(2.9) LOGARITHMS For IB

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
Mathematics: analysis and approaches
MAA
EXERCISES [MAA 2.9]

LOGARITHMS
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
A. Practice questions
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
1. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

Write down the following values
log 2 1  log 2 2  log 2 16 
log 5 1  log 5 5  log 5 25 
log 3 1  log 3 3  log 3 9 
1
log 3 27  log 3  log 3 3 
3

log 100  log 10  log 1 
1 1
log  log  log 0.1 
100 10
log 10 2020  log 10  log 3 10 

ln 1  ln e  ln e 2 
1 1
ln  ln  ln e 
e e2
Page 1
[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

Write down the value of x for each of the following equations
log 2 8  x x log1000  x x
log 2 x  3 x log x  3 x
log x 8  3 x ln x  3 x

Confirm the following properties for x  1000 and y  100
LHS =
log xy  log x  log y
RHS =
LHS =
x
log  log x  log y
y
RHS =
LHS =
log x  2 log x
2
RHS =

Find the following integers
log 3 35  log105 
3log3 5  10log 5
32log3 5  102log5
33log3 5  103log5 
ln e5  log a a 5 
e ln 5  a loga 5 
e 2ln 5  a 2loga 5 
e3ln 5  a 3loga 5 
Page 2

The diagram shows three graphs.
B
y
A
A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  2 x ,

C is the reflection of graph B in line A . Write down:
(a) the equation of C in the form y  f ( x) . [2]
(b) the coordinates of the point where C cuts the x -axis. [2]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

The diagram shows three graphs.
B
y
A
A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  e x ,

C is the reflection of graph B in line A . Write down:
(a) the equation of C in the form y  f ( x) . [2]
(b) the coordinates of the point where C cuts the x -axis. [2]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Page 3
Let log x  a , log y  b and log z  c . Express the following in terms of a, b, c .
log xy
x
log
y
log x 3
log xyz
log x 2 y
log x
xy
log
z
log(10 x )
log(100 x )
y
log
10
y
log
100
xy
log
10 z
1
log
z
x2 y7
log
z
Page 4
10. [Maximum mark: 28]
Let ln x  a , ln y  b and ln z  c . Express the following in terms of a , b, c .
ln xy
x
ln
y
ln x 3
ln xyz
ln x 2 y
ln x
xy
ln
z
ln(ex)
ln(e 2 x)
y
ln
e
y
ln
e2
xy
ln
ez
1
ln
z
x2 y7
ln
z
Page 5

Let log 5 x  a , log 5 y  b and log 5 z  c . Express the following in terms of a , b, c .
log 5 xy
x
log 5
y
log 5 x 3
log 5 x
xy
log 5
z
xy
log 5
5z
1
log 5
z
x2 y7
log 5
z
log 25 x
log x 5
log x y
log z xy
log 25 xy
Page 6
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Solve the following equations
log 3 ( x  1)  2
log( x  1)  2
ln( x  1)  2

Solve the equations
log 7 ( x  5)  0
log 7 ( x  5)  1
log( x  5)  0
log( x  5)  1
ln( x  5)  0
ln( x  5)  1

Solve the equations
log(2 x)  2
ln(2 x)  2
log(2 x  4)  1
ln(2 x  4)  1
log(2 x  5)  0
ln(2 x  5)  0
Page 7

Solve the equations
(a) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  1)  log 2 6 [3]
(b) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  1)  1 [3]
(c) log 2 ( x  5)  log 2 x  1 [3]

Solve the equations
(a) log x  log( x  1)  log 6 [4]
(b) log x  log( x  3)  1 [4]
(c) log( x  18)  log x  1 [4]
17*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

Solve the equations
(a) log 2 ( x  14)  2 log 2 x  2 [4]
(b) log 4 ( x  14)  log 2 x  1 by using change of base on log 4 ( x  14) [3]
(c) log 2 ( x  14)  2  log 2

x by using change of base on log 2
x [3]

Solve the following equations
 ln x 
2
(a)  ln x 2  1  0 by letting y  ln x [3]
1
(b) ln x  2 by using an appropriate substitution. [2]
ln x
1
(c) log x  2 by using an appropriate substitution. [3]
log x
Page 8
B. Exam style questions (SHORT)
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

(a) Find log 2 32 . [1]
 32 
x
(b) Given that log 2  y 
can be written as px  qy , find the value of p and of q . [4]
 8 

2
 P 
Let log 10 P  x , log 10 Q  y and log 10 R  z . Express log10   in terms of x, y and z .
3 
 QR 

 x2 y 
Let a  log x , b  log y , and c  log z . Write log  3  in terms of a, b and c .
 z 
 
 x 
Let p  log10 x , q  log10 y and r  log 10 z . Write log10  2  in terms of p, q and r .
y z
 
Let ln a  p , ln b  q . Write the following expressions in terms of p and q .
(a) ln a 3b [3]
 a
(b) ln  

[3]
 b 

Given that p  log a 5 , q  log a 2 , express the following in terms of p and/or q .
(a) log a 10 [2]
(b) log a 8 [2]
(c) log a 2.5 [2]

(a) Let log c 3  p and log c 5  q . Find an expression in terms of p and q for
(i) log c 15 ; log c 25 .

(ii) [4]
1
(b) Find the value of d if log d 6  . [2]
2
Page 9

Given that log 5 x  y , express each of the following in terms of y .
1
(a) log 5 x 2 (b) log 5   (c) log 25 x [2+2+2]
x

If log a 2  x and log a 5  y , find in terms of x and y , expressions for
(a) log 2 5 . [2]
(b) log a 20 . [2]

Find the exact value of x in each of the following equations.
(a) 5 x1  625 [3]

(b) log a (3 x  5)  2 [3]
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Solve log 2 x  log 2 ( x  2)  3 , for x  2

(a) Given that log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  log3 A , express A in terms of x . [2]
(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  1 . [4]

log 3 x
Solve the equation log 3 ( x  2)  1 
2

1
Solve the equation log9 81 + log9 + log9 3 = log9 x.
9
33. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation log(10 x  20)  2 log x  1
34. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation log 2 (4 x )  2 log 2 x  5
Page 10
Solve, for x , the equation log 2 (5 x 2  x  2)  2  2 log 2 x .
Solve the equation log16 3 100 – x 2  1 .

2
37. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

Solve the equation log 27 x  1  log 27 ( x  0.4) .

Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x  3)  log 1 ( x  1)  2
3

Solve the equation log 2 x  log 4 ( x  6)

Solve, ln( x  3)  1 . Give your answers in exact form.

Solve 2(ln x) 2  3ln x  1 for x . Give your answers in exact form.
42**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 9 log x 5  log 5 x

p
Solve the equation 9 log 5 x  25 log x 5 . Express your answers in the form 5 , p, q  Z .
q

Solve the equation 9 log 8 x  6  8 log x 8

2 3
Solve the simultaneous equations: 2x  4 y and log x y 
2
Page 11

Solve the simultaneous equations: 8 y  4 2 x3 and log 2 y  log 2 x  4

Solve the simultaneous equations log 2 ( y  1)  1  log 2 x and 2 log 3 y  2  log 3 x

Solve the simultaneous equations log 2 x  log 4 y  4 , log 2 ( x  2 y )  5
LOGARITHMS AND SEQUENCES

Calculate the following sums
(a) ln 2  ln 22  ln 23  ⋯  ln 210 [3]
(b) ln 2  (ln 2)2  (ln 2)3  ⋯  (ln 2)10 [3]
(c) ln 2  (ln 2)2  (ln 2)3  ⋯ (infinite sum) [2]
 ln2 , giving the answer in the form a ln 2 , where a 

50
r
Find .
r 1

Find an expression for the sum of the first 35 terms of the series
x2 x2 x2
ln x 2  ln  ln 2  ln 3 ⋯
y y y
xm
giving your answer in the form ln , where m, n  ℕ .
yn
LOGARITHMS AND FUNCTIONS

The function f is defined for x  2 by f ( x)  ln x  ln( x  2)  ln( x 2  4) .
 x 
(a) Express f ( x) in the form ln  . [2]
 xa
(b) Find an expression for f 1 ( x ) . [4]
Page 12

Let f ( x)  log a x , x  0 .
(a) Write down the value of (i) f (a ) (ii) f (1) (iii) f ( a 4 ) [3]
(b) The diagram below shows part of the graph of f .
On the same diagram, sketch the graph of f 1 .
y
1
f
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1
–2
[3]

Let f ( x)  k log 2 x .
(a) Given that f 1 (1)  8 , find the value of k . [3]

2
(b) Find f 1   . [4]
3

Let f ( x)  3ln x and g ( x)  ln 5 x 3 .
+
(a) Express g ( x) in the form f ( x)  ln a , where a  . [4]
(b) The graph of g is a transformation of the graph of f . Give a full geometric

description of this transformation. [3]
Let f ( x)  log 3 x , for x  0 .
(a) Show that f 1 ( x)  32 x . [2]
(b) Write down the range of f 1 . [1]
Let g ( x)  log 3 x , for x  0 .
(c) Find the value of f 1

 g  (2) , giving your answer as an integer. [4]
Page 13
57. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

Let f ( x)  ln( x  2) , x  2 and g ( x)  e( x  4) , x  0 .
(a) Write down the x -intercept of the graph of f . [1]
(b) (i) Write down f ( 1.999) .
(ii) Write down g (4) [3]
(c) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of f and g . [2]
C. Exam Style questions (LONG)

The functions f ( x) and g ( x) are defined by f ( x)  e x and g ( x)  ln(1  2 x)
(a) Write down f 1 ( x ) . [1]

1
(b) Find g ( x) . [3]
(c) Find (i)  g  f  ( x) (ii)  f  g  ( x) [4]
 f  g
1
(d) Find ( x) [3]

x
Let f ( x )  log 3  log 3 16  log 3 4 , for x  0 .
2
(a) Show that f ( x)  log 3 2 x . [2]
(b) Find the value of f (0.5) and of f (4.5) . [3]
ln ax
The function f can also be written in the form f ( x)  .
ln b
(c) (i) Write down the value of a and of b .
(ii) Hence on graph paper, sketch the graph of f , for 5  x  5 , 5  y  5 ,
using a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit on each axis.

(iii) Write down the equation of the asymptote. [6]
(d) Write down the value of f 1 (0) [1]
The point A lies on the graph of f . At A, x  4.5 .
(e) On your diagram, sketch the graph of f 1 , noting clearly the image of point A. [4]
Page 14
60**. [Maximum mark: 20]

The first 4 terms of a geometric sequence u n  are 5, 15, 45, a
(a) Find the value of a [1]

Consider the new sequence v n  : ln 5, ln 15, ln 45, ln a
(b) Write down the values of the terns v1 , v 2 , v3 , v 4 correct to 3 s.f. [3]
(c) Find the differences v 2 – v1 , v3 – v 2 , v 4 – v3 using the values found in (b).

What do you deduce? [3]
(d) Repeat the process (b) to (c) for the new sequence wn  by using log , the
logarithm to the base 10, instead of ln. Do you obtain a similar result? [4]
Consider now a geometric sequence u n  with first term a and common ratio 3.
(e) Write down the first three terms of the sequence in terms of a. [2]
Define a new sequence v n  as above (by using ln).
(f) Show, by using its first three terms that v n  is an arithmetic sequence. State the
common difference. [4]
The general term of a geometric sequence is given by u n  u1 r n 1

(g) State a proposition which can be derived by the process above and use the
n th term and the (n  1) th term to support your statement. [3]

Solve the following equations.
(a) log x 49  2 . [3]
(b) log 2 8  x [2]

1
(c) log 25 x   [3]
2
(d) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  7)  3 [5]
Page 15
SOLUTIONS
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis
A. Practice questions
1.
log 2 1  0 log 2 2  1 log 2 16  4
log 5 1  0 log 5 5  1 log 5 25  2
log 3 1  0 log 3 3  1 log 3 9  2
1 1
log 3 27  3 log 3  1 log 3 3 
3 2
2.
log100  2 log10  1 log1  0
1 1
log  2 log  1 log 0.1  1
100 10
1 1
log10 2020  2020 log 10  log 3 10 
2 3
3.
ln1  0 ln e  1 ln e 2  2
1 1 1
ln  1 ln  2 ln e 
e e2 2
4.
log 2 8  x x3 log1000  x x3
log 2 x  3 x8 log x  3 x  1000
log x 8  3 x2 ln x  3 x  e3
5.
LHS = log100000  5
log xy  log x  log y
RHS = log1000  log100  3  2  5
x LHS = log10  1
log  log x  log y
y RHS = log1000  log100  3  2  1
LHS = log1000000  6
log x 2  2 log x
RHS = 2 log1000  2  3  6
1
6. the answers for any set of 4 questions are 5, 5, 25 , 125
7. (a) C has equation y = log2 x

(b) Cuts x-axis  log2 x = 0x = 2° x = 1
Point is (1, 0)
8. (a) C has equation y = ln x
(b) Cuts x-axis  ln x = 0x = e° x = 1
Point is (1, 0)
9. 10.
log xy  ab ln xy  ab
x x
log  a b ln  a b
y y
log x 3  3a ln x 3  3a
log xyz  abc ln xyz  abc
log x 2 y  2a  b ln x 2 y  2a  b
a a
log x  ln x 
2 2
xy xy
log  abc ln  abc
z z
log(10 x )  a 1 ln(ex)  a 1
log(100 x ) a2 ln(e 2 x) a2
y y
log  b 1 ln  b 1
10 e
y y
log b2 ln 2 b2
100 e
xy xy
log  a  b  c 1 ln  a  b  c 1
10 z ez
1 1
log  c ln  c
z z
x2 y7 c x2 y7 c
log  2 a  7b  ln  2 a  7b 
z 2 z 2
2
11.
log 5 xy  ab
x
log 5  a b
y
log 5 x 3  3a
a
log 5 x 
2
xy
log 5  abc
z
xy
log 5  a  b  c 1
5z
1
log 5  c
z
x2 y7 c
log 5  2 a  7b 
z 2
a
log 25 x 
2
1
log x 5 
a
b
log x y 
a
ab
log z xy 
c
ab
log 25 xy 
2
12.
log 3 ( x  1)  2 x 1  9  x  8
log( x  1)  2 x  1  100  x  99
ln( x  1)  2 x  1  e 2  x  e2  1
13.
log 7 ( x  5)  0 x  5  1  x  4
log 7 ( x  5)  1 x5  7  x  2
log( x  5)  0 x  5  1  x  4
log( x  5)  1 x  5  10  x  5
ln( x  5)  0 x  5  1  x  4
ln( x  5)  1 x 5  e  x  e5
3
14.
log(2 x)  2 2 x  100  x  50
e2
ln(2 x)  2 2 x  e2  x 
2
log(2 x  4)  1 2 x  4  10  x  3
e4
ln(2 x  4)  1 2x  4  e  x 
2
log(2 x  5)  0 2x  5  1  x  3
ln(2 x  5)  0 2x  5  1  x  3
15. (a) log 2 x( x  1)  log 2 6  x( x  1)  6  x 2  x  6  0  x  2 (–3 is rejected)
(b) log 2 x ( x  1)  1  x( x  1)  2  x 2  x  2  0  x  1 (–2 is rejected)
x5 x5
(c) log 2 1  2  x  5  2x  x  5
x x
16. (a) log x( x  1)  log 6  x( x  1)  6  x 2  x  6  0  x  2 (–3 is rejected)
(b) log x( x  3)  1  x( x  3)  10  x 2  3 x  10  0  x  2 (–5 is rejected)

x  18 x  18
(c) log 1  10  x  18  10 x  18  9 x  x  2
x x
x  14
17. (a) log 2 ( x  14)  2 log 2 x  2  2
 4  x  14  4 x 2  4 x 2  x  14  0
x
14
x  2 (x is rejected)
8
(b) x  2 (it is in fact the same equation as in (a))
(c) x  2 (it is in fact the same equation as in (a))
18. In all three cases we obtain the quadratic y 2  2 y  1  0  y  1
(a) x  e (b) x  e (c) x  10
B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

19. (a) 5
(b) METHOD 1
 32 x 
log 2  y   log 2 32 x  log 2 8 y = x log2 32 – y log2 8 = 5x – 3y

 8 
p = 5, q = –3
METHOD 2
32 x (2 5 ) x 25x
y
 3 y
= 3y
= 25x–3y
8 (2 ) 2
log2 (25x–3y) = 5x – 3y
p = 5, q = –3
4
2
 P   P 
20. log10   = 2log10 
3 

 QR 3  = 2(1og10P – log10Q – 3log10R) = 2(x – y – 3z) = 2x – 2y – 6z
 QR   
 x2 y  1 1
21. log  3  = 2log x  log y  3log z = 2a  b  3c
 z  2 2
 
 x  1 1
22. log10  2  = log10 x – 2log y – log z = p – 2q – r
y z 2 2
 
23. (a) ln a3b = 3ln a + ln b = 3p + q
a 1
(b) ln  ln a  ln b =1/2 p - q
b 2
24. (a) loga 10 = loga (5  2)= loga 5 + loga 2= p + q
(b) loga 8 = loga 23= 3 loga 2= 3q

5
(c) loga 2.5 = loga = loga 5  loga 2= p  q
2
25. (a) (i) logc 15 = logc 3 + logc 5= p + q
(ii) logc 25 = 2 logc 5= 2q
1
(b) d 2  6  d = 36
26. (a) log5 x2 = 2 log5 x= 2y
(b) log5 1 = –log5 x = –y

x
log 5 x 1
(c) log25 x = = y
log 5 25 2
log a 5 y
27. (a) log2 5 = =
log a 2 x
(b) loga 20 = loga 4 + loga 5 = 2 loga 2 + loga 5 = 2x + y
28. (a) 5x + 1 = 54  x + 1 = 4  x = 3
a2 5
(b) 3x + 5 = a2  x 
3
29. log2(x(x – 2)) = 3  x(x – 2) = 23  x2 – 2x – 8 = 0  (x – 4)(x + 2)

x=4
 x  x
30. (a) log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  log3   A
 x5 x5
 x  x 15
(b) log3   1   31   3  x  3 x  15  x 
 x 5 x 5 2
5
log 3 x ( x  2) 2
31. log 3 ( x  2)  1   2 log 3 ( x  2)  2  log 3 x  log 3 2
2 x
( x  2)2
  9  ( x  2) 2  9 x  x 2  5 x  4  0  x  1 or x  4
x
32. METHOD 1
1  1 
log 81 + log9   + log9 3 = log9 x log9 81 3 = log9 x
9  9 
 log9 27 = log9 x  x = 27
METHOD 2
1 1
log9 81 + log9   + log9 3 = 2 – 1 +
9 2
3
3
 = log9 x  x = 9 2  x = 27
2
10 x  20 10 x  20
33. log 1  10  10 x  20  10 x 2  x  2  x 2  x 2  x  2  0  x  2
x2 x2
34. log 2 (4 x  x 2 )  5  4 x 3  32  x 3  8  x  2
35. Given log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = 2 + 2 log2 x

 log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = log2 4 + 2 log2 x
 log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = log2 4x2
 x2 – x – 2 = 0 x = 2
(the negative solution is rejected)
1
36. 16 2  3 100  x 2
4 = 3 100  x 2
64 = 100 – x2
x2 = 36, so x = ±6
37. log27 (x(x – 0.4)) = l  x2 – 0.4x = 27  x = 5.4 or x = –5

So x = 5.4
OR directly by GDC x = 5.4
38.
3.
log 2 ( x  6)
 2 log 2 x  log 2 ( x  6)  log 2 x 2  log 2 ( x  6)  x  x  6
2
39. log 2 x 
log 2 4
x2  x  6  0  x  3 ( x  2 is rejected)
6
40.
41. 2(ln x) 2  3ln x  1  0
1
 log 5 x   log 5 x   9  log 5 x  3  x  53
2
42. 9 log x 5  log 5 x  9
log 5 x
1
x  125 or x 
125
5
25 25 5 
  log 5 x  
2
43. 9 log 5 x  25log x 5  9 log 5 x   log 5 x    x  5 3
log 5 x 9 3
44. METHOD A
log 2 x log 2 8 log 2 x 3
9 log 8 x  6  8 log x 8  9  68 9  68
log 2 8 log 2 x 3 log 2 x
3 8
 3log 2 x  6  8  log 2 x  2 
log 2 x log 2 x
Let y  log 2 x
8
y  2   y2  2 y  8  y2  2 y  8  9
y
y  4 , y  2
log 2 x  4  x  16
1
log 2 x  2  x 
4
METHOD B
Let y  log 8 x . We similarly obtain the quadratic
8
9y  6   9 y2  6 y  8  0 …
y
1
x  16 , x 
4
45. x  4, y 8
3 24
46. x , y
22 11
1 3
47. x  1 , y  3 or x  , y 
4 2
48. x  64 , y  16
ln 2[(1  (ln 2)10 ] ln 2
49. (a) 55 ln 2 (b) (c)
1  ln 2 1  ln 2
7
50 50
50.  ln(2 ) =  r (ln 2)
r 1
r
r 1
50
= (ln2) r
r 1
  50  
= (ln2)   51
 2  
= 1275 ln2
x2 x2 x2
51. lnx2 + ln  ln 2  ln 3 + …
y y y
= lnx2 + (lnx2 – lny) +(lnx2 – 2lny) + (lnx2 – 3lny) +…
n 35
S35 = (2u1 +(n – 1)d) = (2 lnx2 – 34 lny) = 35 lnx2 – 595 lny2
2 2
= lnx70 – lny595
x 70
= ln 595 (Accept m = 70, n = 595)
y
x ( x  2)
52. (a) f ( x)  ln
x2  4
x
 ln (Accept a  2)
x2
x x 2e y
(b) ln y  e y  x  xe y  2e y  x(1  e y )  2e y  x 
x2 x2 1 ey
2e x
f 1 ( x) 
1  ex
53. (a) (i) f (a) = 1 (ii) f (1) = 0 (iii) f (a4) = 4

(b)
y f –1
1
f
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1
–2
8
54. (a) METHOD 1
1
f (8) = 1  1 = k log2 8  1 = 3k  k =
3
METHOD 2
find the inverse of f(x) = k log2 x
x
y = 2k
substituting 1 and 8
1
 1
2 k = 8  k 
 3
(b) METHOD 1
2 2 1 2
f(x) = .  log 2 x  log2 x = 2  x = 4 f–1   = 4
3 3 3 3
METHOD 2
1 2
inverse of f(x) = log2 x is f–1(x) = 23x f–1   = 4
3 3
55. (a) ln 5x3 = ln 5 + ln x3 = ln 5 + 3ln x

g (x) = f (x) + ln5
0 
(b) translation by   OR shift up by ln 5 OR vertical translation of ln 5
 ln 5 
56. (a) log 3 x  y  x  3 y  x  32 y

f–1(x) = 32x
(b) y>0
(c) METHOD 1
g(2) = log3 2
2
(f–1 ° g)(2) = f ( x)  32log3 2  3log3 2  4
METHOD 2
2
(f–1 ° g)(x) = 3 2 log 3 x = 3 log3 x = x2
(f–1 ° g)(2) = 4
57. (a) x = 1
(b) (i) f (1.999) = ln (0.001) = 6.91 (ii) g (4)  1
(c) (4.64, 1.89)
9
C. Exam style questions (LONG)
58. (a) f 1
x   ln x
ex 1
(b) g 1 ( x ) 
2
(c) (i) ( g◦ f) (x)  ln(1  2e x )
(ii) (f ◦ g) (x) = eln (1 + 2x) = 1 + 2x

(d) y = 1 + 2x  x = (y1) / 2
x 1
(f ◦ g)1 (x) =
2
4x
59. (a) log3 1 x + log34 = log 3 = log3 2x
2 2
(b) f(0.5) = 0, f(4.5) = 2
(c) (i) a = 2, b = 3
(ii)
(iii) x = 0 (must be an equation)

(d) f–1(0) = 0.5
(e)
10
60. (a) a  135
(b) 1.61 2.71 3.81 4.91
(c) all differences are 1.1 they are in arithmetic sequence
(d) 0.699 1.18 1.65 2.13
The differences are 0.481 0.47 0.48
The values are almost equal; he difference is due to rounding. In fact we still have an
arithmetic sequence.
(e) a 3a 9a
3a 9a
(f) ln 3a  ln a  ln  ln 3 ln 9 a  ln 3r  ln  ln 3 common difference = ln 3
a 3a
(g) If the sequence u n is geometric then the sequence v n  ln u n is arithmetic
u n  u1 r n 1 and u n 1  u1 r n
u1r n
vn1  vn  ln vn1  ln vn  ln u1 r n  ln u1 r n1  ln  ln r
u1 r n1
So the common difference is d  ln r
61. (a) x2 = 49 x = ±7 x = 7
(b) 2x = 8 x=3
1
 1 1
(c) x= 25 2 x= x=
25 5
(d) log2 (x(x – 7)) = 3
log2 (x2 – 7x) = 3
23 = x2 – 7x
x2 – 7x – 8 = 0
(x – 8)(x + 1) = 0 (x = 8, x = –1)
x=8
11

(2.9) LOGARITHMS For IB

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(2.9) LOGARITHMS For IB

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

EXERCISES [MAA 2.9]

BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

log 2 1  log 2 2  log 2 16 

log 5 1  log 5 5  log 5 25 

log 3 1  log 3 3  log 3 9 

2. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

log 100  log 10  log 1 

log 10 2020  log 10  log 3 10 

3. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

4. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

5. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

6. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

7. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  2 x ,

8. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  e x ,

(a) the equation of C in the form y  f ( x) . [2]

9. [Maximum mark: 28] [without GDC]

Let log x  a , log y  b and log z  c . Express the following in terms of a, b, c .

10. [Maximum mark: 28]

Let ln x  a , ln y  b and ln z  c . Express the following in terms of a , b, c .

11. [Maximum mark: 26] [without GDC]

12. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

13. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

14. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

15. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]

(b) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  1)  1 [3]

(c) log 2 ( x  5)  log 2 x  1 [3]

16. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

(b) log x  log( x  3)  1 [4]

(c) log( x  18)  log x  1 [4]

17*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(c) log 2 ( x  14)  2  log 2

18*. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

19. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

20. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

21. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

23. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Let ln a  p , ln b  q . Write the following expressions in terms of p and q .

24. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

(b) log a 8 [2]

(c) log a 2.5 [2]

25. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

(i) log c 15 ; log c 25 .

26. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

27. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

(a) log 2 5 . [2]

(b) log a 20 . [2]

28. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

(a) 5 x1  625 [3]

29. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

30. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  1 . [4]

31. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

32. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

33. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]

34. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]

35. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve, for x , the equation log 2 (5 x 2  x  2)  2  2 log 2 x .