— Transnational activism can be defined as
the mobilization of collective claims by
actors located in more than one country
and/or addressing more than one national
government and/or international
governmental organization or another
international actor.
— A social movement is a type of group
action. It refers to the organizational
structures and strategies that may empower
oppressed populations to mount effective
challenges and resist the more powerful and
advantaged elites".
— Substitute Goods are products or
services that consumers see as essentially
the same or similar enough to another
product
— Jihadist globalism is a religious response
to the materialist assault by the ungodly
West in the rest of the world. Coming out of
what they consider a pure form of Islam, its
disciples seek to destroy all those alien
influences that have been imposed on
Muslim people. It applies to those extremely
violent strains of religion that convert the
global imaginary into very concrete political
agendas and terrorist tactics. It is also
applied to those violent fundamentalists in
the West who seek to transform the world
into a Christian Empire.
— According to the International Monetary
Fund economic globalization is a historical
process, the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to the
increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly through the
movement of goods, services, and capital
across borders. It also refers to the
movement of people (labor) and knowledge
(technology) across international borders.
— Global governance or world governance
is a product of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in
international political and economic
relations (107). It is a movement towards
political integration of transnational actors
aimed at negotiating responses to problems
that affect more than one state or region. It
tends to involve institutionalization.
— International monetary system (IMS)
refers to a system that forms rules and
standards for facilitating international trade
among the nations. It helps in reallocating
the capital and investment from one nation
to another. It is the global network of the
government and financial institutions that
determine the exchange rate of different
currencies for international trade. It is a
governing body that sets rules and
regulations by which different nations
exchange currencies with each other.
— Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) or
Preferential Trade Tgreements (PTAs)
eliminate import tariffs as well as import
quotas between signatory countries. These
agreements can be limited to a few sectors
or can encompass all aspects of
international trade. FTAs can also include
formal mechanisms to resolve trade
disputes.
— Removal of tariff barriers between
members, together with the acceptance of a
common or unified external tariff against
non-members is involved in the Custom
Union. Single payment or duty is made by
countries exporting to customs union.
Goods inside the union can move freely with
no additional tariffs.
— 2. POST-MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE.
> “HYPER SECULARISM”
● It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist
values of rationalism, empiricism, and
science, along with the Enlightenment,
modernist structures of capitalism,
bureaucracy, and even liberalism.
● It joins modernism in predicting, and
eagerly anticipating, the disappearance of
traditional religions.
> EXPRESSIVE INDIVIDUALISM
— UN, IMF, World Bank, Word Trade
Organizations = Supranational Organization
— Protestant, Buddhist, Catholic - religion
but matatawag parin na organization