, development of future
products and services, optimized talent management, etc.
Management skill and strong team building abilities are the essential
leadership attributes for successful entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs need to
practice effective communication both within their firm and with external
partners and investors, in order to launch and growth a venture and enable it to
survive. An entrepreneur needs a communication system that links the staff of
her firm and connects the firm to outside firms and clients.
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10. MARKETING ANALYSIS, SUPPORT AND PROCUREMENT
Effective and efficient procurement policies, procedures and practices in

contracting authorities can have a significant impact on obtaining value for
money in the purchase of goods and services. Supply market analysis is a
technique which enables a contracting authority to understand how a market
works, the direction in which a market is heading, the competitiveness of a
market, the key suppliers and the value that suppliers place on the contracting
authority as a customer.
This can help inform, improve and shape the tendering process leading to
improved procurement outcomes such as better value for money or service, and
reduced prices. A market study is useful when defining requirements, preparing
budgets, choosing procurement method, planning and scheduling the
procurement of goods, services and works, evaluation of proposal, and to justify
contract amendments.
A market analysis can be done using on-line databases or research

resources of the supplier organisation, or by asking information from potential
suppliers, consultants or service providers. It can be done in-house, or by hiring
a specialized firm to carry-out the analysis.
The minimum expected results of a market study are the identification,

interest and availability of suppliers, contractor or services providers, their
technical capability and financial capacity, and price trends. It is very useful to
develop a template for recording and filing the results of a market study, and for
future use when procuring similar goods, services or works from similar market.
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IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS
11. FOR WOMEN IN INDIA
The Indian Constitution guarantees to all women the fundamental right

to equality under which they get equal voting rights and equal right to political
participation. Our Constitution is firmly grounded in the principles of liberty,
fraternity, equality and justice, and accordingly contains a number of provisions
for the empowerment of women. The Constitution of India not only grants
equality to women but also empowers them.
Constitutional Provisions
The rights and safeguards provided in the constitution for women in India
are listed below:
1) Equality before law for women [Article 14].
2) The state shall not discriminate against any citizen of India on the ground
of sex [Article 15(1)].
3) The state is empowered to make any special provision for women.
[Article 15(3)].
4) No citizen shall be discriminated against or be ineligible for any
employment or office under the state on the ground of sex [Article 16(2)].
5) Traffic in human beings and forced labour are prohibited [Article 23(1)].
6) The state to secure for men and women equally the right to an adequate
means of livelihood [Article 39(a)].
7) The state to secure equal pay for equal work for both Indian men and
women [Article 39(d)].
8) The state is required to ensure that the health and strength of women
workers are not abused and that they are not forced by economic necessity
to enter avocations unsuited to their strength [Article 39(e)].
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9) The state shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of
work and maternity relief [Article 42].
10) It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women [Article 51-A(e)].
11) One-third of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every
Panchayat shall be reserved for women [Article 243-D(3)].
12) One-third of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the Panchayats
at each level shall be reserved for women [Article 243-D(4)].
13) One-third of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every
Municipality shall be reserved for women [Article 243-T(3)].
14) The offices of chairpersons in the Municipalities shall be reserved for
women in such manner as the State Legislature may provide [Article 243-
T(4)].
Legal Provisions
The crimes, which are directed specifically against women, are
characterized as 'Crime against Women'. These are broadly classified under two
categories.
a) Indian Penal Code (IPC)

Under IPC some sections provide support for women status and services.
Rape (Sec. 376), Kidnapping & Abduction for different purposes ( Sec. 363-373),
Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B), Torture,
both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A), Molestation (Sec. 354), Sexual
Harassment (Sec. 509), Importation of girls (up to 21 years of age). To overcome
issues of discrimination and violence, IPC has focused on the of Indian women.
Empowerment is tied to the support of family and improved status within the
household, which is undermined by the threat of domestic and sexual violence.
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b) Special Laws
Although all laws are not gender specific, the provisions of law affecting
women significantly have been reviewed periodically and amendments carried
out to keep pace with the emerging requirements. Some acts which have special
provisions to safeguard women and their interests are:
1) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
2) The Plantation Labour Act, 1951
3) The Family Courts Act, 1954
4) The Special Marriage Act, 1954
5) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
6) The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 with amendment in 2005
7) Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
8) The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Amended in 1995)
9) Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
10) The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
11) The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1976
12) The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
13) The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983
14) The Factories (Amendment) Act, 1986
15) Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
16) Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987
17) The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
18) The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
19) The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition

and Redressal) Act, 2013
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SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE
12. (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT, 2013
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition

and Redressal) Act, 2013 is a legislative act enacted by the Indian Parliament to
provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and
prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment . The Act came into
force from December 9, 2013. This act includes the Vishakha Guidelines for
prevention of sexual harassment introduced by the Supreme Court of India.
The Act makes it mandatory for every employer to constitute an Internal

Complaints Committee at each office or branch with 10 or more employees. The
District Officer is required to constitute a Local Complaints Committee at each
district. The Act stipulates that aggrieved woman can make written complaint of
sexual harassment at workplace to the ICC or to the LCC (in case a complaint is
against the employer), within a period of three months from the date of incident.
The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil courts for gathering
evidence. The Complaints Committees are required to provide for conciliation
before initiating an inquiry. The inquiry process under the Act should be
confidential. Government can order an officer to inspect workplace and records
related to sexual harassment in any organisation.
The Act requires employers to conduct education and sensitisation

programmes and develop policies against sexual harassment. Non-compliance
with the provisions of the Act shall be punishable with a fine of up to ` 50,000.
Repeated violations may lead to higher penalties and cancellation of licence or
registration to conduct business.
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GUIDELINES AND NORMS LAID DOWN BY THE HON’BLE
13.
SUPREME COURT IN VISHAKA AND OTHERS
The Vishakha Guidelines were a set of procedural guidelines for use in India
in cases of sexual harassment. They were devised by the Indian Supreme Court in
1997 and were superseded in 2013 by The Sexual Harassment of Women at
Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. The guidelines
includes the following :
1. Duty of the Employer or other responsible persons in work places and

other institutions
It shall be the duty of the employer or other responsible persons in work
places or other institutions to prevent or deter the commission of acts of sexual
harassment and to provide the procedures for the resolution, settlement or
prosecution of acts, of sexual harassment by taking all steps required.
2. Definition
For this purpose, sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually
determined behaviour (whether directly or by implication) as:
a) Physical contact and advances;
b) A demand or request for sexual favours;
c) Sexually coloured remarks;
d) Showing pornography;
e) Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual
nature
3. Preventive Steps
All employers or persons in charge of work place whether in public or private
sector should take appropriate steps to prevent sexual harassment. Without
prejudice to the generality of this obligation they should take the following steps:
a) Express prohibition of sexual harassment as defined above at the work place
should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways.
b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to
conduct and discipline should include rules/regulations prohibiting sexual
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harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the
offender.
c) As regards private employers, steps should be taken to include the aforesaid
prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing
Orders) Act, 1946.
d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure,
health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment
towards women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable
grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment.
4. Criminal Proceedings
Where such conduct amounts to a specific offence under the Indian Penal
Code or under any other law, the employer shall initiate appropriate action in
accordance with law by making a complaint with the appropriate authority. In
particular, it should ensure that victims, or witnesses are not victimized or
discriminated against while dealing with complaints of sexual harassment. The
victims of sexual harassment should have the option to seek transfer of the
perpetrator or their own transfer.
5. Disciplinary Action
Where such conduct amounts to misconduct in employment as defined by the
relevant service rules, appropriate disciplinary action should be initiated by the
employer in accordance with those rules.
6. Complaint Mechanism
Whether or not such conduct constitutes an offence under law or a breach of
the service rules, an appropriate complaint mechanism should be created in the
employer’s organisation for redress of the complaint made by the victim. Such
complaint mechanism should ensure time bound treatment of complaints.
7. Complaints Committee
The complaint mechanism, referred to in (6) above, should be adequate to
provide, where necessary, a Complaints Committee, a special counsellor or other
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support service, including the maintenance of confidentiality. The Complaints
Committee should be headed by a woman and not less than half of its member should
be women. Further, to prevent the possibility of any undue pressure or influence
from senior levels, such Complaints Committee should involve a third party, either
NGO or other body who is familiar with the issue of sexual harassment. The
Complaints Committee must make an annual report to the Government department
concerned of the complaints and action taken by them. The employers and person in
charge will also report on the compliance with the aforesaid guidelines including on
the reports of the Complaints Committee to the Government department.
8. Worker’s Initiative
Employees should be allowed to raise issues of sexual harassment at a
workers’ meeting and in other appropriate forum and it should be affirmatively
discussed in Employer-Employee Meetings.
9. Awareness
Awareness of the rights of female employees in this regard should be created
in particular by prominently notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation
when enacted on the subject) in a suitable manner.
10. Third Party Harassment

Where sexual harassment occurs as a result of an act or omission by any third
party or outsider, the employer and person in charge will take all steps necessary
and reasonable to assist the affected person in terms of support and preventive
action.
11. The Central/State Governments are requested to consider adopting suitable

measures including legislation to ensure that the guidelines laid down by this
order are also observed by the employers in Private Sector.
12. These guidelines will not prejudice any rights available under the Protection of
Human Rights Act, 1993.
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NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS
14.
(NCPCR)
The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was set up
in March 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act,
2005, an Act of Parliament (December 2005). NCPCR is a statutory body under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Women & Child Development ,Government
of India. The Commission's Mandate is to ensure that all Laws, Policies,
Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in agreement with the Child
Rights perspective as devised in the Constitution of India and also the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Child is defined as a person in the 0 to
18 years age group.
The function of the commission is to:

 Provide the central government with recommendations to improve the
safeguards
 Inquire into child rights violations
 Examine the risk factors for children affected by terrorism, communal
violence, riots, natural disasters, domestic violence, maltreatment, torture,
exploitation, etc. and recommend appropriate remedial measures
 Look into the special care and protection of children from distress,
marginalised and disadvantaged backgrounds
 Study and ensure implementations of child rights treaties
 Conduct research in the field of child rights
 Create awareness through various mediums
 Inspect any children's home or observations homes where children have been
detained
 Inspect any children custodial home, or place of residence or institution for
children, under the control of the central government or any other authority,
and take up with authorities for remedial action.
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PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES
15. (POCSO) ACT AND RULE 6 OF POCSO RULES, 2012
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 defines
a child as any person below the age of 18 years and provides protection to all children
from the offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. The Act
provides for severe punishments, which have been graded as per the seriousness of
the offence. The punishments range from simple to rigorous imprisonment of varying
periods and fine. An offence is treated as ‘aggravated’ when committed by a person
in a position of trust or authority of child such as a member of security forces, police
officer, public servant, etc.
The attempt to commit an offence under the Act has been made liable for
punishment for up to half the punishment prescribed for the commission of the
offence. This would cover trafficking of children for sexual purposes. At the same
time, to prevent misuse of the law, punishment has been provided for making false
complaint or proving false information with malicious intent. The Act provides for
the establishment of Special Courts for trial of offences. The Act incorporates child
friendly procedures for reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and trial of
offences.
The Act imposes a duty on the Central and State Governments to spread
awareness through media at regular intervals to make the general public, children
as well as their parents and guardians aware of the provisions of this Act. Under
Section 44 of the POCSO Act and Rule 6 of POCSO Rules, 2012, the National
Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) and State Commissions for
the Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs) have been made the designated authority
to monitor the implementation of the Act.
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GOOGLE SEARCH – WEBSITE REFERENCES
1) Productivity in industries – comparison with developed countries.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country
 https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/productivitym
easures/bulletins/internationalcomparisonsofproductivityfinalestimates/2014
2) Quality Tools, Quality Circles and Quality Consciusness

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Basic_Tools_of_Quality
 http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/seven-basic-quality-tools/overview/overview.html
 http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/quality-circles.html
 https://www.reference.com/world-view/quality-consciousness-habits-processes
3) Effective Management
 https://www.reference.com/business-finance/effective-management-important-
2348f863fddc66b8#
 http://www.inc.com/peter-economy/7-keys-becoming-effective-manager.html
4) Housekeeping in industries
 https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/house.html
 http://gcpcenvis.nic.in/Manuals_Guidelines/goodhousekeeping[1].pdf
5) Occupational Safety and Health

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health#India
 http://training.itcilo.it/actrav_cdrom2/en/osh/intro/inmain.htm
60 Occupational Accident and First-Aid

 http://training.itcilo.it/actrav_cdrom2/en/osh/intro/inmain.htm
 http://www.fih.org.uk/firstaid.htm
7) Labour Welfare Legislation

 http://osnacademy.com/contentImage/841409574429Labour%20Legislation.pdf
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8) Labour Welfare Acts and Rights
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_labour_law
 http://osnacademy.com/contentImage/841409574429Labour%20Legislation.pdf
9) Entrepreneurship
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship
10) Marketing Analysis, Support and Procurement

 http://etenders.gov.ie/Media/Default/SiteContent/LegislationGuides/23.%20
Supply%20Market%20Analysis.pdf
 http://procurementclassroom.com/market-study-in-public-procurement/
11) Important Constitutional and Legal Provisions for Women in India

 http://www.legalserviceindia.com/helpline/woman_rights.htm
12) The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition

and Redressal) Act, 2013
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Harassment_of_Women_at_Workplace_(
Prevention,_Prohibition_and_Redressal)_Act,_2013
 http://wcd.nic.in/act/sexual-harassment-women-workplace-
preventionprohibition-and-redressal-act-2013
13) Guidelines and norms laid down by the hon’ble Supreme Court in
vishaka and others
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishaka_Guidelines
 https://www.iitk.ac.in/wc/data/VishakaGuidelines_UPmahilaayog.pdf
14) National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)

 http://www.childlineindia.org.in/national-commission-for-the-protection-of-
child-rights.htm
 http://www.ncpcr.gov.in
15) The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) and Rule 6 of
POCSO Rules, 2012
 http://arpan.org.in/protection-of-children-from-sexual-offences-act-pocso/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_laws_in_India
kl
* 112 *
LIFE AND EMPLOYABILITY SK ILLS
QUESTIO N BANK
A. LISTENING 25 Marks
1. Listen to the content and take down notes/hints. 10 Marks
2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions. 10 Marks
3. Listen to the content and fill in the blanks with the exact words heard. 5 marks
NOTE :
 Only Topics related to POLLUTION/ENVIRONMENT/GLOBAL WARMING are to be taken for
listening section.
 The same Matter/Topic should not however be repeated in the above 3 Listening Activities.
B. SPEAKING 30 Marks
1. Say in a sentence instantly on hearing the word (5 words must be given one after another) 5 Marks
(NOTE : The examiners at the time of Practical Exam may provide Words which are commonly used
in day to day life)
2. Say any 5 expressions commonly used in communication. 5 Marks
(NOTE : Students are supposed to say 5 expressions reflecting Politeness / Courtesy / Etiquette /
Mannerism / Request)
3. Introducing Oneself/Others in Organisation. 5 Marks

QUESTIONS :
 Introduce yourself as a prospective candidate for the company while facing the interview.
 Imagine the General Manager from the Head Office of your company has come to inspect your
factory. Introduce him.
 Imagine a Consultant has come to your department. Introduce him to your subordinates.
 New Factory Manager has been appointed. Introduce him to all the employees of your firm.
 Introduce yourself after joining the department/factory/company.
 Assume that the Inspector of Factories has come to check the quality of products and the safety
standards adopted as per Govt. Norms and Regulations. Introduce him to the staff of all
departments for their cooperation, in this regard.
 A Marketing Company Representative visits your factory to buy your product. Introduce him to
your Supervisors.
4. Explain/Describe the Product/Machine/Department. 5 Marks
QUESTIONS :
 Explain/Describe the product, you are about to launch in the market.
 Describe the newly installed modern machine in your company which is purchased for the
purpose of increasing the production.
 Explain the functioning and the efficiency of the machine that you have manufactured in your
company.
 Illustrate the launch of new model car and its capabilities.
 Describe your department
5. Dialogue at the Place of Work. 5 Marks

QUESTIONS :
 As the Department Head, call the Supervisor and talk to him about the installation of the new
machines in your factory.
 Talk to your colleague working in the factory about the safety standards to be implemented in
your factory after the visit of Inspector of Factories.
 Speak to your colleague about the training you had at the Head Quarters and the outcome of
the training in handling the latest machine installed in your factory.
 Call the Subordinate who is irregular and careless in his work. Advise him.
 Speak to your Higher Officer about the steps taken to stop the strike proposed by the workers
of your factory.
 Speak with your immediate boss about the progress you have made.
6. Group Discussion 5 Marks

(NOTE : Depending on the strength of the students in a Batch, they may be divided into groups of
six/eight and be asked to discuss on anyone of the following topics given below)
QUESTIONS :
Discuss within the group on any one of the topics given below.
1) Productivity in Industries – comparison with developed countries
2) Quality Tools, Quality Circles and Quality Consciousness
3) Effective Management
4) House Keeping in Industries
5) Occupational Safety and Hazard
6) Occupational Accident and First- Aid
7) Labour Welfare Legislation
8) Labour Welfare Acts and Rights
9) Entrepreneurship
10) Marketing Analysis, Support and Procurement
11) Global Warming
12) Environment
13) Pollution
14) Importance of Communication in English
15) Constitutional and Legal Provisions for Women in India
16) Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention and Prohibition, And Redressal) Act,2013
17) Guidelines & Norms laid down by Honourable Supreme Court in Vishaka and Others
18) National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and Rule 6 of POCSO Rules, 2012
C. WRITING & READING 20 Marks
1. Frame new questions from the pattern given by changing sets of words with your own. 5 Marks
QUESTION :
When do you return?

How is his performance?
Where has the manager gone?
What is the progress today?
Why are the machines not functioning?
Model answers. (Change of one set is sufficient in each of the sentences)

1) When do you come?
2) Where is his performance?
3) Where has the supervisor gone?
4) How is the progress today?
5) Why are the machines not working?
What are the methods adopted?
When is the manager coming?
Why will he give?
Where has the product gone?
How do you perform?
Why do you go?

Which has he Completed?
What will be the outcome?
How does this work?
Where is the progress?
What would be the result?

Whose product has come out recently?
When shall the new product be launched?
How can we overcome this problem?
Who is the manager in this factory?
On Whom would you put the blame?

Who shall be responsible for this?
What do you want to convey?
When can we see performance?
How will you solve this problem?
When do they award the winners?

Why don’t you realise your weakness?
Who will make him responsible?
What do you want coffee or tea?
Where can we meet him?
2. Make sentences from the pattern given by changing sets of words with your own. 5 Marks
QUESTION :
The workers are on strike.
The labourers are paid well in this factory.
There is a rest room for the workers.
These are the new products launched.
Almost everyone came to the company on motorbikes.
Model answers. (Change of one set is sufficient in each of the sentences)
1) The engineers are on strike.
2) The labourers are paid less in this factory.
3) There is a rest room for the women staff.
4) These are the new products introduced.
5) No one came to the company on motorbikes.
We work for the society.

They introduce new techniques for efficiency.
Wearing helmets is compulsory.
Our company announces bonus for the employees.
Labour laws are followed strictly in our company
The Supervisor enquired the workers.

The industry is shut for May Day.
New methods are introduced in the company.
Gopi works in the first shift.
We manufacture bolts & nuts.
The workers are the assets of this factory.

The welfare of the employees is looked after.
Safety is the first priority for any company.
Labour welfare laws are strictly followed.
I take pride to work here.
He was promoted as G.M yesterday.
My life has been wonderful here.
These will be my targets.
They are in the canteen now.
We have a bike stand near the gate.
The doctor is on duty.

Edison was a great scientist.
There were many trees in our village.
Our teachers give us useful guidance.
Most children go to school by vans.
3. Prepare a resume. 5 Marks

QUESTIONS :
1) Prepare a resume for the post of Department Manager.
2) Write a resume for the post of Programme Trainee in a software firm.
3) Prepare a resume for the post of Site Supervisor in a Tower Erection company.
4) Prepare a resume for the post of Senior Sales Manager, in an organisation.
5) Write a resume for the post of Site Engineer in a company.
6) Prepare a resume for the post of Lecturer in a Polytechnic College.
4. Prepare an outline of a Project. 5 Marks

QUESTIONS :
1) Prepare an outline of a Project to obtain a loan. (Provide only headings and subheadings)
2) Prepare an outline of a Project to start a factory with your own funds. (Provide only headings
and subheadings)
3) Prepare an outline of a Project to start a Retail Selling Showroom with your friends as partners.
(Provide headings and subheadings only)
4) Prepare an outline of a Project so as to start a factory on Job-work Basis from the order you can
get from a big company. (Provide only headings and subheadings)
LEARNING STRUCTURE
a) Listening 25 Marks
1. Deductive Reasoning Skills (taking down notes/hints) 10
2. Cognitive Skills (answering questions) 10
3. Retention Skills (filling in blanks with exact words heard) 05
b) Speaking Extempore/ Prepared 30 Marks
1. Personality/Psychological Skills (instant sentence making) 05
2. Pleasing & Amiable Skills (say in phrases/expressions) 05
3. Assertive Skills (introducing oneself/others) 05
4. Expressive Skills (describe/explain things) 05
5. Fluency/Compatibility Skills (dialogue) 05
6. Leadership/Team Spirit Skills (group discussion) 05
c) Writing & Reading 20 Marks
1. Creative & Reasoning Skills (frame questions on patterns) 05
2. Creative & Composing Skills (make sentences on patterns) 05
3. Attitude & Aim Skills (prepare resume) 05
4. Entrepreneurship Skills (prepare outline of a project) 05
d) Continuous Assessment (Internal Marks)

(Search, read, write down, speak, listen, interact & discuss) 25 Marks
1. Cognitive Skills (Google search on focused topics)
2. Presentation Skills& Interactive Skills (after listening, discuss)
Total Marks 100 Marks
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (INTERNAL MARKS)

Activity Marks
1) LISTENING (3 Exercises), SPEAKING (6 Exercises) and READING & WRITING (4 Exercises). 10
All activities shall be recorded in the Record note.
13 Exercises × 10 Marks = 130 Marks. Reduced to 10 marks
2) Present in the Record Note on any 5 topics prescribed in syllabus as Assignments Topics 10
5 Assignments × 10 Marks = 50 Marks. Average of 5 Assignments is 10 Marks
3) Attendance 5
Total 25
GUIDELINES FOR SETTING THE QUESTION PAPER
A. LISTENING :
 Only Topics related to POLLUTION / ENVIRONMENT / GLOBALWARMING are to be taken for
listening section.
 The same Matter/Topic should not however be repeated in the above 3 Listening Activities.
B. SPEAKING :
1. Words of common usage
2. Fragments – expression of politeness, courtesy, cordiality
3. Introduce yourself as an engineer with designation or Introduce the official visiting your
company / department
4. Describe/Explain the product/machine/department
5. Dialogue must be with someone in the place of work.
6. Group of six/eight; Discuss the focused topic prescribed in the syllabus
C. WRITING & READING :

1. Provide five different structures.
Students are to substitute at least one set with some other word/words
2. Provide five different structures.
Students are to substitute at least one set with some other word/words
3. Provide some post related to industries.
4. Outline of the project (skeleton/structure)
Only the various headings and subheadings. Content is not needed
CONDUCT OF END PRACTICAL BOARD EXAMINATION WITH

ALLOCATION OF TIME FOR EACH PART
PART – C. WRITING & READING:

The students are seated after all the formalities are completed and they shall be asked to write
on the answer paper the Written & Reading (Part - C) as in the Downloaded Question Paper for half an
hour.
DURATION : 30 Minutes + (15 extra minutes, while other student attends Speaking Part)
PART – A. LISTENING :
After 30 minutes of the Start of the Examination, they may be asked to stop Writing and shall
be directed to start the Listening (Part – A) of the End Examination on a separate sheet of paper. They
shall also be given instructions that once the Listening Part is completed their papers shall be collected.
The First Listening Topic decided by both external and internal Examiners shall be read to the students
for three to five minutes. As they listen they can take down notes. They shall be given 10 minutes to
restructure the notes, if necessary. Then, the Second Listening Topic (a different topic) shall be read to
the students. They shall be asked to write the answers for the 5 questions given one after another within
10 minutes. Next, the Third topic (a new topic) is read to the students. Then the examiners will dictate
the sentences with 5 blanks, on which the students shall fill in the exact word heard. This shall be
completed in 10 minutes. Thus the LISTENING PART can be completed in 45 Minutes. The Listening part
of the answer papers are collected from the students, immediately after.
DURATION: 45 Minutes
PART – B. SPEAKING :
As the Speaking (Part – B) starts, the students are asked to resume the Written & Reading
(Part – C) and complete within half an hour. The Examiners, both Internal and External shall take 14
(8+6) or 16 (8+8) students of their choice in the batch of 30 candidates. Initially, each Examiner on
their part shall call each student one after another to answer to the first four questions (1 to 4),
individually within a time span of 50 minutes. Once all the 4 questions are done, the Examiner shall
divide them into groups of 6/8 students. Then the examiner can have the group discussion for 5 minutes
followed by dialogue in pairs from the group for 3 minutes per pair (4 pairs x 3 minutes = 12 minutes)
Then the examiner has the next group of students with whom the examiner conducts the group
discussion followed by dialogues in pairs for the same duration. Thus each examiner can finish 16
students in 1 hour 30 minutes, the Part – B Speaking Part.
DURATION: 90 Minutes simultaneously by Each Examiner for 16 students of each set
NOTE : While awarding marks for this SPEAKING (Part – B), the following shall be observed for
uniformity in evaluation.
 Question 1 : Relevant expression of thought (1 mark for each sentence uttered)
 Question 2 : Relevant expressions of Politeness / Courtesy / Etiquette / Mannerism / Request
(NOT necessarily each of these but in general 5 Expressions uttered, award 1 mark each)
 Questions 3, 4 and 5 : While evaluating each student, the student’s Posture, Gestures, Dress code,
Pronunciation (2 marks) and Relevance to the content (3 marks) shall be observed and then marks
be awarded accordingly.
 Question 6 : GROUP DISCUSSION
NOTE : The Examiner shall choose A TOPIC from the Question Bank provided in the Syllabus for the
group of 6/8 students. The same topic shall not be repeated in ANY OTHER GROUP or BATCH.
 While assessing and evaluating each of the students in the group, the following are to be observed.
 Each one’s Participation, Confidence in expression, Reacting to the expressed views

(assent/refute) amiably and amicably, Relevance to the topic of discussion, Lead and conclude the
topic of discussion (1 mark each) may be assessed and marks be awarded accordingly.
 Thus, a Batch of 30 Students can be examined within 3 hours. Listening 45 minutes, Speaking 90
Minutes, Writing maximum 45 Minutes. (180 Minutes)
ASSIGNMENT TOPICS
GUIDELINES FOR RECORDING THE MATERIAL ON THE FOCUSED TOPICS IN THE RECORD NOTE.
Write in the record note, on any five topics, from the list of topics given below. 10 Marks
(5 topics x 10 marks = 50 marks. Thus, the Average of 5 topics is 10 Marks)
NOTE :
 5 students can form a group and choose any 5 topics under the guidance of the English Faculty and
Google search and then present them in the class for interaction. Finally they have to be written as
Assignments in the Record Note.
 Of the 5 topics chosen, 1 topic should compulsorily be taken from the 11th to the 15th topic given
below (which are specially the TOPICS ON GENDER SENSITISATION) and the rest of the 4 topics shall
be chosen from the 1st to 10th topic given below.
TOPICS FOR ASSIGNMENTS
1. Productivity in Industries – Comparison with developed countries

2. Quality Tools, Quality Circles and Quality Consciousness
3. Effective Management
4. House Keeping in Industries
5. Occupational Safety and Hazard
6. Occupational Accident and First Aid
7. Labour Welfare Legislations
8. Labour Welfare Acts and Rights
9. Entrepreneurship
10. Marketing Analysis, Support and Procurement
11. Important Constitutional and Legal Provisions For Women in India
12. The Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention and Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
13. Guidelines and Norms laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Vishaka and Others
14. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
15. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and Rule of POCSO Rules, 2012
3002 - LIFE AND EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS PRACTICAL
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 75
A. LISTENING 25 Marks
1. Listen to the content and take down notes/hints 10
2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions. 10
3. Listen to the content and fill in the blanks the exact words heard. 05
B. SPEAKING 30 Marks
1. Say in a sentence instantly on hearing the word (5 words, one after another). 05
2. Say any five expressions commonly used in communication. 05
3. Imagine, a consultant has come to your department. Introduce him to your subordinates. 05
4. Explain/describe the product you are about to launch in the market. 05
5. Speak with your immediate boss about the progress you have made. 05
6. Discuss within the group on the topic of focus prescribed in the syllabus. 05
C. WRITING & READING 20 Marks

1. Frame new questions from the pattern given by changing sets of words with your own. 05 Marks
a) When do you return?
b) How is his performance?
c) Where has the manager gone?
d) What is the progress today?
e) Why are the machines not functioning?
2. Make sentences from the pattern given by changing sets of words with your own. 05 Marks
a) The workers are on strike
b) The labourers are paid well in this factory
c) There is a rest room for the workers
d) These are the new products launched by our company
e) Almost everyone came to the company on motorbikes
3. Prepare a resume for the post of Department Manager. 05 Marks
4. Prepare an outline of a project to obtain a loan. (Provide headings and subheadings) 05 Marks

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LIFE AND

R. ANANDHA KUMAR, M.A., B.Ed.

First Edition : June 2013

Price : 128.00 For Contact :

SECTION SKILLS TO BE ACQUIRED ACTIVITY Hrs.

Part – A :  Deductive / Reasoning Skills  Taking down notes / hints 12

Part – B :  Personality/Psychological  Instant sentence making 28

Part – C :  Creative & Reasoning Skills  Frame questions based on patterns 08

Part – D :  Cognitive Skills  Search in the website

Part – C : WRITING & READING

Part – D : GOOGLE SEARCH …………………………………… 90

Question Bank from DOTE

Listening is so important that many top employers provide listening skills

4) Remove distractions : Focus on what is being said. Avoid unnecessary

7) Wait and watch for non-verbal communication : Gestures, facial expressions,

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

2) What does environment consist of?

4) What causes an increase in green-house gases?

5) What is global warming?

2) Man is an intelligent animal.

3) Scientific inventions have caused danger for the sustainability of our

4) Vehicles emit harmful gases causing air pollution.

5) It is the responsibility of every human-being to protect and save the

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA

Rapidly depleting levels of groundwater is one of the biggest threat to food

2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

1) What is the passage about?

3) What are the major sources of pollution in India? (Any two)

5) What made some animals critically endangered?

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL

Pollution refers to the release of chemical or substances into the

Air pollution is introduction of chemicals to the atmosphere. It damages

2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

2) What does water pollution refer to?

3) How does water pollution happen?

4) What is air pollution?

5) What are the major causes of air pollution?

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

Marine animals can be affected through entanglement and direct ingestion

1) What is the passage about?

2) What does plastic pollution involve?

3) How plastic pollution cause flooding?

4) How marine animals can be affected due to plastic pollution?

5) How plastic pollution can be controlled?

1) Humans use plastics at high levels because it is inexpensive and durable.

2) Plastic is slow to degrade.

3) Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans.

5) Humans are affected to health problems such as disruption of thyroid hormone.

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

1) What is the passage about?

2) What is greenhouse effect?

4) What is the importance of natural greenhouse effect?

5) What are the major contributors of greenhouse effect?

1) Listen to the content and take down notes / hints :

2. Listen to the content and answer the following questions :

1) What is the passage about?

2) What is global warming?

3) How global warming causes?

4) What are the major sources of carbon dioxide emission?