A festival can be considered a combination of material and non-material culture.

On the material side, festivals often involve physical elements such as decorations, costumes,
props, structures, and artistic creations. These tangible components contribute to the visual
aesthetics and atmosphere of the festival. For example, during cultural or religious festivals,
people may decorate their homes, streets, or public spaces with specific colors, symbols, or
traditional ornaments. Parades, processions, and performances may involve elaborate
costumes, masks, musical instruments, floats, and other physical representations that add to
the festive experience.

However, festivals are primarily rooted in non-material culture. They are a manifestation of
intangible aspects such as traditions, rituals, customs, beliefs, and values. Festivals often
commemorate important historical, religious, or cultural events and hold symbolic meanings
within a particular community. They reflect shared experiences, cultural identities, and social
cohesion. Non-material aspects of festivals include ceremonies, prayers, songs, dances,
storytelling, myths, and other cultural expressions that are passed down through generations.

Overall, while festivals have material components, their essence lies in the non-material culture
that encompasses the beliefs, practices, and symbolic meanings associated with these events.

Food can be considered both material and non-material culture.

In terms of material culture, food refers to the tangible and physical aspects related to the
production, preparation, and consumption of food. This includes ingredients, cooking utensils,
cooking methods, and even physical structures like kitchens, food markets, and restaurants.
Material culture encompasses the physical artifacts and objects associated with food and its
production.

On the other hand, food also represents non-material culture. Non-material culture refers to the
intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, customs, and traditions. In the case of
food, this includes culinary practices, food-related rituals, cultural beliefs and taboos around
food, traditional recipes, and the social meanings and associations attached to certain foods.
Non-material culture encompasses the knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors that are transmitted
through social learning and shape how individuals and communities interact with food.

Therefore, food is a unique cultural phenomenon that encompasses both material and
non-material aspects, as it involves both tangible artifacts and intangible practices, beliefs, and
traditions.