GLOBALIZATION
 best model of globalization is cellphone, because it
lets you connect with the rest of the world and
developed by other countries, maaaring sa atin lang
ang electronic parts (top export of Philippines is
electrical components)
 to globalize (the emergence of an international
network of economic systems)
 it is the process of interaction (started because of
economic interest) and integration among the
people, companies, and government of different
nations (exchange of values, stories, knowledge)
 the moment we started going beyond, (na kahit
walang idea sa country na ‘yon, nakikipag-barter sa
ibang country), trading of sources, that’s the first
process of globalization
Manfred Steger - pinapalawak ng globalization ‘yong
range natin when it comes to social interaction
 the expansion and intensification of the social
relations and consciousness
 interconnected of people from different countries
 “we are not just aware of the Philippines, but also
the world beyond Philippines”
Thomas Larsson - ‘yong globalization na ginagawa
natin, pinapaliit niya ‘yong mundo natin (shrinkage)
 it is the process of world shrinkage, of distance
getting shorter, things moving closer
 parang ang lapit lang ng Canada because of social
media and technology; or the information is
transferred so easily
 parang ang lapit lang ng China kasi ilang days lang
ay dumating na ang Shopee order
Martin Khor - he regarded globalization as colonization
on the mid-1990s
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Globalization
 movement of human resources (we always see
them in terms of their services)
 interconnectedness of economies and companies
all over the world
 talks about allocation, distribution, production,
manufacturing of goods and services, and even the
movement of information and technology, and its
interconnection with other economies all around the
globe
 talks about resources, anything that has value
 through trade and exchange of resources
 widespread international movements of goods,
services, capital, and technology and information
 primarily comprises the globalization of product,
finance, markets, technology, organizational
regimes, institutions, corporations, and labour
 e.g., migration, call center, BPO
2. Social Globalization
 movement of people as themselves and their
identity more than what their job is
 human interaction within cultural communities,
encompassing topics like family, religion, work,
values, and education
 social interaction (interaction between two or more
individuals; contributes to the social relationship of
those people or to the society)
 when the social interaction happens between
groups of people or individuals that transcends the
border of the country, meaning it goes beyond the
country and moves globally
 it does not require an individual to move one place
to another to be able to socially influence other
groups or individuals
 global interconnectedness of people and the
society, values and culture
 measure of how society information and ideas pass
before people in their own country and between
different countries
 e.g., bl, same sex marriage
3. Political Globalization
 amount of political co-operation that exist between
different countries
 interconnected of representatives of the people in
their country (in the form of the government)
 governments, interacting with each other
 refers to the growth of the worldwide political
system, both in size and complexity
 organization of different countries into trade blocs
THE TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 Broad & Inclusive (OHMAE 1992)
 shrinkage, expansion of social relations
 e.g., anything that grows (living things)
 inaccurate; encompass anything
 globalization means the onset of the borderless
world (it attempts to erase the border–physical
border or legal border)
 can see from a more perspective point of
reference when it comes to how we all become
connected to each other
 it does have a potential to neglect its own
constitute at certain time
 Narrow & Exclusive (ROBERT COX)
 more specific
 would require you to be exhausted
 accurate but not all is included
 focuses on the one spot, particularly its own
 e.g., internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor (hunger games:
each district provides different resources), new
migratory movements from South to North, the
new competitive environment that accelerates
these processes, and the internationalizing of
the state (it doesn’t mention the transfer of
culture, social interactions)
 it has a very limited point of view because of the
lack of reference. it fails to recognize the role
of other parties as a potential partner
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Liberalization
 removing of limitations (removing of taxes and
regulations)
 stands for the freedom of the entrepreneur to
establish any industry or trade (tariff–additional
fee; and quota–maximum number of items––
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
 liberalization tries to remove these two) or
business venture, within their own countries or
abroad or in short “removing of controls”
 contrasted with conservatism or authoritarian
 context of economics (less controlled by the
government – ikaw bahala lahat)
 positive side: the reason why we enjoy shopee,
netflix, amazon (because other countries open
their borders to us)
2. Free Trade
 it stands for free flow of trade (no tariff and
quota) relations among all the nations
 a free trade agreement is a pact between two or
more nations to reduce barriers to imports and
exports among them.
 under a free trade policy, goods and services
can be bought and sold across international
borders with little or no government tariffs,
quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions to inhibit their
exchange.
 singapore - pinakamalakas na ekonomiya sa
southeast asia because they allow free trade to
happen in their ports
3. Economic Activities
 these are to be governed by the domestic
market and also the world market
 it stands for the process of integrating the
domestic economy with world economies
 International Trade – it is an exchange
involving a good or service conducted between
at least two different countries; exchange of
capital and goods in the global market
 Production – it is a process of transforming
tangible and intangible inputs into goods or
services.
 Workforce – it is the number of people who are
employed plus the unemployed who are
looking for work. the labor pool does not
include the jobless who aren’t looking for work.
 Investment – it is an asset or item accrued with
the goal of generating income or recognition.
4. Import and Export
 it stands for liberating the import-export activity
and securing a free flow of goods and services
across borders
5. Privatization
 it is a way to equalize the proper distribution of
goods and services not only within one’s
jurisdiction but also outside to avoid that
instance of concentration of goods in the
hands of one person
 contrasted with public property (this is how
civilization started)
 “akin ‘tong lupang ito, akin ‘tong bahay na ‘to,
ako ang bahala dito”
 allow people to use their property the way they
want
 binabawasan ang controls sa private properties
6. Increased Collaborations
 encouraging the process of collaborations
among the entrepreneurs with a view to secure
rapid modernization, development and
technological advancement
 to unite civilization and forces
7. Economic Reforms
 encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a
view to give strength to free world trade, free
enterprise, and market forces.
 to freely protect every country in their
international transactions, reforms are
considered.
 allowing foreigners or alien to own the
businesses fully for them to increase their
investment, instead of “majority of the business
must owned by a Filipino”
 e.g., allowing international trade,
internationalizing of production,
internationalizing of sharing of work forces
Anti-Globalization
 many anti-globalism activists see globalization
as the promotion of a Corporatist agenda,
which is intent on constricting the freedoms of
individuals in the name of profit
 they also claim that increasing autonomy and
strength of corporate entities increasingly
shape the political policy of nation-states
 globalization imposes credit-based economics,
resulting in unsustainable growth of debt and
debt crises
Pro-Globalization
 economic theories such as comparative
advantage suggests that free trade leads to a
more efficient allocation of resources, with all
those involved in the trade benefiting
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION (something beneficial or
anything that will advance our interest)
1. Peaceful Relations
 most of the countries have resorted to trade
relations with each other in order to boost their
economy, leaving behind any bitter past
experiences if any
 state of nature (the purge––anything is legal;
political realism–contrasted with political
liberalism; political liberalism–inherently good)
– absence of security
 dahil sa globalization, hindi na nag-away-away
ang mga bansa or limited ang away
 neoliberalism – people are self-interested yet
rational; economic interdependence –
economies are dependent to each other (its
relation to peaceful relations is the deterrence–
–the inhibition of criminal behavior by fear––for
countries to engage in aggressive behavior
against other countries)
 e.g., our economies are dependent to each
other so kapag you’re bad to me, you won’t be
getting any resources from me
 interstate integration – political motivation for
peace, such as the formation of political
organization in the form of intergovernmental
organizations. for example, united nations.
(since we are economic interdependent, there
are intergovernmental organizations that
supply us economically)
 bipolar system – alliances of countries
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
2. Employment
 considered as one of the most crucial
advantages, globalization has led to the
generation of numerous employment
opportunities.
 companies are moving towards the developing
countries to acquire labor force.
 along with modernization is the goal of
developing the economic status of a nation.
 e.g., outsourcing, labor export
3. Education
 a very critical advantage that has sided the
population is the spread of education
 with numerous educational institutions around
the globe, one can move out from the home
country for better opportunities elsewhere
 the existence of economic goals must always be
coupled with honing one’s mind
 therefore, educational institutions are needed to
support this claim
 along with modernization, it is no longer
impossible for people around the globe to
develop themselves as we have institutions
ready to support us holistically
 because of internet, we can also study even
during the pandemic
4. Product Quality
 the product quality has been enhanced so as to
retain the customers
 today the customers may compromise with the
price range but not with the quality of the
product
 low or poor quality can adversely affect
customer satisfaction
 a very good example is our conception as to
Chinese products
 if we are to compare it with products of other
countries, we commonly say that Chinese
products are of poor quality and that of US
products fully satisfy our standards
 this is just a clear indication that modernization
or globalization made us more of a wise buyer
 free market – anyone can enter any business
(laissez faire – low government control); it
improves product quality to ensure that buyers
will buy it, or the price will be cheaper
 globalization supports less regulation, less taxes
 cut throat competition (demerit) – improving the
business to ensure that they are the best one
that leads to consumers’ benefit, while it is the
little businesses’ loss and often will lead to
monopoly (if there is one producer and the
product is in demand, the producer has the
power to dictate whatever the price would be,
and the consumer has no other choice to buy)
5. Cheaper Price
 11. External Borrowing
6. Better Communication
 every single information is easily accessible
from almost every corner of the world
circulation of information is no longer a tedious
task, and can happen a second
 the internet has significantly affected the global
economy, thereby providing direct access to
information and products
 for example, messenger or facebook can give
us information as to what is happening on the
other side of the world (without even travelling)
7. Transportation
 considered as the wheel of every business
organization, connectivity to various parts of
the world is no more a serious problem
 today with various modes of transportation
available, one can conveniently deliver the
products to a customer located at any part of
the world
 in the past, there are no airplanes, vessels, or
any means of transportation. however, with the
advent of technology, people can travel
worldwide
8. GDP Increase
 gross domestic product, commonly known as
gdp, is the money value of the final goods and
services produced within the domestic territory
of the country during an accounting year
(made in philippines, pilipino man o hindi)
 naturally, this is because of the chances given
to a country to freely trade their local products
 the more transaction a country can get, either
locally or internationally, can greatly affect its
gdp
 gross national product – gawa ng pilipino kahit
saang bansa man siya
 for example, i have the means to produce a
product that i want since i have assets of those
markets abroad due to globalization, there is
indeed a gdp increase.
 export oriented – gdp increase can happen
 import dependent – gdp increase may not
happen, because they receive products more
from other countries than they create
themselves
9. Travel and Tourism
 globalization has promoted tourism to great
heights
 international trade among different countries
also helps in increasing the number of tourists
that visit different places around the world
 this is possible by way of locally introducing the
tourist spots of a country by means of
technology
 for example, “it’s more fun in the philippines.”
here, they promote tourism through facebook,
instagram, twitter, and other social acts that
helps us to boost tourism
 this is best highlighted and understood during
pandemic
10. Free Trade
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Health Issues
 globalization has given rise to more health risks
and presents new threats and challenges for
epidemics
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
  for example, during pandemic, government in
the philippines refused to shutdown our
airports kaya mas lumala ang covid here sa
philippines.
2. Loss of Culture
 with large number of people moving into and out
of a country, the culture takes a backseat
 people may adapt to the culture of the resident
country
 they tend to follow the foreign culture more,
forgetting their own roots
 culture – it is the collection of norms, traditions,
values, languages that are attached or
traceable to the identity of a community; ethnic
 may mga countries na mas nagc-consume ng
culture coming from abroad more than they
consume their own locally conceived traditions
 for example, when we patronized movies, music,
books coming from outside the philippines,
maaaring malaos ang iba na locally produced
 western culture hegemony – mas dominant ang
isa that it can influence others; we tend to
focus less on our own culture
3. Uneven Wealth Distribution
 it is said that the rich are getting richer while the
poor are getting poorer (...because of access
to most things)
 in the real sense, globalization has not been
able to reduce poverty
 most businesses are owned by the rich people
and has more access so their businesses can
keep growing, but it doesn’t solve any poverty
because as their businesses keep growing, the
small businesses only have a small chance of
growing since they don’t have that much
access as those rich people.
4. Environment Degradation
 the industrial revolution has changed the outlook
of the economy
 industries are using natural resources by means
of mining, drilling, etc. which puts a burden on
the environment
 the establishment of different infrastructures will
always lead to risking the environment as we
will be needing space for the organization of
this
 sometimes, these spaces considered our forest
and different land forms which are essential to
ecosystem
 because we are free to do whatever we want
(we can own property, such as factories and
resources––we can buy property, lot, land), we
are allowed to use them the way we want to
use it. globalization allows us to use those
things in a very fast manner, ang nangyayari
ngayon is it hastens, encourages, fastens the
production process––production of CO2,
consumption of energy, ginagamit na gas sa
transportation ng goods––in a way that the
environment will be endanger(?)
5. Disparity - the core-semi-periphery-periphery model
6. Conflicts
 it has misinterpretation that it leads to war
7. Cut-throat Competition
ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Cultural Globalization
 it is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and
values around the world in such a way as to extend
and intensify social relations
 this process is marked by the common
consumption of cultures that have been diffused by
the internet, popular culture media, and
international travel
 it involves the spread of language, the arts, food,
business ideas and technology, and therefore its
impact is felt by almost everybody around the world
 e.g., mcdonalds, saying annyeong in the philippines
2. Financial Globalization
 it is the emergence of worldwide financial markets
and better access to external financing corporate,
national and sub-national borrowers
 e.g., some projects in the ph were sponsored by
foreign investors
3. Industrial Globalization
 specialization may be referred to as the
phenomenon of producing only that product in
which the country has competitive advantage in
terms of cost
 it benefits those countries who have the capital to
produce output
 it is like a shared responsibility among the
community
 industrial goods - purchased by organizations for
use either in other products or in their operations
 specialization - the phenomenon of producing only
that in which the country has competitive advantage
in terms of cost
4. Informational Globalization
 this had the greatest impact on the world today
 information - transferred from mouth to ear, and it
can be updated and updated and updated
 e.g., internet, television, telephone, fax
5. Ecological Globalization
 it refers to global environmental issues including
population growth, access to food, worldwide
reduction in biodiversity, the gap between rich and
poor, human-induced climate change, and global
environmental degradation
6. Economic Globalization
 economic mixing and interdependence of
economies across the world through as escalation
of cross-cultural of movement of goods and
services
7. Globalization and the Politics
8. Globalization with technology
9. Geographical Globalization - can travel w/o dangers
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
 A metaphor involves the use of one term to better
help us understand another term.
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
 “solid” - to describe epochs before the era of
globalization
 “liquid” - to describe the global world
1. Solidity
 it refers to the barriers that prevent or make difficult
the movement of things, it can be either or natural
or man-made
 stops globalization
 natural solids: land forms, bodies of water
 man-made barriers: great wall of china, berlin wall,
nine-dash line, laws on migration, tariff tax, no
internet
2. Liquid
 it refers to increasing ease of the movement of
people, things, information and places in the
contemporary world
 it changes quickly and their aspect, spatial, and
temporal are continuous fluctuation
 their movement is difficult to stop
 it erode solid
 e.g., a video became viral, decline (if not, death of
the nation-state)
 best describes globalization
FLOWS OF GLOBALIZATION
 flows are the movement of people, things, places
and information brought by the growing “porosity”
(maraming butas, easy to break) of global
limitations
 transfer of culture and information
 e.g., foods are being globalized for eating some
foreign cuisines, global financial crisis
1. Cultural Flows
 it refer to the different “objects, skills, beliefs and
practices” from different parts of the world that
travel around
 this can be music, food, religious beliefs, languages,
clothing, foreign films, etc.
 e.g., american music and films are listened and
watched by a lot of people across the world
2. Information Flows
 it refer to the flow of information across the world
 e.g., google search
CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization is a Process
 Globalization - a set of social processes that appear
to transform our present social condition of
weakening nationality into one globality
 anything that contributes to that integration, the
removal of solids, the facility (making it easier) of
transfer of goods, services and information
2. Globalization as a Condition
 what allows globalization to achieve ideology
 e.g., the nature of globalization
3. Globalization as an Ideology
 Global Imaginary - group of beliefs you want to
happen; people are gradually develop this
consciousness kung saan they’re not just
concerned of themselves and we try to imagine
people really connected, transcending the borders
of their nation
 e.g., walang iba’t ibang nationality (globalization)
 six core claims
 it is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets
 inevitable and irreversible
 nobody is in charge of globalization
 globalization benefits everyone
 spread of democracy
 globalization requires a global war on terror
THEORITICAL PARADIGMS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Core Nations
 powerful and developed centers of the system
 high income
 industrialized
 control global markets
 have skilled labor force (they outsource their labors)
 need labor and natural resources
 already have an equipment and own capital
 those who are able to exploit semi-periphery and
periphery nations (nag-colonize)
 e.g., USA, Singapore, UK, Japan, Western Europe,
North America
2. Semi-periphery Nations
 combination of core and periphery nations
 previously in the core, or previously in the periphery
 middle income
 industrializing
 mostly capitalist
 share characteristics of core and periphery
countries
 moving toward becoming core nations
3. Periphery Nations
 regions that have been forcibly subordinated to the
core through colonialism or other means
 low income
 less skilled labor force
 don’t have the equipment to transform their own
goods into final goods, thus they export labor and
natural resources, core nations send money
 need investment from other countries
 e.g., more on Southeast Asia, Philippines, Africa,
America, Spanish-Filipino-Americans
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
Economy
 it is the large set of inter-related production,
consumption, and exchange activities that aid in
determining how scarce resources are allocated
 anything about production, distribution,
consumption of resources (knowledge, labor), and
exchange of goods (tangible things) and services
(electricity, any access to the internet,
pagpapagupit, health care, education; there’s
always consumption of resources)
Global Economy
 the sum of activities that take place both within a
country and between different countries and
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
 traditional geographic boundaries did not restrict
economic transactions and consumer activities
 in a way that is globalized
 activities of countries, between countries
 talks about the activities of countries and how they
interact with each other
 transactions happen between and within countries,
operation of intergovernmental organizations
Economics
 study of how humans make decisions in the face of
scarcity
 scarcity - human wants for goods, services and
resources exceed what is available
 time - ultimate scarce resource
 study of whatever economy is
 we try to understand the distribution with one given
assumption (hindi infinite ang resources so there is
a need to understand how globalization produce,
consume it, how much do we sell it, how much
conditions interact)
Major Types of Economics
1. Microeconomics
 behavior of individual consumers and producers
 how much income
 do they produce goods
 basically in the individual or family level
 lower than municipal
2. Macroeconomics
 examines overall economies on a regional, national,
or international scale
 addresses why some countries grow faster than
others, and have higher standards of living than
others
 aggregate form; pinagsama-sama
 describes the economy in its macro sense
 focus of globalization
 e.g., unemployment rate, gdp, inflation used by
government to address problems
Major Goals of Macroeconomics
 Economic Growth - GDP performance
 Full Employment - employment rate (talks about
people who are in the labor force; they must not be
underemployed; there must have a livable wage)
 Stable Prices - inflation (gaano karaming goods
ang kayang ma-acquire ng currency? if bumaba
ang number of goods, there’s inflation)
International Trade
 the exchange of goods and services across
national borders or territories
 this activity allows greater competition and
competitive pricing in the market
 it allows countries to expand their markets for both
goods and services that otherwise may not have
been available domestically
 internationalization of production
Theories of International Trade
 mercantilism - power depends on wealth
 absolute advantage theory - meron siyang
pwedeng ibenta na wala sa kahit sino in exchange
of sagot
 comparative advantage theory - mas mahaba,
mas malinis ang one fourth paper niya kaysa sa
one fourth paper ng iba
 purchasing power parity theory (gustav cassel) -
to prevail equilibrium, a single currency in
circulation is indispensably necessary
Economic Basis of Trade
 different nations are endowed with various kinds
and amounts of natural resources
 various nations have different specializations
 the production of varied goods and services require
different combinations of economic resources and
particular technology
geographical determinism - a countries’ fate could be
influenced by location, structure
e.g., singapore served as stopover
Regulation or Control Placed on Trade (as forms of
protectionism)
Tariff - tax imposed; increases price
Quota - quantity limit
Subsidy - for local producers to be more competitive
Export Subsidy - to avail priority attention
Factors that affect the economic development of a
country
1. Human Resource
 refers to one of the most important determinants of
economic growth of a country or vice versa
 philippines’ advantage
 dependent on its skills, creative abilities, training,
and education
2. Natural Resource
 naturally occurring without the facility of human
equipment
 they could act as raw materials or finished goods,
but we lack on equipment or capital to transform
those resources into finished goods
 malaking bagay siya to capitalize on
 dependent on the climatic and environmental
conditions
 the efficient utilization or exploitation of natural
resources depends on the skills and abilities of
human resource, technology used and availability
of funds
3. Capital Formation
 not just money, it also includes equipment
 very present in singpaore and south korea
 we lack on this here in the philippines
4. Technological Development
 the act of investing on research and development
 in agriculture, investing in genetically modified
organisms
notes by frey angeleigh galvezo
 the development on research, how to make things
automated, how to make the our products last
longer
 technology - involves application of scientific
methods and production techniques
 technology - nature and type of technical
instruments used by a certain amount of labor
 helps in increasing productivity with the limited
amount of resources
5. Social and Political Factors
 includes religious and cultural views
 e.g., GMO, dapat filipino lang ang magtayo ng
businesses sa philippines
 political factors - kapag hindi sila competent
 social factors - customs, traditions, values and
beliefs, which contribute to the growth of an
economy to a considerable extent
 political factors - participation of government in
formulating and implementing various policies
Free Trade Issues
 protectionism - policies that protect local
industries from foreign industries; made in four
ways: tariff, quota (amount of products that can be
imported or exported),
 economic nationalism - nationalism (you love
your country more than any country) contrasts
patronism (you love your country); prioritization
International Financial Institution - to promote
economic development
World Bank - planning and financing for economic
development
International Monetary Fund - cooperative institution
that lends money to members having trouble meeting
financial obligations

World Economy
 division of labor
 enables workers to focus on specific tasks to
increase overall efficiency
 geoculture
 common cultural patters; neither political nor
cultural homogeneity is to be expected or can
be found in a world-economy
 exchange of basic or essential goods and glows of
capital and labor
 governed by political units
 the european union
 the asia-pacific economic cooperation

Capitalism
 Adam Smith - father of modern capitalism
 Francois Quesnay - principal founder of the
physiocratic school
 decentralized economic system
 free-market
 where economic globalization is founded
 communism (opposite of privatization) - it is always
interpreted side by side to capitalism (privatization);
communally owned
 privatizing industry
 they don’t need government
 less government control

Indicators of Macroeconomics
 economic recession - downturn in real gross
national product; decline in economic activity
 economic depression - long-term decline sa GNP;
extreme recession that lasts three or more years

World’s Major Free Trade Areas

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) -
canada, mexico, usa (wala nang nafta ngayon daw);
AFTA (Association of Southeast Asian Nations Free
Trade Area) - post colonization
EU (European Union) - 28 member countries

notes by frey angeleigh galvezo