STAGE PURPOSE TIME CHEMICAL CHEMICAL

NAME FUNCTION
MP AP

WETTING Swells the 15s (skipped) Water Allows chemical

emulsion penetration

DEVELOPING Produce 5 min 22s Hydroquinone Reducing or

visible image developing
agent, build
black tones

Phenidone Reducing or
developing
agent, builds
gray tones

Potassium Restrainer,
Bromide Prevents over-
development

Glutaraldehyde Hardener,
controls the
emulsion
swelling

Sodium Carbonate Activator,

maintains
alkalinity

Sodium Sulfite Preservative,

reduces
oxidation

Chelates Sequestering
agent, removes
metallic ions

Water Solvent

RINSING Stops 30s (skipped) Water Stops the

(stop bath) development development
and removes action
excess
chemicals

FIXING Removes 15 22s Acetic Acid Acidifier,

remaining min Neutralizes the
silver halide developer
crystals and action
hardens the
gelatin Ammonium Fixing Agent,
Thiosulfate Clears away the
unexposed
halide crystals
 Potassium Alum Hardener,
Shrinks and
hardens the
emulsion

Sodium Sulfite Preservative,

maintains
chemical
balance

Acetate Buffer, controls

Ph value

Boric Acids Sequestering

agent, removes
metallic ions

Water Solvent

WASHING Removes 20 20s Water Removes excess

excess min chemicals
chemicals

DRYING Removes 30 26s Removes excess

excess water min water