GLOBALIZATIO

N CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 1
GLOBALIZATIO
N
 Globalization Concepts, Meanings,
Features, and Dimensions
Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout the
world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world's cultures, governments and
economies .

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided
by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies
around the world .

Globalization is about growing worldwide connectivity.

 There were similarities in features of those prevailing wave of
globalization before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914
to the current wave. There is an increase cross border- trade,
investment, and migration due to policy and technical
developments in the past few decades. It is in the area of
economic development that observers believe the world has
entered a new phase. Today’s globalization is farther faster,
cheaper, and deeper in compared to earlier wave of globalization.
 One principal driver of globalization is technology. Economic
life is dramatically transformed by advancement in information
technology. All sorts of individual economic actors like
consumers, investors, and businesses which are valuable new tools
for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including
faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the
world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung
partners are provided by information technologies
 Globalization is the process of integration of economies
across the world through cross-border flow of factors product
and information . According to the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) globalization is the growing economic
interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing
volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and
services and of international capital flows and also through the
more rapid and wide diffusion of technology.
 Globalization is an expansion, and
intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world time and world
space. It is about growing worldwide
connectivity according to Steger.
 Globalization is considered a multi-dimensional process
involving economic, political, technological, cultural,
religious and ecological dimensions. It suggests a dynamic
process of change that results in either positive or negative
development. It leads to the creation of something new; it
involves the multiplication of social connections and various
activities that transgress traditional and political, economic,
cultural and geographical lines
 Attributes, Qualities or Characteristics of
Globalization

1. It involves both the creation of new social networks and

the multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional, political, economic, cultural, and geographical
boundaries.
2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of
social relations, activities, and connections

3. Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of

social exchanges and activities

4. Globalization processes do not occur merely or an objective, material

level but they also involve the subjective plane of human
consciousness. Without erasing local and national attachments, the
compression of the world into a single place has increasingly made
global the frame of reference for human thought and action.
 Historical Periods of Globalization
❑ The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500 BCE) In this earliest phase of
globalization, contacts among hunters and gatherers – who were spread around the
world – were geographically limited. In this period due to absence of advanced forms
of technology, globalization was severely limited.

❑ The Pre-modern Period (3500 BCE- 1500 CE) In this period the invention of
writing and the wheel were great social and technological boosts that moved
globalization to a new level. The invention of wheel in addition to roads made the
transportation of people and goods more efficient. On the other hand writing
facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions
❑ The Early Modern Period (1500-1750) It is the period between the
Enlightenment and the Renaissance. In this period, European Enlightenment
project tried to achieve a universal form of morality and law. This with the
emergence of European metropolitan centers and unlimited material
accumulation which led to the capitalist world system helped to strengthen
globalization.

❑ The Modern Period (1750-1970) Innovations in transportation and

communication technology, population explosion, and increase in migration
led to more cultural exchanges and transformation in traditional social
patterns. Process of industrialization also accelerated
❑ The Contemporary Period (from 1970 to present) The
creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide
interdependencies occurred in a dramatic way and it was a
kind of leap in the history of globalization.
 Dimensions of Globalization
1. Economic Dimension This refers to the extensive development of
economic relations across the globe as a result of technology and the enormous
flow of capital that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods .

❑ Major players in the current century’s global economic order

▪ Huge international corporations (General Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
❑ International Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank, The World Trade Organization)
❑ Trading Systems
2. Political Dimension This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of
political interrelations across the globe.

3. Cultural Dimension This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural

flows across the globe. Cultural interconnections are at the foundations of
contemporary globalization.

4. Religious Dimension Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of

attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an
acknowledged ultimate reality or deity . It is the most important defining
element of any civilization as contrasted with race, language, or way of life.
5. Ideological Dimensions Ideology is a system of widely shared
ideas, beliefs, norms and values among a group of people. It is
often used to legitimize certain political interests or to defend
dominant power structures. Ideology connects human actions with
some generalized claims .Globalization is a social process of
intensifying global interdependence while globalism is an ideology
that gives the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to
globalization.
 MARKET
INTEGRATION
Chapter 2: Lesson 2
 Market integration occurs when
prices among different locations or
related goods follow similar patterns
over a long period of time.
 Groups of goods often move
proportionally to each other and when
this relation is very clear among different
markets it is said that the markets are
integrated.
 Integrated marketing allows you to spread your
marketing messages across multiple channels and
increases the chances of it being heard. Best of all
customers engaged through multiple channels tend
to spend more than other customers. Therefore
spreading your marketing message can increase
your return on investment.
Colonization and imperialism rose as
the new ways of putting order to the
economic interrelationships among
countries.
 --
Through colonialism, equity, corporate
ownership, management subsidiaries, and
central headquarters which supply goods
and services were establish through
colonialism.
 ▪ Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa (BRICS) is an acronym for the
combined economies of Brazil, Russia,
India, China and South Africa. BRIC,
BRICS without South Africa, was originally coined
in 2003 by Goldman Sachs, which
Economies speculates that by 2050 these four
economies will be the most dominant. South
Africa was added to the list on April 13,
2011 creating "BRICS"
 ▪The General Agreement on Trade
in Services (GATS) is the first
General multilateral agreement covering
Agreement on
trade in services which was
Trade in
negotiated during the last round of
Services
multilateral trade negotiations,
(GATS)
called the Uruguay Round, and
came into force in 1995.
 ▪deals with trade in goods. The two
primary objectives of GATTS are
General to ensure that all signatories are
Agreement on
treated equitably when accessing
Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) foreign markets; and second, to
promote progressive liberalization
of trade
THANK YOU !
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
DEFINING “INTERSTATE”

A system of unequally powerful and

competing states in which no single state is
capable of imposing control on all others.
These states are in interaction with one
another in a set of shifting alliance and wars
and changes in relative power of states
upsets any temporary set of alliances,
leading to restructuring of balance of power”
DEFINING “STATE”

States are independent political

communities each of which possesses a
government and assert sovereignty in
relation to a particular portion of the
earth’s surface and particular segment
of human population (Hedley Bull)”
NATION

•The concept of nation emphasizes the

organic ties that hold groups of people
together and inspire a sense of loyalty
and belonging – i.e., ethnicity,
language, religion, and others
(Schattle, 2014)
 STATE NATION

•A legal and political • A socio-cultural entity

entity • Linked to a group people
•Linked to a territory • May exist even w/o
sovereignty
•Exist with sovereignty
• Can be created
•Established consciously unconsciously
•United by law • United by bond and shared
history
NATION-STATE

•This refers to modern countries and their

political apparatuses rules over a single
nation.

•It is a political community that emanates

from civic society to legitimately execute
peace.
The State and the Economic Interdependence

• The belief that globalization imposes a forced choice

upon states either to conform to free market principles
or run the risk of being left behind is termed into a
phrase called “Golden Straitjacket”
• There are two things that will happen if a country is in
Golden Straitjacket: the economy grows and politics
shrinks. It is a straitjacket because it narrows the
political and economic policy choices of those in power
to relatively tight parameters
Neoliberalism
• the intensification of the influence and dominance of
capital.
• It values market exchange capable of acting as a guide to
all human action.
• It emphasizes the significance of contractual relations in
the marketplace.
• the social good will be maximized by maximizing the
reach and frequency market transactions
Economic sovereignty
•the power or national governments to make
decisions independently of those made by
other governments. There are four diff.
concepts of sovereignty. 1. International
legal Sovereignty, 2. Westphalian
Sovereignty, 3. Interdependence
Sovereignty and 4. Domestic Sovereignty.
World’s three leading financial institutions.

1. World Bank (WB)- The international financial institution that provides

loans to countries of the world for capital projects. It was established by
the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference or the Bretton
Woods conference.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)- It does so in three ways: keeping
track of the global economy and the economies of member countries;
lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving
practical help to member
3. World Trade Organization (WTO)-regulates international trades deals
with the rule of trade between nations, ensure the trade will flows
smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. Act as forum in negotiation
trade agreements
European integration

is the process of industrial, political, legal,

economic, social and cultural integration of
states wholly or partially in Europe. European
integration has primarily come about through
the European Union and its policies
European Union (EU)

• is an international organization
comprising 28 European countries and
governing common economic, social,
and security policies
Economic Integration

•can be described as a process and a means by which a

group of countries strives to increase their level of
welfare.
•It is an arrangement between different regions that
often includes the reduction or elimination of trade
barriers, and the coordination of monetary and fiscal
policies.
Seven Stages of Economic Integration

1. Preferential trading area (PTA

2. Free trade area
3. Customs union
4. Common market
5. Economic union
6. Economic and monetary union
7. Complete economic integration
Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs)

•happens when there’s an agreement on reducing

or eliminating tariff (tax or duty to be paid on a
particular class of imports or exports) barriers on
selected goods imported from other members of
countries within the geographical region or areas.
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

•eliminate import tariffs as well as import

quotas between signatory countries. These
agreements can be limited to a few sectors
or can encompass all aspects of
international trade.
Custom Union

•Removal of tariff barriers between

members, together with the acceptance of
a common or unified external tariff against
non-members
Common Market (CM)

•All barriers to the mobility of people, capital and

other resources within the area in question, as
well as eliminating non-tariff barriers to trade,
such as the regulatory treatment of product
standards are removed by CM aside from
containing the provisions of a customs union.
Economic Union

•The trading bloc that has both a common

market between members, and a common
trade policy towards non-members,
although members are free to pursue
independent macro-economic policies
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

•involves a single economic market, a

common trade policy, a single currency and
a common monetary policy.
Complete Economic Integration

•the final stage of economic integration in

which member states completely forego
independence of both monetary and fiscal
policies.
Political integration

•refers to the integration of components within

political systems; the integration of political
systems with economic, social, and other human
systems; and the political processes by which
social, economic, and political systems become
integrated
Theories of European Integration
Neo-functionalism
• This theory focuses on the supranational institutions of the EU
of which the main driving forces of integration are interest
group activity at the European and national levels, political
party activity, and the role of governments and supranational
institutions.
• It is a theory of regional integration, building on the work of
Ernst B. Haas, an American political scientist and Leon
Lindberg, also an American political scientist.
Intergovernmentalism
•This theory provides a conceptual explanation of
the European integration process. The main
concept of the Intergovernmentalism is
emphasizing on the role of national states in the
European integration; in another words it argues
that "European integration is driven by the
interest and actions of nation states" . This theory
was suggested by Stanley Hoffmann
Liberal Intergovernmentalism

•Application of rational institutionalism to

the field of European integration is the aim
of this theory.
Multi-level Governance (MLG)

•Writers Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks

defined MLG as dispersion of authority
across multiple levels of political
governance.
Transnational Activism in States
Transnational activism

•defined as the mobilization of collective claims by

actors located in more than one country and/or
addressing more than one national government
and/or international governmental organization
or another international actor.
Social Movement
•is a type of group action. It refers to the
organizational structures and strategies that
may empower oppressed populations to
mount effective challenges and resist the
more powerful and advantaged elites".
Global Justice Movement
•describes the loose collection of individuals
and groups often referred to as a
“movement of movements”, who advocate
fair trade rules and are negative to current
institutions of global economics such as the
World Trade Organization
New Transnational Activism

• is as multifaceted as the internationalism. Although

globalization and global neo-liberalism are frames
around which many activists mobilize, the protests
and organizations are not the product of a global
imaginary but of domestically rooted activists who are
the connective tissue of the global and the local,
working as activators, brokers and advocates for
claims both domestic and international
Social Media and the State
•Social media is a computer-based
technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas and information and the building of
virtual networks and communities.
CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
LESSON 4
Global Governance or World Governance
Is a product of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in international
political and economic relations . It is a movement towards
political integration of transnational actors aimed at negotiating
responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.
It tends to involve institutionalization. These institutions of
global governance – the United Nations, the International
Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc. – tend to have limited or
demarcated power to enforce compliance.
 Global Governance or World
Governance
The capacity of within the international system, at any given
moment to provide government-like services and public goods in
the absence of a world government. It is a combination of
informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures,
practices, policies, and organizations that help all actors-state,
international organization, non-government organizations
identify ,understand, and address transboundary problems.
 Commonly used to refer
international
intergovernmental
International organizations on groups
Organization (IOs)that are primarily made
up of member-states.
 Powers of International
Organization
1. Power of classification
2. Power to fix meanings
3. Power to diffuse norms
4. Because of these immense powers, IOs can be sources of
great good and great harm.
 As an intergovernmental
organization, the United
Roles and Functions Nation is tasked to promote
of the United Nations international co-operation and
to create and maintain
international order.
 The United Nations (UN) in the world of
politics has the roles of preventing and managing
conflicts, regulating armaments, championing
human rights and international humanitarian law,
Roles and liberating the colonized, providing economic and
Functions of the technical aid in newly liberated countries,
organizing elections, empowering women,
United Nations educating children, feeding the hungry, sheltering
the disposed and displaced, housing the refugees,
tending the sick and coordinating disaster relief
and assistance.
 1. Maintaining worldwide peace and
security
2. Developing relations among nations
Four Main 3. Fostering cooperation between nations
in order to solve economic, social,
Purposes of the UN cultural, or humanitarian international
Charter problems
4. Providing a forum for bringing
countries together to meet the UN's
purposes and goals
 The UN aims to save succeeding generations from
the scourge of war; to reaffirm faith in fundamental
human rights; to establish conditions under which
justice and respect for the obligations arising from
treaties and other sources of international law can be
maintained; and to promote social progress and
better standards of life in larger freedom
 Challenges of Global Governance in the
Twenty-first Century

It is a process which allows interconnectivity across different

borders and sovereign territories. Global governance is governing,
without sovereign authority, relationships that transcend national
frontiers. Global governance has evolved as one of the most
influencing tools for globalization which has led to the foundation
of sustainable development projects around the globe.
 Challenges of Global Governance in the
Twenty-first Century
❑ Issues that involve interwoven domestic and foreign challenges include threats at the
beginning of the century which include ethnic conflicts, infectious diseases, and
terrorism as well as a new generation of global challenges including climate change,
energy security, food and water scarcity, international migration flows and new
technologies.
❑ Within states the first trajectory or path is the depoliticization which can be observed
in the form of delegating decisions to independent regulators and experts, central
banks, or judiciaries.
❑ A second trajectory is the rescaling of economic and social relations well beyond the
territorial boundaries of nation states, facilitated by transnational legal arrangements
that have their roots in national law
 Basic Elements of a State

1. Territory
The Role of the 2. People
Nation -State in
3. Sovereign Power ( the
Globalization authority of a state to govern
itself)
Nation- state role in globalization is complex. Since
nation-states are divided by physical and economic boundaries,
reduced barriers in international commerce and communication
are considered their potential threat. Sovereignty of individual
nations is not abolished by expanded trade among countries,
instead globalization is a force that changed the way
nation-states deal with one another, particularly in the area of
international commerce.
 In setting international commerce policies,
isolated states are forced to engage to one another,
while nation-state’s domestic role unchanged.
Roles of some states were diminished while others
have exalted role is due to interactions of various
economic imbalances.
 1. Poverty
Globalization’s 2. Environmental pollution
Impact on the 3. Economic crisis
State 4. Organized crime and
terrorism
 Decision making processes in globalization is
complex as it takes place in various levels such as
sub-national, national, and global which lead to
the growth of a multi-layered system of
governance.
 CHAPTER 2

THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
 Origin of Economic Globalization
It can be traced from history the time when there was
an economic movement in Asia, Africa and Europe
called the Silk Road, a trade route which connects the
East, particularly China, and the West. This route brings
us to the history of how Philippines was discovered by
the Portuguese and Spain envoys in search of spices and
eventually led to colonization.

Presentation title 2
 At this present day time, foreign
expatriates come to the country to manage
their company’s foreign subsidiaries. Likewise,
the Philippines send thousands of skilled
workers to the Middle East as construction
workers, seafarers, nurses ,etc.

Presentation title 3
Economic globalization refers to
the expanding interdependence of
world economies.

4
The term global economy also refers
to the interconnected worldwide
economic activities that take place
between multiple countries.
These economic activities can have either a positive
or negative impact on the countries involved.
 The International Monetary Fund
(IMF) also defined Economic
Globalization as a historical process,
the result of human innovation and
technological progress(IMF,2008)

Presentation title 7
 How does global economy work?
A global economy is one in which goods and
services are traded across national borders.
Because the trade is among sovereign nations,
those nations may enact trade restrictions that
alter free market out comes.

Presentation title 8
 The New World Economy is characterized by:
1. More options for production. No matter what your
production process, the chances are that the same
capabilities exist elsewhere.
2. The chance to create new markets
3. Small firms can think big
4. A more level playing field

Presentation title 9
 5. Networks are important
6. Culture is no constraint

Presentation title 10
Presentation title 11
Presentation title 12
 Specific actors that facilitate economic globalization are highlighted
as follows:
1. The International Economic and Financial Organization
2. The International Governmental Organization (IGOs)
3. The Media
4. The Multilateral Development Banks
5. The Nation-States
6. The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
7. The Trans-National Corporations (TNCs)
8. The United Nations (UN) System

Presentation title 13
Presentation title 14
Thank you
THE WORLD
OF REGIONS
UNIT III
 Global Divides:

The North and the

South (Focus :
Latin America)
Lesson 1
Global South
Refers to the regions of Latin America,
Asia, Africa, and Oceania mostly low-
income and often politically or culturally
marginalized. It may also be called the
"developing World" such as Africa, Latin
America, and the developing countries in
Asia, "developing countries," "less
developed countries," and "less developed
regions” including poorer "southern"
regions of wealthy "northern" countries
Global South
In general, Global South
refers to these countries'
"interconnected histories of
colonialism, neo-imperialism,
and differential economic and
social change through which
large inequalities in living
standards, life expectancy, and
access to resources are
maintained.
 Three Primary Concepts of Global
South
1. It refers to economically disadvantaged nation-states and as a post-cold
war alternative to “Third World”.
2. The Global South captures a deterritorialized geography of capitalism’s
externalities and means to account for subjugated peoples within the
borders of wealthier countries, such that there are economic Souths in
the geographic North and Norths in the geographic South.
3. It refers to the resistant imaginary of a transnational political subject
that results from a shared experience of subjugation under
contemporary global capitalism
 Asian
Regionalism
Lesson 2
 Refers to the
decentralization of
Regionalism political powers or
competencies from a
higher towards a lower
political level.
 Views of Globalization in the Asia
Pacific and South Asia
Globalization is an external phenomenon being pushed
into the region by world powers particularly the United
States and Europe. From this perspective, globalization
can be understood as a process that transforms the Asia
Pacific and South Asia. It is a force for good bringing
economic development, political progress, and social
and cultural diversity to the region
 The Asia Pacific and South Asia
Refer together to the regions of East (or Northeast) Asia,
South Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South Asia. It includes
some of the world’s most economically developed states
such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, and
highly impoverished countries such as Cambodia, Laos, and
Nepal. It also includes the largest and most populous states
on the globe including China and India and some of the
world’s smallest such as the Maldives and Bhutan
 Globalization in the Asia Pacific and South Asia is
an external phenomenon being pushed into the region
by world powers like US and Europe. Globalization
in this context is a process that transforms the Asia
Pacific and South Asia. It can be viewed as a force for
good, bringing economic development, political
progress, and social and cultural diversity
 Asia Pacific and South Asia’s
Impact on Globalization
Asia was the central global force in the early
modern world economy. It was the site of the most
important trade routes and in some places more
advanced in technology than West such as science
and medicine.
 India and China have also become a major source of
international migrant labor, which is also one of the
fundamental characteristics of the era of globalization.
This includes the migration of highly skilled labor into
the high- tech industry based in Silicon Valley. India,
China and the Philippines were three of the top four
recipient states of migrant remittances.
 In culture and globalization in the region,
Asia has been the source of a wide variety of
cultural phenomena that have spread
outward to the West and the rest of the
world.