Write a detailed note on the “explain objectives and determinants of pakistan’s foreign policy.

Foreign policy is the set of principles and actions that a state adopts to pursue its interests and values in
relation to other states and actors in the international system. Foreign policy reflects the identity, goals,
and capabilities of a state, as well as the challenges and opportunities it faces in the global arena. Foreign
policy is not static, but dynamic and adaptive, as it responds to the changing circumstances and demands
of the external and internal environment.

Pakistan’s foreign policy is rooted in its historical and ideological background, which shaped its identity,
aspirations, and challenges as a nation-state. Pakistan emerged as an independent state in 1947, after the
partition of British India, based on the two-nation theory that Muslims and Hindus were two distinct
nations that could not coexist peacefully. Pakistan’s foreign policy was initially driven by the need to
secure its territorial integrity, sovereignty, and national security against the perceived threat of India,
which did not accept the partition and disputed the status of Kashmir, a Muslim-majority region that was
divided between the two countries. Pakistan also sought to establish its legitimacy and recognition in the
international community, especially among the Muslim world, as the largest Muslim state and a champion
of the Islamic cause.

The main objectives and determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy can be classified into three categories:
short-range, middle-range, and long-range. The short-range objectives are the immediate and urgent goals
that Pakistan pursues to protect its vital interests and survival. These include maintaining its territorial
integrity and sovereignty, resolving the Kashmir dispute with India, enhancing its national security and
defense capabilities, combating terrorism and extremism, and ensuring its economic stability and
development. The middle-range objectives are the intermediate and strategic goals that Pakistan pursues
to enhance its regional and global influence and role. These include strengthening its relations with its
neighbors, especially China and Afghanistan, promoting regional cooperation and integration, especially
through the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO), advancing its interests and values in the Muslim world, especially through the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
(IMCTC), and balancing its relations with the major powers, especially the United States and Russia. The
long-range objectives are the ultimate and visionary goals that Pakistan pursues to achieve its ideal
position and status in the world. These include becoming a prosperous, democratic, and progressive state,
a responsible nuclear power, a leader of the Islamic world, and a constructive partner of the international
community.

Pakistan’s foreign policy is influenced by various external and internal factors that shape its choices and
behavior. The external factors include the geopolitical and geostrategic environment, the regional and
global power dynamics, the international norms and institutions, the opportunities and challenges posed
by globalization and technology, and the expectations and pressures from other states and actors. The
internal factors include the political system and structure, the role and influence of the military and the
civil society, the public opinion and the media, the economic and social conditions, the ethnic and
religious diversity, and the national identity and culture. These factors create both constraints and
opportunities for Pakistan’s foreign policy, as they affect its capabilities, preferences, and credibility.

Pakistan’s foreign policy can be analyzed from different theoretical frameworks or perspectives, such as
realism, liberalism, constructivism, or Islamic. Each framework or perspective offers a different lens to
understand the motivations, assumptions, and outcomes of Pakistan’s foreign policy. For example,
realism focuses on the role of power and security in Pakistan’s foreign policy, and explains its behavior as
a rational response to the threats and challenges it faces in an anarchic and competitive international
system. Liberalism focuses on the role of cooperation and interdependence in Pakistan’s foreign policy,
and explains its behavior as a result of its engagement with the international norms and institutions, and
its pursuit of common interests and values with other states and actors. Constructivism focuses on the role
of identity and culture in Pakistan’s foreign policy, and explains its behavior as a reflection of its self-
image, beliefs, and norms, and its interaction with the social and historical context. Islamic focuses on the
role of religion and ideology in Pakistan’s foreign policy, and explains its behavior as a manifestation of
its Islamic identity, values, and objectives, and its solidarity with the Muslim world.

Pakistan’s foreign policy can be compared and contrasted with other countries or regions, such as India,
China, Iran, Turkey, or the European Union. Each country or region has its own foreign policy objectives
and determinants, which may be similar or different from Pakistan’s. For example, India and Pakistan
have similar historical and cultural backgrounds, but different political and ideological orientations,
which result in conflicting or cooperative foreign policy behavior, depending on the issue and context.
China and Pakistan have different historical and cultural backgrounds, but similar political and strategic
interests, which result in close and friendly foreign policy behavior, based on the principle of mutual
respect and benefit. Iran and Pakistan have similar religious and cultural backgrounds, but different
political and regional interests, which result in complex and ambivalent foreign policy behavior,
influenced by the sectarian and geopolitical factors. Turkey and Pakistan have similar religious and
ideological backgrounds, but different geographical and economic interests, which result in cooperative
and supportive foreign policy behavior, based on the shared vision of a modern and progressive Muslim
world. The European Union and Pakistan have different historical and cultural backgrounds, but common
values and goals, which result in constructive and comprehensive foreign policy behavior, based on the
promotion of democracy, human rights, and development.

Pakistan’s foreign policy has its strengths and weaknesses, which affect its performance and outcomes.
Some of the strengths of Pakistan’s foreign policy are its resilience and adaptability, its strategic location
and potential, its nuclear capability and deterrence, its diplomatic skills and outreach, and its Islamic
identity and solidarity. Some of the weaknesses of Pakistan’s foreign policy are its security and economic
challenges, its political and institutional instability, its ideological and societal polarization, its
international isolation and criticism, and its Islamic extremism and terrorism.

Pakistan’s foreign policy can be improved or enhanced by adopting some recommendations or

suggestions, such as:

 Developing a clear and consistent foreign policy vision and strategy, based on a realistic
assessment of its national interests and capabilities, and a balanced approach to its external and
internal factors.
 Resolving its outstanding disputes and issues with its neighbors, especially India and
Afghanistan, through dialogue and diplomacy, and building trust and confidence among them.
 Diversifying and strengthening its relations with the major powers, especially the United States
and Russia, and seeking their cooperation and support for its security and development needs.
 Engaging and participating actively and constructively in the regional and global forums and
initiatives, especially the SAARC, the ECO, the OIC, the IMCTC, and the United Nations, and
contributing to the peace and stability of the world.
 Reforming and strengthening its political and institutional system, and ensuring the democratic
and civilian oversight and accountability of its foreign policy decision-making and
implementation.
 Improving and enhancing its economic and social conditions, and addressing the root causes and
challenges of poverty, inequality, corruption, and extremism.
  Promoting and protecting its national identity and culture, and fostering the unity and harmony
among its diverse ethnic and religious groups.
 Projecting and improving its image and reputation in the international community, and countering
the negative and biased perceptions and propaganda against it.

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Pakistan’s strategic culture: determinants

Strategic culture is the set of beliefs, norms, values, and practices that shape how a state or a society
perceives and responds to strategic issues and threats. Strategic culture is influenced by historical
experiences, national identity, geopolitical context, military traditions, and political institutions. Different
states and societies may have different strategic cultures, which affect their foreign and security policies.

Pakistan’s strategic culture is largely shaped by:

1. its rivalry with India

2. its insecurity as a smaller and weaker state
3. its nuclear weapons program
4. its reliance on external allies
5. its instability on its western border with Afghanistan
6. its identification with conservative Islamic ideology

These factors have influenced how Pakistan views its national interests, its regional role, its security
challenges, and its policy options.

Some of the major determinants of Pakistan’s strategic culture are:

1. Opposition to Indian hegemony: Pakistan was created as a separate state for the Muslims of
South Asia, based on the two-nation theory that Muslims and Hindus are distinct nations.
Pakistan has always seen India as an existential threat, and has fought four wars with India over
the disputed territory of Kashmir and other issues. Pakistan has also supported various militant
groups to wage a proxy war against India in Kashmir and elsewhere. Pakistan’s strategic
culture is driven by a sense of insecurity and inferiority vis-à-vis India, and a desire to
balance India’s power and influence in the region and beyond.
2. Primacy of national defence requirements: Pakistan has prioritized its national defence over
other aspects of its development, such as economic growth, social welfare, and democratic
governance. Pakistan has allocated a large share of its budget and resources to its military,
especially its army, which has dominated the political and security affairs of the state. Pakistan
has also developed a nuclear weapons program, which it considers as a vital deterrent against
India’s conventional and nuclear superiority. Pakistan has pursued a policy of minimum
credible deterrence, and has developed various types of nuclear weapons and delivery
systems, including short-range tactical nuclear weapons. Pakistan has also maintained a first-
use doctrine, and has refused to join any nuclear arms control or non-proliferation regimes.
3. Acceptance but not reliance on external assistance: Pakistan has sought and received external
assistance from various countries and organizations, such as the United States, China, Saudi
Arabia, and the Islamic world, to bolster its security and economy. Pakistan has also joined
various alliances and partnerships, such as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), the
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and the
 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), to enhance its diplomatic and strategic leverage.
However, Pakistan has also been wary of becoming too dependent on any external actor, and has
tried to maintain a degree of autonomy and flexibility in its foreign policy. Pakistan has also
faced challenges and constraints in its relations with its external allies, such as the US sanctions
and pressure over its nuclear program, the Chinese concerns over its stability and terrorism, and
the Saudi-Iranian rivalry over its sectarian and regional alignment.
4. Stability on its western border with Afghanistan : Pakistan has a long and porous border with
Afghanistan, which has been a source of instability and conflict for both countries. Pakistan
has been involved in the Afghan affairs since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and
has supported various Afghan factions and groups, such as the mujahideen, the Taliban, and
the Haqqani network, to secure its interests and influence in Afghanistan. Pakistan has also faced
the spillover effects of the Afghan war, such as the influx of refugees, the spread of drugs and
weapons, the rise of militancy and extremism, and the US-led war on terror. Pakistan’s strategic
culture is influenced by its perception of Afghanistan as a strategic depth, a buffer zone,
and a potential threat, depending on the situation and the actors involved.
5. Identification with conservative Islamic ideology: Pakistan was founded as an Islamic state,
and Islam has been a major factor in its national identity and ideology. Pakistan has also used
Islam as a source of legitimacy, unity, and mobilization, especially in its confrontation with India
and its involvement in the Afghan jihad. Pakistan has also witnessed the growth of various
Islamic movements and groups, such as the Jamaat-e-Islami, the Deobandi, the Barelvi, the Ahl-
e-Hadith, and the Sufi, which have influenced its politics, society, and culture. Pakistan’s
strategic culture is affected by its adherence to a conservative and orthodox version of
Islam, which has implications for its domestic and foreign policies, such as its relations with
the Muslim world, its stance on the Kashmir issue, and its attitude towards democracy and
human rights.

In conclusion, Pakistan’s strategic culture is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, which reflects its
historical experiences, national identity, geopolitical context, military dominance, and nuclear
weapons, as well as its opposition to Indian hegemony, primacy of national defence requirements,
acceptance but not reliance on external assistance, stability on its western border with Afghanistan,
and identification with conservative Islamic ideology. These determinants of Pakistan’s strategic
culture have shaped its approach to strategic issues and influenced its behavior in the international
system.

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Globalization

Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that describes the increasing interconnectedness
and interdependence of the world’s cultures, economies, and societies. It has a long history that can be
traced back to ancient times, but it has accelerated and intensified in the modern era due to advances in
technology, trade, and communication. Globalization has many benefits and challenges, and it affects
different aspects of human life, such as politics, culture, environment, health, and security. Here is a
possible outline of a detailed note on globalization:
  Introduction: Define globalization and its main features, such as cross-border flows of goods,
services, capital, people, and information. Provide some examples of globalization in action, such
as the Silk Road, the Age of Exploration, the Industrial Revolution, and the Information Age.
Explain the purpose and scope of the note, and state the main argument or thesis statement.
 Body: Discuss the various dimensions and impacts of globalization, such as:
o Economic globalization: Explain how globalization has increased trade, investment,
production, and consumption across the world, and how it has created a more integrated
and interdependent global market. Analyze the effects of globalization on economic
growth, development, inequality, poverty, and employment. Evaluate the role of
international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, in regulating and facilitating
global economic activity.
o Cultural globalization: Explain how globalization has influenced the diffusion and
exchange of ideas, values, beliefs, languages, and lifestyles across the world, and how it
has created a more diverse and hybrid global culture. Analyze the effects of
globalization on cultural identity1, diversity2, homogeneity3, and hegemony. Evaluate
the role of media, communication, and technology, such as the Internet, social media, and
smartphones, in shaping and transmitting global culture.
o Political globalization: Explain how globalization has affected the governance and
relations of states, regions, and non-state actors, and how it has created a more complex
and dynamic global political system. Analyze the effects of globalization on sovereignty,
democracy, human rights, and security. Evaluate the role of international organizations,
such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), and the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), in promoting and maintaining global peace and
cooperation.
o Environmental globalization: Explain how globalization has contributed to the
degradation and conservation of the natural environment, and how it has created a more
interdependent and vulnerable global ecosystem. Analyze the effects of globalization
on climate change, biodiversity, pollution, and natural resources. Evaluate the role of
international organizations, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), in addressing and solving global environmental problems.
o Social globalization: Explain how globalization has influenced the movement and
interaction of people, groups, and communities across the world, and how it has created
a more connected and diverse global society. Analyze the effects of globalization on
migration, diaspora, citizenship, and social justice. Evaluate the role of international
organizations, such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and the Amnesty International, in
protecting and empowering global citizens.
 Conclusion: Summarize the main points and findings of the note, and restate the main argument
or thesis statement. Provide some recommendations or suggestions for further research or action
on the topic of globalization.

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Globalization: A Detailed Note

Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that describes the increasing interconnectedness
and interdependence of the world’s cultures, economies, and societies. It has a long history that can be
traced back to ancient times, but it has accelerated and intensified in the modern era due to advances in
technology, trade, and communication. Globalization has many benefits and challenges, and it affects
different aspects of human life, such as politics, culture, environment, health, and security. In this note,
we will explore the various dimensions and impacts of globalization, and provide some
recommendations or suggestions for further research or action on this topic.
Introduction
Globalization can be defined as the process of increasing cross-border flows of goods, services, capital,
people, and information, resulting in a more integrated and interdependent global market, culture, and
society. Globalization is not a new phenomenon, as people have been exchanging and interacting with
each other across distances and boundaries for centuries. For example, the Silk Road was a network of
trade routes that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century CE,
facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and religions. Similarly, the Age of Exploration, from the 15th
to the 18th centuries, saw European explorers and colonizers expanding their reach and influence to the
Americas, Africa, and Asia, transforming the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the world.
The Industrial Revolution, from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries, ushered in a period of rapid
technological innovation and economic growth, enabling mass production, transportation, and
communication, and creating new markets and opportunities for trade and investment. The
Information Age, from the late 20th century to the present, has witnessed the emergence and
proliferation of digital technologies, such as the Internet, social media, and smartphones, that have
revolutionized the access and exchange of information, knowledge, and culture, and created new
forms of social and political participation and mobilization.
The purpose and scope of this note is to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the various
dimensions and impacts of globalization, and to state the main argument or thesis statement. The
main argument of this note is that globalization is a double-edged sword that has both positive and
negative effects on different aspects of human life, and that it requires careful and balanced
management and regulation to maximize its benefits and minimize its risks. The note is organized into
five main sections, each discussing a different dimension of globalization, such as economic1,
cultural2, political3, environmental4, and social5. Each section will explain the main features and
trends of the dimension, analyze the effects and implications of the dimension, and evaluate the role
and performance of the relevant international organizations and actors in the dimension. The note
will conclude with a summary of the main points and findings, and provide some recommendations or
suggestions for further research or action on the topic of globalization.
Economic Globalization
Economic globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of the world’s
economies, resulting from the expansion and intensification of trade, investment, production, and
consumption across national borders. Economic globalization has been driven by several factors, such as:

 the liberalization of trade and financial policies

 the development of multinational corporations and global value chains
 advancement of transportation and communication technologies
 the emergence of new markets and consumers.
Economic globalization has had significant effects on the global economic system, such as:
 Economic growth: Economic globalization has contributed to the growth of the global
economy, as measured by indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), gross national
income (GNI), and gross national product (GNP). According to the World Bank, the world GDP
grew from $1.36 trillion in 1960 to $87.75 trillion in 2019, representing an increase of more than
64 times. Similarly, the world GNI per capita grew from $453 in 1960 to $11,371 in 2019,
representing an increase of more than 25 times. Economic globalization has also enabled the rise
of new economic powers, such as China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, that have increased their
share and influence in the global economy.
 Development: Economic globalization has also contributed to the development of many countries
and regions, as measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index (HDI), the
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the world HDI, which
measures the level of human development based on life expectancy, education, and income,
increased from 0.598 in 1990 to 0.737 in 2019, representing an increase of more than 23%.
Similarly, the world MPI, which measures the level of multidimensional poverty based on
health, education, and living standards, decreased from 0.283 in 1990 to 0.137 in 2019,
representing a decrease of more than 51%. Economic globalization has also helped many
countries and regions achieve some of the SDGs, which are a set of 17 global goals that aim to
end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity by 2030.
 Inequality: However, economic globalization has also contributed to the increase of inequality,
both within and between countries and regions, as measured by indicators such as the Gini
coefficient, the Palma ratio, and the World Inequality Report. According to the World Bank, the
world Gini coefficient, which measures the degree of income inequality, increased from 0.52 in
1988 to 0.54 in 2017, representing an increase of more than 3%. Similarly, the world Palma ratio,
which measures the ratio of the income share of the richest 10% to the poorest 40%, increased
from 2.4 in 1988 to 2.7 in 2017, representing an increase of more than 12%. According to the
World Inequality Report, which is a comprehensive study of global income and wealth
distribution, the top 1% of the world population captured 27% of the total income growth
between 1980 and 2016, while the bottom 50% captured only 12%.
 Poverty: Moreover, economic globalization has also contributed to the persistence of poverty,
especially in the least developed countries and regions, as measured by indicators such as the
poverty headcount ratio, the poverty gap, and the extreme poverty rate. According to the World
Bank, the world poverty headcount ratio, which measures the percentage of the population living
below the international poverty line of $1.90 a day, decreased from 35.9% in 1990 to 9.2% in
2017, representing a decrease of more than 74%. However, this still means that about 689 million
people were living in extreme poverty in 2017. Similarly, the world poverty gap, which measures
the average shortfall of the income of the poor from the poverty line, decreased from 9.6% in
1990 to 2.3% in 2017, representing a decrease of more than 76%. However, this still means that
the average income of the poor was only 77.5% of the poverty line in 2017. According to the
UNDP, the world extreme poverty rate, which measures the percentage of the population living
below the multidimensional poverty line of $1.90 a day and suffering from at least one dimension
of deprivation, decreased from 36.9% in 1990 to 18.2% in 2019, representing a decrease of more
than 50%. However, this still means that about 1.3 billion people were living in extreme
multidimensional poverty in 2019.
The role of international organizations in economic globalization has been crucial and controversial, as
they have been responsible for setting the rules and norms of global economic activity, as well as
providing financial and technical assistance to countries and regions. Some of the most prominent and
influential international organizations in economic globalization are:
 The World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is the main global organization that deals
with the rules of trade between nations, and aims to ensure that trade flows smoothly,
predictably, and freely. The WTO was established in 1995, as the successor of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and currently has 164 members. The WTO operates
through a system of trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and
the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), that cover various aspects of trade, such as tariffs,
subsidies, quotas, standards, and regulations. The WTO also provides a forum for trade
negotiations, disputes, and consultations, and offers technical assistance and training to
developing countries. The WTO has been praised for promoting free trade, reducing trade
barriers, increasing market access, and enhancing economic cooperation. However, it has also
been criticized for being biased towards developed countries, undermining national sovereignty,
ignoring environmental and social concerns, and failing to address the challenges of the 21st
century, such as digital trade, e-commerce, and climate change.
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF is the main global organization that works
to ensure the stability of the international monetary and financial system, and aims to foster
global economic growth and reduce poverty. The IMF was established in 1944, as part of the
Bretton Woods system, and currently has 190 members. The IMF operates through a system of
surveillance, lending, and capacity development, that cover various aspects of the global
economy, such as exchange rates, balance of payments, fiscal and monetary policies, and
financial sector
Cultural Globalization
One of the aspects of globalization is cultural globalization, which refers to the transmission and diffusion
of cultural elements, such as languages, religions, values, norms, customs, arts, and lifestyles, among
different societies and individuals. Cultural globalization can have both positive and negative effects on
the diversity and identity of cultures around the world.
Some of the positive effects of cultural globalization are:

 It can foster cross-cultural understanding, tolerance, and dialogue among people from different
backgrounds and traditions.
 It can promote creativity, innovation, and adaptation by exposing people to new and diverse
influences and perspectives.
 It can enhance the access and availability of cultural products and resources, such as literature,
music, film, art, and education, for people around the world.
 It can create new forms of cultural expression and identity that are hybrid, cosmopolitan, and
transcultural, reflecting the diversity and complexity of the global society.
Some of the negative effects of cultural globalization are:
  It can threaten the survival and vitality of local and indigenous cultures, languages, and traditions,
especially those that are marginalized, oppressed, or endangered by dominant or hegemonic
forces.
 It can erode the sense of belonging, identity, and authenticity of individuals and groups, leading
to cultural alienation, confusion, or loss.
 It can create or exacerbate cultural conflicts, tensions, and inequalities, as some cultures may seek
to impose their values, beliefs, and interests on others, or resist or reject the influence of others.
 It can result in cultural homogenization, standardization, or commodification, as some cultural
elements may become more popular, widespread, or profitable than others, or lose their original
meaning and significance.
The role of media, communication and technology in cultural globalization is crucial, as they are the main
channels and tools for transmitting and shaping cultural messages and meanings. The Internet, social
media, and smartphones, in particular, have enabled the rapid and widespread diffusion and exchange of
cultural information and content, as well as the creation and participation of online communities and
networks. These technologies have also empowered individuals and groups to produce and consume
cultural products and resources, as well as to express and assert their cultural identities and interests.
However, these technologies also pose challenges and risks for cultural diversity and identity, such as:

 They can create digital divides and inequalities, as not everyone has equal access to or skills in
using these technologies, or the ability to control or protect their online data and privacy.
 They can expose people to misinformation, manipulation, or propaganda, as some sources or
actors may have hidden agendas, biases, or interests, or use deceptive or unethical methods to
influence or persuade others.
 They can amplify or reinforce existing cultural stereotypes, prejudices, or divisions, as some
platforms or algorithms may favor certain types of content, users, or interactions over others, or
create echo chambers or filter bubbles that limit the exposure to or engagement with diverse or
alternative views.
 They can generate or escalate cultural conflicts or controversies, as some users or groups may use
these technologies to express or provoke hostility, aggression, or violence towards others, or to
challenge or resist the authority or legitimacy of others.
Therefore, the role of media, communication, and technology in cultural globalization is not neutral or
deterministic, but rather contingent and dynamic, depending on how they are used, by whom, for what
purposes, and in what contexts. Cultural globalization is not a one-way or uniform process, but rather a
multidimensional and contested phenomenon, involving various actors, interests, and outcomes. It is
important to critically examine and evaluate the effects of cultural globalization on the diversity and
identity of cultures around the world, and to seek ways to balance the benefits and challenges of this
process..