Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy sets
• Propounded by Lotfi A. Zadeh
• Fuzzy set theory provides a means for
representing uncertainties.
• Crisp Vs Fuzzy
 Crisp Vs Fuzzy set

Crisp set has a unique membership function

μA(x) = 1x ∈ A
0x ∉ A
μA(x) ∈ {0, 1}

Fuzzy Set can have an infinite number of membership

functions
μA ∈ [0,1]

3
 Fuzzy Set Theory

● An object has a numeric “degree of membership”

● Normally, between 0 and 1 (inclusive)
● 0 membership means the object is not in the set

● 1 membership means the object is fully inside the set

● In between means the object is partially in the set

4
Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set

5
 Crisp Sets
• Universe of Discourse
• Cardinality
• Null Set
• Singleton set
• Subset
• Superset
• Power set
 Operations on Classical Sets

Union:
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Intersection:
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Complement:
A’ = {x | x ∉ A, x ∈ X}
X – Universal Set
Set Difference:
A | B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
Set difference is also denoted by A - B

7
 Operations on Crisp Sets

Union of sets A and B (logical or).

Intersection of sets A and B.

8
 Operations on Crisp Sets

Complement of set A.

Difference operation A|B.

9
 Properties of Crisp Sets

A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
A∪A=A
A∩A=A
A∪X=X
A∩X=A
A∪∅=A
A∩∅=∅
10
Properties of Crisp Sets

11
 Fuzzy Sets
❑ If X is a Universe of discourse, and x is a particular
element of X, then a fuzzy set, Ã defined on X may
be written as ordered pairs
à ={(x, μÃ(x)), x Є X}

❑ Representation: Ã

12
 Fuzzy Set Operations

μA ∪ B(x) = μA(x) ∪ μB(x)

= max(μA(x), μB(x))
μA ∩ B(x) = μA(x) ∩ μB(x)
= min(μA(x), μB(x))
μA’(x) = 1 - μA(x)

De Morgan’s Law also holds:

(A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
(A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
But, in general
A ∪ A’
A ∩ A’
13
Properties of Fuzzy Sets

20
 Crisp relations
• Cartesian Product
• Composition
– Max-Min composition
 Fuzzy relations
• Fuzzy cartesian Product
• Composition
Fuzzy Propositions
Fuzzificaion
 Fuzzification
• Making a crisp number to a fuzzy set.
• Memebrship functions
– Triangular
– Trapezoidal
– Gaussian
 Triangular membership function
• Let a, b and c represent the x coordinates of the three
vertices of μ A (x) in a fuzzy set A (a: lower boundary
and c: upper boundary where membership degree is
zero, b: the centre where membership degree is 1).
 Trapezoidal function
• Let a, b, c and d represents the x coordinates of the
membership function.
 Gaussian function
• The Gaussian membership function is usually
represented as Gaussian(x:c,s) where c, s represents
the mean and standard deviation.
– M=fuzzification factor; m=2
• X=0.25 a =-1,b=-0.5,c=0.25,d=1.0
• a=3, b=4,c=7,d=8
• X=3.5
Fuzzy Inference rules