Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Becoming An
Effective Policy Advocate
From Policy Practice to Social Justice
Bruce S. Jansson
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Council on Social Work Education
Educational Policy and Accreditation
Standards by Chapter
The Council on Social Work Education’s Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS)
requires all social work students to develop nine competencies and recommends teaching and
assessing 31 related component behaviors, listed as Educational Policy (EP) Competencies 1–9
below. Multicolor icons and end of chapter “Competency Notes” connect these important
standards to class work in the chapters identified below with highlighted light blue type.
The 9 Competencies and 31 Component Behaviors (EPAS, 2015): Chapter(s) Where Referenced:
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
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Becoming An
Effective Policy Advocate
From Policy Pr actice to Social Justice
Bruce S. Jansson
University of Southern California
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Becoming an Effective Policy Advocate: © 2018, 2014 Cengage Learning
From Policy Practice to Social Justice,
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Eighth Edition herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
Bruce S. Jansson except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Brief Contents
iii
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Contents
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Contents v
Sides: Controversy and Research 54 • The Political Rationale for Policy Advocacy 58 • The
Electoral Rationale for Policy Advocacy 59 • Linking the Four Rationales for Policy Advocacy to
Homelessness 60 • Interlocking Rationales for Policy Advocacy 65
Chapter Summary 66
Competency Notes 66
Endnotes 67
Suggested Readings 67
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
vi Contents
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Contents vii
8 Placing Policy Proposals in Policy Briefs in the Second, Third, and Fourth
Steps of Policy Analysis 246
LEARNING OUTCOMES 246
Returning to the Six-Step Policy Analysis, Proposal-Writing, and Presentation
Framework with Steps 2, 3, and 4 247
Intersecting Arenas and Stakeholders 247
Identifying Recurring Policy Issues and Policy Options in Steps 2, 3, and 4 248
Establishing a Mission in Steps 2, 3, and 4 249 • Designing the Structure of Service in Steps 2, 3,
and 4 249 • Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Path in Steps 2, 3, and 4 251
• Determining Levels of Funds 254 • Funding Channels 255 • Indirect Financing 257 •
Defining Services in Steps 2, 3, and 4 258 • Establishing an Orienting Framework 258 • Staff and
Licensing 259 • Preventive Versus Curative Services 260 • Rationing Scarce Resources in Steps
2, 3, and 4 261 • Formal or Direct Methods of Rationing 261 • Indirect Methods of Restricting
Access 262 • Addressing Agency Network Issues in Steps 2, 3, and 4 263 • Addressing Community
Factors in Steps 2, 3, and 4 265 • Guiding and Overseeing Policy Implementation in Steps 2, 3,
and 4 265 • Assessing Implemented Policies in Steps 2, 3, and 4 266
An Overview of a Policy Brief or Proposal to Fund Domestic Violence Shelters 266
The Anatomy of Policy Briefs or Proposals 267
Trade-Offs: Systematically Comparing Policy Options in Step 3 268
Identifying Options in Step 2 268 • Selecting and Weighing Criteria in Step 3 269 • Creating
a Decision-Making Matrix in Step 3 270 • Qualitative Rankings 272 • Using Different Policy
Skills in Tandem in Steps 2, 3, and 4 273 • The Basic Content of a Policy Proposal Described by
a Policy Brief 274
Chapter Summary 279
Competency Notes 280
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viii Contents
Endnotes 280
Suggested Readings 282
Professional and Staffing Issues 282
Allocation Issues 283
Prevention 283
Staff Discretion 283
Policy Analysis 283
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Contents ix
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x Contents
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Contents xi
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Special Features
Policy Advocacy Challenges 4.2 How Social Workers Run for Office 114
1.1 Mapping Structural Discrimination 8 4.3 The Use of the Law in Policy Advocacy 120
1.2 Enhancing the Rights of Children Who Are 4.4 Agency in Policy Turmoil 125
Sexually Assaulted in School 9 4.5 Map of Agency Policies 128
1.3 Multiple Policies Impacting Single Motherhood 15 4.6 Challenges in Getting Officials to Collaborate 135
1.4 Using the Web as a Policy Advocate 17 4.7 The Ecology of Policy as It Relates to
Homelessness 136
1.5 Identifying Policy Improvements That Have Helped
Your Grandparents, Parents, and Yourself 24 5.1 Issues Raised by Wal-Mart in a Global Context 144
1.6 Social Work Students Fight Cuts in Mental 5.2 Using the Web to Find International Data 149
Health Spending 26 5.3 Websites Pertaining to Migrants or Immigrants
1.7 The Imperative to Decrease Inequality in the in the United States and Abroad 156
United States Through Policy Advocacy 26 5.4 Should the United States Start Protecting Cities and
2.1 Policy Advocacy Fitness Plan 33 States Likely to Be Affected by Rising Seas? 160
2.2 Empowering Clients or Citizens to Seek Social 5.5 Serving as an Intermediary Between Immigrant
Justice 35 Communities and Sacramento: Lessons
Learned 164
2.3 Imagining a Better Society 37
5.6 Factors to Consider in Rebuilding Areas Stricken
2.4 Thinking Critically When Using the Web 39 by Natural Disasters 167
2.5 Linking to an Advocacy Group 41 5.7 International Advocacy Organizations 169
2.6 Ethical Reasoning by Frontline Social Workers 43 5.8 Can the Partisan Divide over Immigration in the
2.7 Using Different Ideologies to Frame Issues and Presidential Election of 2016 Be Breeched? 171
Take Positions 48 6.1 Finding Emerging Legislation in State and
2.8 Using Evidence-Based Policies in Policy Federal Jurisdictions 178
Advocacy 52 6.2 Using the Mass Media to Discover Issues That
2.9 Understanding the Causes of Homelessness 60 Might Be Placed on Policy Agendas 185
2.10 Why We Cannot Curtail Homelessness Without 6.3 Combating Homelessness Through Policy
Policy Advocacy 65 Advocacy at the Federal Level 187
3.1 Conducting Research to Support Policy 6.4 Framing Issues to Attract Support for Policy
Advocacy 75 Reforms 189
3.2 Forming a Coalition to End Homelessness in 6.5 Using the Mass Media to Place Issues on
Guilford County, North Carolina 80 Agendas 191
3.3 The Four Skills in Practice 87 6.6 The Competition for Policy Agendas—and
3.4 How Debbie Stabenow, a Social Work U.S. Diversions from Them 196
Senator, Engaged in Policy Advocacy to Solve the 6.7 Using the Agenda Funnel to Predict What Social
Crisis of Flint, Michigan in 2016 92 Issues President 200
3.5 How MSW Students Engage in Policy Advocacy 7.1 Using the Web as a Tool in Policy Analysis 210
with Respect to Homelessness 94 7.2 Preventing Homelessness Among LGBTQQ
4.1 Finding Information About Political Youth 214
Institutions on the Web 101 7.3 Diagramming a Social Problem in Step 1 217
xii
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Special Features xiii
7.4 Developing a Typology of Homeless Persons in 11.2 How I Used Force Field Analysis in Helping
Step 1 220 Develop a Plan to End Homelessness 378
7.5 A Focus Group in Action in Step 1 222 11.3 Keeping a Coalition Together in Guilford
7.6 Designing Services for Homeless Children in County, North Carolina 384
Step 1 227 11.4 A Web Crusader in Egypt 385
7.7 Developing a Prevention Program and 11.5 Blocking the Governor’s Abolition of the
Convincing Decision Makers to Adopt It 233 Department of Aging 387
7.8 Using Demographic Data to Locate At-Risk 11.6 Managing a Legislative Advocacy Network 390
Populations 236 11.7 Using the Internet to Develop an Action System
7.9 Analyzing Effects of and Solutions to Concentrated Using Volunteers 394
Poverty in the United States and Globally 241 11.8 How to Lobby Your Member of Congress 397
8.1 Stakeholders and the Wheel of Interaction 248 11.9 Writing Effective “Letters to the Editor” 402
8.2 Is It Fair? 258 11.10 Example of a Letter to the Editor 403
8.3 Micro-Level Policy: Examining Policy Trade- 11.11 Challenges in Surmounting NIMBY 407
Offs in Agencies 273 11.12 The Sacramento Living Wage Campaign 416
8.4 Policy Advocacy Challenge 276 12.1 Voting and Electoral Politics 424
8.5 Improving the Education of Fujianese Students 12.2 When to Be Negative and When to Be Positive 438
in New York City 276 12.3 Empowering Homeless Persons by Helping
9.1 Attacking Someone Else’s Proposal 288 Them Vote 440
9.2 Debating Johnson’s Arguments in a Changed 12.4 Smoking Out the Positions of an Opponent 445
Environment 290 12.5 How Students Can Get Involved in Political
9.3 Using Hardball and Softball Styles of Negotiation in Campaigns 447
Reforming the Nation’s Immigration Policy 293 12.6 Entering Electoral Politics at Local, State, and
9.4 Using a Novel Message 296 Federal Levels 450
9.5 Persuading City Hall to “Ban the Box” 307 12.7 Considering a Public Service Trajectory 455
9.6 Diagnosing Why Specific Speeches Are 12.8 Policy Advocacy Challenge 456
Successful 309 13.1 Using the Web to Learn About Troubleshooting:
9.7 Finding Funders via the Web 309 The Watchdogs—Investigative Agencies and
9.8 Creatively Seeking Funding Sources 310 Think Tanks 463
9.9 Writing a Grant Proposal: The “Empowering 13.2 Finding and Reading Administrative
Women for Change” Project 310 Regulations 469
9.10 Making a PowerPoint Presentation to Public 13.3 Crossing Organizational Boundaries 472
Officials with Respect to Homelessness in Los 13.4 Needed Collaboration to Address the Root
Angeles County 313 Causes of Homelessness 475
10.1 Familiarizing Yourself with Political 13.5 Ethical Dilemmas in Policy Implementation 480
Institutions 329 13.6 A Case Example of Implementation: Were
10.2 Developing an Innovative Program in an Hillary Clinton’s Recommendations Meritorious
Inhospitable Setting 332 to Integrate Services for Persons with Mentally
10.3 How Lobbyists for New Orleans and Louisiana Health and Substance Abuse Services? 482
Need Many Kinds of Power 340 14.1 How Ideology and Politics Sometimes Overrides
10.4 How National Politics Works—the Wrong Way 343 Evidence-Based Policy 489
10.5 The Internet as an Advocacy Tool 346 14.2 Evidence-Based Policy at Home and Abroad 491
10.6 The Use of Manipulation in Political 14.3 Using Mixed Methods 497
Communication 353 14.4 Making Policy Choices in a Turbulent
10.7 How Low-Budget Lobbyists Get Power 355 Environment 500
10.8 From Powerless to Powerful: Susan’s Story 363 14.5 Should We Incarcerate Juvenile Offenders or
11.1 Finding Information about National Political Divert Them to Community Programs? 501
Strategy 375
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Preface
I invented the concept “policy practice” in a book that was published in 1984 when I dis-
covered that policy texts and curriculum hardly discussed how social workers might actu-
ally work to reform policies. I greatly expanded my discussion of policy practice in the first
seven editions of this book in 1990, 1994, 1999, 2003, 2008, 2011, and 2014—and in this
eighth edition. I use the term “policy advocacy” to describe policy practice that aims to
help vulnerable populations obtain needed rights, opportunities, services, and benefits. I
also provide a multi-level policy advocacy framework that includes micro policy advocacy
(at the level of individuals and families), mezzo policy advocacy (at the level of organiza-
tions and communities), and macro policy level (at the level of legislatures, elected officials,
and political campaigns). This expanded framework makes clear that policy advocates
engage in policy practice at each of these levels. They help clients gain eligibility to social
programs that improve their lives (micro policy advocacy), reform agency and community
policies when they are detrimental to clients’ needs (mezzo policy advocacy), and reform
government policies to improve their effectiveness in addressing the needs of Americans
and persons in other nations (macro policy advocacy).
Other changes in this eighth edition include the following:
• Using many examples from the presidential election of 2016 and its immediate after-
math to illustrate electoral politics and ethical issues throughout the text.
• Adding participation in social movements as a style of policy advocacy along with ana-
lytic, electoral, legislative advocacy, and implementation styles in Chapter Three.
• Discussing possible policy choices that might be made by President Trump during the
early years of his presidency in Chapter Three.
• Discussing massive migration from the Middle East, terrorism that has crossed inter-
national boundaries, strategies to decrease climate change, and efforts by the United
Nations to eradicate extreme poverty in developing nations in Chapter Five.
• Discussing why President Obama believes in retrospect that he could have placed a
massive infrastructure program on the policy agenda during his first term in Chapter
Six—and why he believes this was a mistake with the benefit of hindsight.
• Moving discussion of policy briefs from Chapter Eleven to Chapter Eight—and greatly
expanding my discussion of ways to construct and present them.
• Adding throughout the text many contemporary examples of evidence-based policies,
such as research that establishes that it is more effective to help alcoholics manage
their use of alcoholic beverages than to persuade them to abstain, that establishes that
low-income youth who move from inner city locations to more affluent neighborhoods
often obtain higher wages than youth who remain even if these wage improvements
often only appear a decade or so subsequently, and that establishes the economic
inequality causes many other problems such as poor school performance and higher
rates of incarceration.
• Adding a motivational style of persuasion to other presentation strategies in Chapter Nine.
• Using the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, in 2015 and beyond to illustrate policy prac-
tice in Chapter Ten.
xiv
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Preface xv
• Including new materials about the use of social media in legislative and electoral cam-
paigns to enact new policies, including web sites that students can visit that illuminate
it in Chapters Eleven and Twelve.
• Including bio-sketches of Professor Nancy Humphreys, DSW; U. S. Senator in Michi-
gan Debbie Stabenow, MSW; and former California Assemblywoman Mariko Yamada,
MSW as examples of policy-related careers that social workers can emulate in Chapter
Twelve.
• Discussing important issues encountered by social workers during implementation of
policies, such as the lack of integration between mental health and physical health ser-
vices in Chapter Thirteen.
The following table describes which core competencies and practice behaviors in the
EPAS standards of the Council on Social Work Education are included in each chapter. As
can be seen in this table, this text covers many of them.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
xvi Preface
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
voor ruim dertig jaaren: te recht noemt de Dichter Willink dit
verdervelijk voordbrengsel van ’t menschlijk vernuft, eene stof
GESCHIEDENISSEN.
Deeze zijn, naar evenredigheid van het bevang der buurt, vrij
aanmerkelijk: door het reeds gemeld springen van de kruidstooven,
welken er weleer gevonden werden, werd de [5]buurt niet weinig
geteisterd; en het verval niet alleen, maar zelfs het verdwijnen van
verscheidene catoendrukkerijen, heeft haar voords mede eene zeer
gevoelige neep toegebragt: in 1732 onderging zij ook eene hevige
schrik door het afbranden van het nabij zijnde pesthuis, het welk
geheel door de vlamme verteerd werd, en welk onheil niet weinig in
akeligheid toenam, door de krankzinnigen, welken er in opgesloten
waren, gelijk het gebouw nog heden mede tot dat einde dient.
Omtrent den jaare 1750 had deeze buurt in haar bevang een
Fransche schouwburg, (die echter uit de stad zijn bestaan moest
trekken,) zij werd aangelegd ter plaatse alwaar men thans het
bekende Fort de Eendragt ziet; doch na verloop van weinige jaaren
werd zij door het vuur verteerd: op den grond werd het
tegenwoordige zwaare gebouw gesticht; en diende als toen voor
eene Porseleinbakkerij; doch deeze heeft mede niet veele jaaren
stand gehouden; de aanleggers verstonden de kunst van
Porceleinen te maaken niet genoeg om aan den kieschen smaak der
Hollanderen, die gewoon zijn aan het allerfraaiste geen gebrek te
hebben, al moest het ook van het andere einde der wereld hun
toegebragt worden, te voldoen: sedert heeft het gebouw tot een
ander einde gediend; voor weinige jaaren was er een groote
behangsel fabriek, enz. in geplaatst, doch dezelve heeft op dien
ongelukkigen grond almede geenen stand gegrepen; laatstlijk
hebben eenige Amsteldamsche boekverkopers het in huur gehad,
tot een magazijn, om er hunne bekende buitenverkoopingen van
copijen in te houden; doch ook dat gebruik heeft niet aan de
verwachting beantwoord, thans is het gekocht door den beroemden
Menschenvriend Jan van Mekeren, die het ter zijner eeuwige eer
tot een hofjen laat toebereiden.
LOGEMENTEN,
Uit het voorgaande blijkt, dat er voords veele herbergen van minder
aanzien gevonden worden. [8]
REISGELEGENHEDEN.
Aan den Overtoom voornoemd, vertrekt alle dagen een kaag op
Leiden: Maandag, Woensdag en Vrijdag vertrekt van daar ook een
schip naar Aalsmeer; alle dagen vaart een vragtschuit vise versa op
Amsteldam, en des Zomers Zondags en Maandags, een volkschuit,
heen en weêr, zo dikwijls er volks genoeg is, naar den stads
buitencingel.
Aan het meergemelde begin der buurte, is eene vry goede herberg;
voords vindt men in dezelve nog eenige weinige anderen, van
minderen rang.
DE BUITENVELDERSCHE POLDER,
OOK DE BUITENVELDERT
GENOEMD.
OVER-OUDERKERK
WAARDHUIZEN EN DE NES.
ZWALUWE-BUURT,
DE BOVENKERKER POLDER.
Zo genoemd, om dat er een paal staat, met een hand er aan, die
den weg naar de stad Leiden aanwijst; de bewooners van dit
buurtjen hebben in 1787, door de Pruissen, almede veel moeten
lijden.
Aan de
NOORDDAMMER BRUG,
Grooter is de
LEGMEER
Die zig uitstrekt van de Noorddammer brug, tot een quartier uur
gaans van Cudelstraat, zijnde eene langte van anderhalf uur gaans;
de bewooners bestaan meestal van de turfmaakerij. [1]
1 Deeze paal was in den jaare 1793 een zeer oud en onaanzienlijk stuk houts,
ten gezegden jaare is er een fraaje ronde steenen paal in de plaats gezet,
bovenaan rondsom denzelven leest men 100 Gaarden, zijnde de uitgestrektheid
van het gebied van Amsteldam, boven op den paal staat een fraaje bewerkte
kroon, ook pronkt hij met de wapens van Amsteldam en Amstelland, en laager
staat het voorgemelde jaartal der vernieuwinge MDCCXCIII. ↑
[Inhoud]
Gezigt van den zwaaren Brand te Amstelveen zo als het zig
vertoonde in den Nagt tussen den 25 en 26 Jny 1792.
Weinig dachten wij vóór een kort verloop van dagen, toen wij onze
beschrijving van Amstelveen, voor onze Nederlandsche stad- en
dorp-beschrijver, zamenstelden, dat wij door een der
beschreienswaardigste rampen, die, vooral opgezetenen, kunnen
treffen, gedrongen zouden worden, andermaal over dat plaatsjen te
moeten spreeken—weinig dachten wij dat het grijze dorpjen, ’t welk
wij toen van harten beklaagden wegens de doorgestaanen overlast
van den triumpheerenden soldaat, nu onze traanen ten ooge zouden
uitperssen, daar het, ten prooje gestaan hebbende aan den
jammerlijksten vuurnood, een tooneel oplevert dat niet dan met de
leevendigste ontferming beschouwd kan worden—een tweede reden,
waarom men dat dorpjen voortaan met recht het rampspoedig
Amstelveen mag noemen.