TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES - Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Department

Final Activity
Microwave Design

Submitted by:

FRANCO, JERICHO MARTIN C. MANALASTAS, JOMEL V.

BSECE - 4A

Submitted to:

ENGR. ROMEO L. JORDA JR.

Date Submitted:
February 04, 2023

1st Semester, S.Y. 2023-2024

 Part I
LETTER OF SUBMISSION

The project aims to explore and develop innovative microwave antenna designs to
improve performance and efficiency in communication systems. The rapid advancement in
telecommunications technology necessitates the continual enhancement of microwave
antennas to meet evolving demands. Through research and analysis, our proposed project
seeks to address key challenges in antenna design while maintaining overall performance
metrics.

The project proponent began with planning and listing the requirements before
locating a site. The factors in considering a site location are discussed to properly select the
best area for the antennas. Each component of the microwave system is listed based on the
cost, availability, and the overall specifications. The following specifications will be
discussed in the next section.

To determine the total distance, path profile, Fresnel zones, and reflection point, the
proponent utilizes a software application, MLinkPlanner 2.0, a powerful and user-friendly
tool for planning point-to-point (PtP), point-to-multipoint (PtMP), and LTE / 5G fixed
wireless access (FWA) networks.

After some revisions, the proponent finalized the design in consideration with the
data gathered. The microwave design was created to provide the overall content of the
project. The paper contains data, tables, graphs, specification list, brochures, etc.

This letter is intended to have approval by the authority. We believe that this project
aligns closely with the strategic objectives, particularly in the context of advancing
technology innovation and fostering excellence in research and development. Furthermore,
the outcomes of this project have the potential to contribute significantly to the
advancement of microwave antenna technology, with implications for diverse applications
ranging from satellite communications to wireless networks.
 Part II
INTRODUCTION

In the rapidly evolving field of telecommunications, the design and implementation

of microwave systems play a pivotal role in ensuring robust and reliable communication
networks. This paper presents an in-depth documentation of our microwave design,
tailored to meet the unique demands of modern communication networks. At the heart of
our design lies the operating frequencies of 18Ghz that gives us a path length of 15 miles,
which have been precisely selected to optimize performance and minimize interference,
thereby ensuring seamless data transmission over vast distances.

Our design is strategically implemented across various locations namely Banal na

Bundok, Mandili National High School, and Monasteryo de Arayat. Each chosen for its
unique geographical and environmental characteristics that complement the overall
efficiency and reliability of the network. These locations are interconnected through a
microwave radio using the Cambium PTP 820S (Point-to-Point 820S) and Cambium PTP
820 ANT, which is the core of our system, facilitating high-speed data transfer with
minimal latency. The choice of microwave radios is critical, as it directly influences the
system's capacity, range, and resilience to adverse weather conditions, making it a
foundation of our design.

Furthermore, the infrastructure supporting our microwave system is anchored by

robust antenna towers which the design uses a 3-legged angular steel tower that has pre-
designed accessories like platforms, ladders with cable tray, antenna brackets, aviation
light brackets and fall prevention device, engineered to withstand the rigors of their
environment while maintaining optimal functionality. These structures are not merely
functional but are designed with an eye towards minimizing visual impact and blending
seamlessly with their surroundings. The placement and construction of these antenna
towers and masts are the result of extensive research and planning, ensuring that they
offer the best possible support for our microwave radios while adhering to stringent safety
and environmental standards.

Our microwave design represents a harmonious integration of advanced technology,

strategic planning, and environmental consideration. It can adapt to the ever-changing
landscape of telecommunications. Through careful selection of operating frequencies,
strategic location planning, and the use of cutting-edge microwave radios and support
structures, we have created a microwave system that sets new benchmarks in reliability,
efficiency, and sustainability. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of our
design, highlighting the innovative approaches and meticulous attention to detail that
define our project.
 Part III
SIGHT SELECTION AND PATH PROFILING

When considering deploying a microwave communication system, you'll want to

choose a site that meets several criteria to ensure optimal performance and reliability.
Here's a list of factors to consider when selecting a site:

1. Line of Sight (LOS): Ensure there is a clear, unobstructed line of sight between the
transmitting and receiving antennas. Any obstacles such as buildings, trees, or
terrain features can degrade signal quality.
2. Elevation: Higher elevations for antenna placement can often provide better line of
sight and reduce interference from ground-level obstacles.
3. Environmental Conditions: Consider the local weather patterns, including rain, fog,
and snow, as these can attenuate microwave signals. Choose a site with minimal
atmospheric interference.
4. Accessibility: The site should be easily accessible for installation, maintenance, and
repairs. Consider road access, power availability, and security concerns.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with local regulations and zoning laws
regarding tower height, antenna placement, and radio frequency emissions.
6. Interference: Evaluate potential sources of interference such as other microwave
systems, radio towers, or electronic equipment. Choose a site with minimal
interference to optimize signal quality.
7. Power Supply: Ensure reliable power sources are available at the site to maintain
uninterrupted operation. Consider backup power options such as generators or
batteries in case of outages.
8. Antenna Mounting Structures: Select sturdy mounting structures that can support
the weight and wind load of the antennas. Consider factors such as tower height,
mast strength, and foundation stability.
9. Security: Protect the site from unauthorized access, vandalism, and theft. Install
security measures such as fences, locks, and surveillance cameras as needed.
10. Future Expansion: Plan for future growth and scalability by selecting a site with
room for additional antennas or equipment if needed.
11. Site Ownership and Permissions: Ensure that you have the necessary permissions
and agreements in place for site access, installation, and ongoing maintenance.

Basis for sight selections:

1. Atmospheric Conditions: Rain, fog, and humidity can absorb and scatter microwave
signals, leading to signal degradation. This effect is more pronounced at higher
frequencies.
 2. Multipath Interference: Reflections from surfaces like buildings or the ground can
cause multiple signal paths that interfere with each other, potentially causing signal
fading or cancellation.
3. Fresnel Zone Clearance: The Fresnel zone is an elliptical area around the line-of-sight
path. For optimal signal strength, it's important to keep this zone clear of
obstructions. Partial blockage can cause diffraction and signal loss.
4. Antenna Alignment: Precise alignment of the transmitting and receiving antennas is
critical for maintaining a strong signal. Even small misalignments can result in
significant signal degradation.
5. Frequency Selection: The choice of frequency can impact the range and quality of
microwave communication. Higher frequencies offer more bandwidth but are more
susceptible to atmospheric losses.
6. Regulatory Constraints: Microwave frequencies are regulated by national and
international bodies. Compliance with these regulations is necessary to avoid
interference with other services and to ensure legal operation.
7. Terrain: The physical geography of the area can affect signal propagation. Hills and
valleys can obstruct the line of sight, while flat open areas may facilitate longer
transmission distances.
8. Interference from Other Sources: Microwave communication can be affected by
interference from other electronic devices, including other microwave links
operating on similar frequencies.

Path Profiling:

1. Define Path Endpoints:

• Identify the locations of the transmitter and receiver antennas.
• Obtain their exact coordinates, including altitude.

2. Gather Data:
• Acquire data for the entire path area.
• Consider including surface feature information like buildings, vegetation, and
water bodies.

3. Plot the Path Profile:

• Use specialized software or manual calculations to create a graphical
representation of the path.
• This profile shows the terrain elevations along the line of sight between
antennas.
4. Antenna Height Determination:
• Determine the optimal height for the antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver sites to ensure clear LOS and adequate clearance of the Fresnel Zone.

5. Analyze Clearance:
• Calculate the Fresnel zone clearance requirements based on your operating
frequency.
• Overlay the Fresnel zone clearance over the path profile to identify potential
obstructions.

6. Evaluate Signal Attenuation:

• Consider factors like atmospheric conditions, rain, and foliage impacting signal
strength.

7. Perform Link Budget Analysis:

• Factor in transmitter power, antenna gain, cable losses, and receiver sensitivity.
• Determine if the received signal strength will be sufficient for reliable
communication.

8. Refine the Path:

• If obstructions exist, explore options like adjusting antenna heights or using
repeaters.
• Consider alternative paths with better clearance if feasible.

9. Document the Results:

• Keep a record of the chosen method, data sources, calculations, and final path
profile.
 Part IV
DESIGN COMPUTATIONS

In this part, the drawings of path profile indicating reflection point, antenna tower and
mast used, network topology (top view indicating all stations with their geographical
locations and elevations, and ITU/CCIIR recommendations are showed.

A. Network Topology

Figure 1.1 Distance between two sites

Upon analyzing the frequency of 18 GHz, we found out that 18 GHz can only operate
in maximum of 24 kilometers. Hence, we decided to use a repeater between the two sites
which is located at Mandili National Highschool, Candaba , Pampanga.

Figure 1.2 Distance between two sites with repeater

The total distance between Banal na Bundok, San Miguel, Bulacan and Monasteryo
de Arayat, Pampanga is 31km. Therefore, we selected Mandili National Highschool as the
repeater which is 15 km away from both sites.
 Figure 1.3 Specific Location of all sites

B. Actual Drawing

C. Path Profile using MLink Planner

Figure 2.1 Path Profile of Site A to Site B

C.1. Path Profiling for Site A (Banal na Bundok) to Repeater (Mandili National Highschool)

Figure 2.2.1 Path Profile from Site A to Repeater Site

Figure 2.2.2 Fresnel Zones of Site A to Repeater Site

Figure 2.2.3 Reflection Point of Site A to Repeater Site

 Figure 2.2.4 Height of Terrain and Type of Obstructions of Site A to Repeater Site

C.2. Path Profiling for Repeater Site (Mandili National Highschool) to Site B (Monasteryo de
Arayat)

Figure 2.3.1 Path Profile from repeater site to Site B

Figure 2.3.2 Fresnel Zones of Repeater Site to Site B

 Figure 2.3.3 Reflection Point of Site A to Repeater Site

Figure 2.3.4 Height of Terrain and Type of Obstructions of Repeater Site to Site B

D. Antenna Tower and Mast Design

 In selecting an antenna mast/tower, we consider factors such as height
requirements, antenna load, material and construction quality, installation requirements,
mast configuration, maintenance access, environmental factors, and cost.

Ensuring the mast's height meets coverage needs and regulatory standards,
supporting antenna load, selecting durable materials, and considering installation site
conditions are essential. Additionally, assessing maintenance access, environmental
resilience, and balancing cost against performance are vital for choosing a mast that meets
project objectives while ensuring reliability and efficiency.

E. Calculation

a. Great Circle Method Formula

Site A (Banal na Bundok, San Miguel, Bulacan)

Latitude: 121.058719
Longitude: 15.125937

Site B (Monasteryo de Arayat, Arayat Pampanga)

Latitude: 120.774814
Longitude: 15.192809

Upon using the Great Circle Method Formula:

b. Earth Curvature
c. Fresnel Zones

d. Reflection Point
 Part V
GRAPHS, TABLES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Tables

Table 1. Height of Terrain and Type of Obstructions

b. Abbreviations

1. MUF – Maximum Usable Frequency

2. CCIR - Consultative Committee on International Radio
3. dBrnCO - Decibel Reference Noise C-Message Weighted O
4. pWp0 - Picowatt Psophometrically weighted measured at a point of zero
reference level
5. MUX – Multiplex
6. MTBF – Mean Time Before/Between Failures
7. MTTR – Mean Time to Repair
8. U – Unit
9. A – Ampere
10. NPL – Net Path Loss
11. RF – Radio Frequency
12. SST - Self Supporting Tower
13. GT - Global Title (or might be Guided Tower)
14. VSWR -Voltage standing wave ratio
 15. EIA - Electronic Industries Association (Washington)
16. RS-22A – Recommended Standard - Output current of 22 A
17. RS-250A – Recommended Standard – Output current of 250 A
18. S/N - Signal-to-Noise Ratio
19. CCITT - Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony

c. Terms And Definitions

1. NPL - The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the UK's National Metrology
Institute (NMI), developing and maintaining the national primary measurement
standards, as well as collaborating with other NMIs to maintain the international
system of measurement.
2. Availability - or network availability, also referred to as network uptime, denotes
the overall duration for which the clients can seamlessly access the resources,
such as servers and printers, available on a computer network. Most
organizations aim for five nines (99.999%) of availability, a widely accepted,
high-availability standard, to avoid potential revenue losses due to network
sluggishness or unavailability.
3. Fading - refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various
variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric
conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio
frequency etc. The channel between transmitter and receiver can also be time
varying or fixed depending upon whether the transmitter/receiver are fixed or
moving with respect to each other which can cause fading to occur.
4. Fresnel Zone - The pattern of electromagnetic radiation that is created by a
transmitting station from its antenna to receiving antennas. It is in the shape of
an ellipsoid, or 3D ellipse, which looks like an elongated football.
5. Path Loss - refers to the loss or attenuation a propagating electromagnetic signal
(or wave) encounters along its path from transmitter to the receiver.
6. Gain - The ratio of output current, voltage, or power to input current, voltage, or
power, respectively. Note 1: Gain is usually expressed in dB. Note 2: If the ratio is
less than unity, the gain, expressed in dB, will be negative, in which case there is
a loss between input and output.
7. IF - Abbreviation for intermediate frequency. A frequency to which a carrier
frequency is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception.
8. UF – Less commonly, "UF" might stand for "user frequency" in specific contexts,
especially for private or specialized communication systems. This would refer to
the assigned frequency band used by individual users or devices within the
system.
9. Short Leg Attenuation –refers to the part of a transmission line or cable where
the signal travels a shorter distance. Signals may experience less attenuation
 (signal loss) on the short leg compared to the long leg.
10. Long Leg Attenuation – The "long leg" refers to the part of a transmission line or
cable where the signal travels a longer distance. Signals on the long leg may
experience more attenuation, and the signal quality may degrade over the longer
distance.
11. Waveguide - is a special form of transmission line consisting of a hollow, metal
tube. The tube wall provides distributed inductance, while the empty space
between the tube walls provides distributed capacitance.
12. Reflection Point - refers to a location where a signal encounters an impedance
mismatch, leading to some of the signal energy being reflected back towards the
source.
13. FM improvement threshold - the point in an FM (frequency modulation) receiver
at which the peaks in the RF signal equal the peaks of the thermal noise
generated in the receiver.
14. Hop - 1. The excursion of a radio wave from the Earth to the ionosphere and
back to the Earth. Note: The number of hops is synonymous with the number of
reflections from the ionosphere. 2. A waveform transmitted for the duration of
each relocation of the carrier frequency of a frequency-hopped system. 3. To
modify a modulated waveform with constant center frequency so that it
frequency hops. 4. An intermediate network connection consisting of a leg from
one router to another router and over which a packet travels to reach its
destination. Note: Hops can be traced using ping or other trace utilities.
15. Repeater - A repeater is simply a device that receives incoming signal and
retransmits the signal either adding power or around an obstruction. Unlike a
mobile phone tower, a repeater does not interpret the signal in any way and
hence any incoming signal on the repeater’s frequency will also be retransmitted
(eg. noise).
16. Reflector - In the context of antennas, a reflector is a component used to focus or
direct electromagnetic waves. For example, in a parabolic dish antenna, the
curved dish itself acts as a reflector, concentrating incoming or outgoing radio
waves to or from a specific direction.
17. Passive Repeater - is simply a device that receives and retransmits the incoming
and outgoing signals without adding power or amplifying the signal whatsoever.
This type of device is commonly installed when a building's structure or roof is
stopping a mobile phone signal from penetrating, causing reception to be strong
outside the building but very weak inside. A passive repeater requires a very
strong signal outside, and a high gain external antenna (usually a directional
yagi or high gain collinear) mounted clear of the roof. This high gain external
antenna is then connected to an internal low gain antenna inside the building by
a cable running through the roof or wall.
18. Active Repeater - commonly called a cell phone 'booster', is any repeater that
 adds power to the incoming and outgoing signal. This type of device is designed
for households and vehicles that can only receive a weak signal. An active
repeater is simply a digital signal amplifier (much akin to the amplifier you
would find in your home theater system) and even smaller models can add
around 20-50dB to the signal.
19. Radome - is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a radar system or
antenna and is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the
electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna. Radomes protect
antenna surfaces from weather and/or conceal antenna electronic equipment
from public view.
20. Doghouse – means the plastic or metal attachment to the base of a pole that
covers the transition point of underground cables and wires to the vertical
section of the pole.
21. Grazing – a path the microwave beam barely touches the obstruction (zero
clearance)
22. Panning - refers to the horizontal movement of an antenna. It involves adjusting
the direction of the antenna horizontally to point it toward a specific location or
to scan a certain area.
23. Tilting - involves adjusting the vertical angle of an antenna. It's the process of
changing the elevation of the antenna to optimize the signal in a specific
direction or to compensate for obstacles.
24. Azimuth - The angle between true north and the projection of a surface normal
to the horizontal plane, measured clockwise from the north. As applied to a
Photovoltaic array, 180 degrees azimuth means the array faces south.
25. Geographic location - refers to a position on the Earth. Your absolute geographic
location is defined by two coordinates, longitude and latitude. These two
coordinates can be used to give specific locations independent of an outside
reference point.
26. Great Circle Method - The great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on
the surface of a sphere. A great circle is a section of a sphere that contains the
diameter of the sphere, and the diameter is the shortest distance between any
two points on the sphere surface is the great circle distance.

Great circle formula can be expressed as,

where,

r = Radius of the earth

a, b= Latitude
x, y = Longitude

27. Receiver Noise Threshold - External noise at the front end of a receiver, plus the
noise added by the receiver itself, determines a noise threshold exceeded by the
 minimum discernible signal.
28. Practical Threshold – In telecommunications, the practical threshold could
represent the minimum signal strength required for reliable communication.
Below this threshold, the signal may be too weak to be effectively received and
processed by the equipment. Maintaining a signal above the practical threshold
helps ensure a robust and reliable communication link.
29. Fade Margin - A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain or
sensitivity to accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring that the
required quality of service is maintained. 2. The amount by which a received
signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to fall below a
specified threshold value.
30. Diversity - is a technique used in telecommunications to increase the message
signal’s reliability by employing two or more independent communication
channels with different properties. That is two channels used to transfer the
same information. This improves the reliability of the received message because
nothing can recover the data signal in a deep fade except getting more copies of
the same message.
31. Space Diversity - Replica of the same signal is transmitted through different
antennas. This offers different path without an increase in transmitter power or
bandwidth.
32. Frequency Diversity - Frequency diversity is obtained by transmitting the same
information on more than one carrier frequency or transmitting the same signal
over different carrier frequency. In Frequency Diversity only one antenna is
needed. It requires large bandwidth and more number of receivers hence high
cost.
33. Billboard Antenna – or reflective array antenna, an array of parallel dipole
antennas with flat reflectors, usually positioned in a line or plane. Note 1: The
spacing and dimensions of the dipoles depend on the wavelength. Note 2: The
main lobe of a fixed billboard antenna may, within limits, be steered by
appropriate phasing of the respective signals to individual elements of the array.
34. Shroud - means the three-sided cover mounted at the base of the antenna to
conceal the appearance of the cables and wires from the hand-hole port on the
pole to the bottom-fed antenna.
35. Periscope - is an instrument to monitor over, around, or through some object,
obstacle or condition. Those conditions may prevent direct line-of-sight
observation from the observer’s current position. Therefore, we can say that the
periscope is the optical instrument that allows viewing those objects which are
not in direct line of sight of view.
36. Lightning arrester - is a device, essentially an air gap between an electric wire
and ground, used on electric power transmission and telecommunication
systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
 damaging effects of lightning.
37. Sidelobes - are the lobes (local maxima) of the far field radiation pattern of an
antenna or other radiation source, that are not the main lobe.
38. Radiation pattern - The energy radiated by an antenna is represented by the
Radiation pattern of the antenna. Radiation Patterns are diagrammatical
representations of the distribution of radiated energy into space, as a function of
direction.
39. RF Combiner – is a multi-port devices and modules that combine RF signals
between a single port and the other ports.
 Part VI
BROCHURES

a) Microwave Radio Transmitter

Cambium Networks - PTP 820S

Licensed Microwave Radio

Operating Frequency: 6 – 38 GHz

Range: Ranges can vary from a few kilometers
to over 50 kilometers
Power Consumption: 6-11 GHz: 35W; 13-38
GHz: 42W
Capacity: 679 Mbps

The Cambium PTP 820S (Point-to-Point 820S) is a product series from Cambium
Networks, a well-known global provider of wireless communication solutions. The PTP
820S series is designed for point-to-point microwave radio communication, and it is part
of Cambium Networks' broader portfolio of wireless networking equipment. Supporting
licensed frequency bands ranging from 6 to 86 GHz, the PTP 820/850 series delivers a
wide range of configurations to offer a tailored solution for any deployment scenario.

Composed of high-density multi-technology nodes and integrated radio units, the

PTP 820/850 series offers flexibility in choosing all-indoor, split-mount, and all-outdoor
configuration options. Exploiting unique Line of Sight (LOS) Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) technology, modulation up to 4096 QAM and wider channel bandwidths
ensures industry-leading throughput and spectral efficiency.

PTP 820S Product Highlights:

• Licensed frequency bands 6-86 GHz

• Up to 4096 QAM, with 12-step hitless and errorless Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM)
• Up to 20 Gbps bandwidth supported
• Multi-gigabit radio capacity with high spectral efficiency
• TDM and/or packet supporting legacy services and evolution to all-packet
• Integrated Ethernet Switch, MEF Carrier Ethernet 2.0 compliant, MPLS-TP-ready
• Header de-duplication for additional capacity boost
• Intelligent service-centric management utilizing QoS and advanced OA&M capabilities
• Carrier-grade service resiliency (G.8032, MSTP)
• ITU-T Y.1731 Performance Management – MEF 35
• Integrated synchronization solution: Native/SyncE/IEEE 1588v2
• Lowest power consumption with adaptive green mode
• Low latency with unique frame cut through for latency sensitive services
• Industry-leading system gain

Full Specifications:

PTP 820S Hardware Architecture:

 b) Antenna

Cambium PTP 820 2' ANT, SP, 18GHz, RFU-C

TYPE&UBR220

Antenna Size Range: 2 ft to 3 ft

Frequency (bandwidth): 17.7-19.7 GHz
Height: 25"
Weight: 48 LB
Wind survival w/o ice (MPH): 125 MPH
Gain: 38.6 dBi
dB Gain Range: 30.0 to 39.9

Single or dual polarized standard and high-performance parabolic antennas

Radio Waves designs and manufactures Standard Performance (SP), High

Performance (HP) and Super High Performance (SHP) series for terrestrial microwave
point-to-point applications. These antennas support Telecoms, Enterprise and Industrial
applications. They are available as single or dual polarized antennas and support
standard frequency bands from 1.3 to 86 GHz. The products include 1 ft. (30 cm), 1.5 ft.
(45 cm), 2 ft. (60 cm), 3 ft (90 cm), 4 ft. (120 cm), 6 ft. (180 cm) and 8ft (240 cm) diameter
antennas.
 Radio Waves leads the wireless industry with high-performance, low-profile, light-
weight antennas. For greater efficiencies and customized packaging, the HP series offers
direct integration of customers' outdoor units (ODUs) to the antennas.

Hardware installation of Microwave and Antenna:

 c) Waveguides

WR51 | WG19 | R180 - Rectangular Waveguide

Recommended Frequency Band: 15.00 to 22 GHz

Cutoff Frequency of Lowest Order Mode: 11.572 GHz
Cutoff Frequency of Upper Mode: 23.143 GHz
Dimension: 0.51 Inches [12.954 mm] x 0.255 Inches
[6.477 mm]

A waveguide is generally preferred in microwave communications. Waveguide is a

special form of transmission line, which is a hollow metal tube. The primary purpose
of a waveguide is to transmit and direct electromagnetic waves from one point to
another with minimal loss and distortion.

Waveguides, including the WR51, are often preferred over coaxial cables for
microwave design, especially at higher frequencies such as 18 GHz, for several reasons.
First, waveguides exhibit lower transmission losses compared to coaxial cables at these
frequencies, which means they can transmit signals over longer distances with less power
loss. This is crucial in applications requiring high efficiency and reliability, such as satellite
communications and radar systems. Second, waveguides can handle higher power levels
without significant signal degradation, making them ideal for high-power applications.
Third, waveguides offer better performance in terms of bandwidth and frequency handling,
allowing for the transmission of signals with minimal dispersion and distortion. Lastly, at
microwave frequencies, the dimensions of coaxial cables would need to be very small to
support the higher modes of propagation, making them impractical and more susceptible
to loss and damage. Therefore, for applications operating around 18 GHz, waveguides like
the WR51 provide a more efficient and reliable means of signal transmission than coaxial
cables.
 d) Power Supply

e) Antenna Tower 3-Legged Angular Steel Tower

3-legged angular steel tower is a kind of self-supporting communication tower. It

can also be called 3-legged angular steel communication tower, telecommunication tower,
antenna tower. 3-legged angular steel tower are higher steel structures used all over the
world for communication applications. Their function to support antennas for
telecommunications, broadcasting and WIFI internet. 3-legged angular steel tower is
usually come with pre-designed accessories, just like platforms, ladders with cable tray,
antenna brackets, aviation light brackets and fall prevention device, etc. 3-legged angular
steel tower are based on either ground or building, and they are commonly designed in
trusses structure to carry the wind loads and seismic loads. 3-legged angular steel tower
need less ground area and suit to construct in many situations.

Highlights Of Jiayao Self-Supporting Tower

• Leading design concept.

• Versatility, modular design, flexible configuration of accessories.
• Tower group design, modification and adjustment.
• The tower section is universal, and the same tower section taken from the same
mother tower is completely common in different tower types.
• Lower costs.
 • Self-supporting tower light weight.
• Self-supporting tower installation cost is good.
• Self-supporting tower installation time is short.
• High reliability.
• The design and processing of JIAYAO's self-supporting tower products are in line
with ISO 9001:2000 quality management system.
• 50 years design life.

Details of JIAYAO 3-Legged Angular Steel Tower

f) Reflector Dish

The Reflector Dish provides additional system gain, enhancing range and improving
performance in nLOS and NLOS environments.

Features:
• Durable steel construction with powder-coated finish for long-term use
 • Easy installation and deployment
• The highly directive pattern provides interference rejection from adjacent sources
of noise
• Compatible with Cambium PMP 100, PMP 430, PMP 450, PTP 100 and PTP 820
radios operating in all available frequencies, except 900 MHz
• Increased gain greatly improves link quality and link stability at greater distances

g) LPU And Grounding

h) SFP Module
i) Cambium PTP 820 ground Cable for IDU and ODU

Specs: 10AWG, 150m, M28 Gland to Open End

j) TNC Male for Connector-400 braided cable

 REFERENCES

Reference for Part III:

[1] “Microwave Antenna Design Considerations.” Cadence PCB Design & Analysis.
Available:
https://resources.pcb.cadence.com/blog/2023-microwave-antenna-design-
considerations

[2] “Site Planning Consideration.” Available:

https://docstore.mik.ua/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/bbfw/ptop/p2pspg02
/spg02ch2.htm

[3] “5 Key Factors in Designing a Point to Point Microwave Link.” Vizocom Wisdom in
Communication. Available: https://www.vizocom.com/ict/5-key-factors-in-designing-
a-point-to-point-microwave-link/

[4] “Fisher Telecommunication.” - Site Selection and Preparation of a Path Profile:

https://www.scadacore.com/tools/rf-path/

[5] “RF Globalnet.” - Simplifying The Path Alignment Of Microwave Communication

Systems: https://www.rfglobalnet.com/doc/simplifying-the-path-alignment-of-
microwave-c-0001

Reference for Part IV:

[1] Mlink Planner. https://www.wireless-planning.com/free-trial-mlinkplanner

[2] GoogleMap.
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Monasteryo+de+Arayat,+Arayat,+Pampanga/43F5
%2BXCR+Banal+na+Bundok,+San+Miguel,+Bulacan/
[3] Microwave Formulas and Tables.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118636336.app1?fbclid=IwAR
0C9I2kkQyo3g7t9A-ib-P1JpCWDmAbopA8axdbtxkmQFWq4cobiilpe-8

Reference for Part V:

Santos, M.D. (2023) What is MUF: The maximum usable frequency in telecommunications,
Polaridad.es. Available at: https://polaridad.es/en/que-es-muf-la-frecuencia-
maxima-utilizable-en-telecomunicaciones/ (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Acronyms:: M-R (2013) Via Satellite. Available at:

https://www.satellitetoday.com/acronyms-acronyms3-html/ (Accessed: 24
January 2024).

Self-support tower - communication tower,Lattice tower,self-support ... Available at:

https://www.steeltowerchn.com/self-support-tower/ (Accessed: 24 January
2024).

Glossary of telecom terms :Verizon Partner Solutions | Glossary of Telecom Terms :.

Available at: https://www22.verizon.com/wholesale/glossary/Glossary-of-
Telecom-Terms-s.html (Accessed: 24 January 2024).
About Us NPL Website. Available at: https://www.npl.co.uk/about-
us#:~:text=The%20National%20Physical%20Laboratory%20(NPL,the%20intern
ational%20system%20of%20measurement. (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

What is network availability? - it glossary SolarWinds. Available at:

https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-glossary/network-availability
(Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Team, E. (2020) Everything RF, everything RF. Available at:

https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-is-signal-fading (Accessed: 24
January 2024).

Path loss definition, overview and formula (no date) Tutorialspoint. Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/path-loss-definition-overview-and-formula
(Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Waveguides: Transmission Lines: Electronics textbook. All About Circuits. Available at:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-
14/waveguides/#:~:text=A%20waveguide%20is%20a%20special,lower%20loss
%20than%20coaxial%20cables. (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Customer Resource Center Guides Guide to Repeaters (no date) Telco Antennas. Available
at: https://www.telcoantennas.com.au/guide-to-repeaters/ (Accessed: 24 January
2024).

What is a radome? Radome Services LLC. Available at:

https://www.radomeservices.com/what-is-a-radome/ (Accessed: 24 January
2024).

Azimuth (2018) Electrical School | Your Career as an Electrician. Available at:

https://electricalschool.org/azimuth/ (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Murmson, S. (2019) What does ‘geographic location’ mean?, Sciencing. Available at:
https://sciencing.com/geographic-location-mean-8667.html (Accessed: 24
January 2024).

What is Great Circle Formula? Examples. Cuemath. Available at:

https://www.cuemath.com/great-circle-formula/ (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

AmDeepTech438 (2023) What is diversity in telecommunications?, Tech Junction.

Available at: https://techjunction.co/tech-question/what-is-diversity-in-
telecommunications/ (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

AmDeepTech438 (2023) What is diversity in telecommunications?, Tech Junction.

Available at: https://techjunction.co/tech-question/what-is-diversity-in-
telecommunications/ (Accessed: 24 January 2024).

Reference for Part VI:

[1] “PTP 850S - English,” English, Oct. 18, 2023.

Available:
https://www.cambiumnetworks.com/products/backh
aul/ptp-850s/
[2] “Cambium PTP 850 2’ ANT,SP,18GHz,RFU-C TYPE&UBR220,” ISP Supplies.
Available: https://www.ispsupplies.com/Cambium-Networks-N180082D052A

[3] “WR51 | WG19 | R180 - Rectangular WaveGuide Size.”

Available: https://www.everythingrf.com/tech-
resources/waveguides-sizes/wr51

[4] “LL142 Low Loss Flexible Coax Cable FEP Jacket.” Available:
https://www.fairviewmicrowave.com/ll142-low-loss-flexible-coax-cable-fep-
jacket-ll142-bulk- p.aspx

[5] “PTP 820/850 ACCESSORIES GUIDE,” Cambium Networks. Available:

https://www.cambiumnetworks.com/wp-
content/uploads/Cambium_Networks_PTP820_850Guide_v2.pdf

[6] "PTP 820 REMEC Adaptor Installation Guide." Available:

https://www.winncom.com/pdf/Cambium_PTP820_REMEC_Adaptor/Cambium_P
TP820_REMEC_Adaptor_Installation_Guide.pdf

[7] "Full Manual Installation Guide PTP 820S." Cambium Netrworks. Available:
PTP-820S-Installation-Guide_phn-3972_004v001.pdf

[8] "PTP 820S Licensed Microwave Radio." Data Sheet. Available:

https://brandcentral.cambiumnetworks.com/m/772c4e508d21a3e3/original/Ca
mbium_Networks_data_sheet_PTP_820S.pdf

[9] "Reflector Dish." Available:

https://www.cambiumnetworks.com/products/pmp-distribution/reflector-dish/