Module 3.

Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard

Institutional
Correction

Module

Introduction:
3 Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standards

The content of this module is the Development of Correctional Concepts of

Development of Prison

Prison grew as a substitute for transportation, exile, public

Standard. As you read this material, you will be able to know the
Development of Prison and also the Age of Enlightenment and Reform.
Likewise, you will know more about the historical development of prison
and how will the prison change and develop until the present time. Major
principles will also be part of this module so that your ideas on significant
events during the golden age of penology and it will help you to think about
the history of prison. After the content discussion, you are given exercises
to work on. Towards the end of this module, you are tasked to give your
own reflections. All these activities will deepen and strengthen your
understanding about the lesson presented. Do the task honestly coupled with
high interest so that you can benefit the most of it.
degradation, particularly corporal punishments, and the death penalty. In the
United States where prisons were first established, imprisonment was
introduced as a substitute for corporal punishment, and death penalty when,
by the provision of the Pennsylvania reform Law of 1790, corporal
punishment was abolished and the list of offenses punishable by death was
reduced to only one- that of the first degree murder as the United States and
Europe curtailed the use of the Death Penalty, prisons and penitentiaries
arose to take care of the unexecuted and un-pardoned criminals long
sentences required prisons and penitentiaries, that were not places of
detention for those awaiting trial or short sentences but places for lengthy
stay.

Penitentiary- referred to a place where crime and sin may be atoned for
and penitence produced

Learning  Discuss the historical

development of Penology
Outcomes EARLY PRISON

1. Mamertime Prison- an early place of confinement in Rome in 64

BC using primitive dungeons built under the main sewer.
2. Sanctuary- asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or
arrest in cities followed by Christian Church.
 Can Create a timeline of EARLY WORKHOUSES
significant events during the Learning
Golden Age Objective 1. Bridewell- a workhouse created for the employment and housing
 Identify and discuss the of London’s “riffraff” in 1557 and he was based on the work ethic
important persons of that followed the breakup of feudalism and increased immigration
Reformatory Movement of rural populations to urban areas.
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard

Institutional
Correction

EARLY CELLULAR PRISON
1. Maison de Force- a Belgian workhouse for beggars and
miscreants, designed to make a profit by an enforced pattern of
hard work with both discipline and silence. An important rule, “If a
man will not work, neither let him eat”.
2. Hospice of San Michele-a correction facility designed for incorrigible
boys and youth, and included silence, large work areas, and separate
sleeping cells. Both expiation and reform were intended goals.
3. Walnut Street Jail- originally
constructed as detention jail in
Philadelphia created by the
Quakers, it was converted into a
state prison and became the first
American Penitentiary. The
Walnut Street Jail is regarded as
the first jail in America. It was
built in 1776 and was located in
Philadelphia. A penitentiary is
supposed to be a place where
inmates reformed themselves
through reflection and remorse. However, conditions worsened year after
year until it was finally closed in 1835.
Captain Elam Lynds – the warden of Auburn prison introduced the
Auburn silent system but later abolished and was replaced by Separate
System and became the standard system employed in all of New York.
Pennsylvania Prison- established in 1829, and this prison system requires
solitary confinement of the prisoners in their own cells day and night where
they lived, slept, received religious instructions and read the bible and given
a work. This system advocated the complete separation of inmates from
each other and maintained the practice of solitary confinement of
prisoners at all times.
Even the guards were not allowed to
talk to them, they did not know even their
names. The Pennsylvania system or separate
system was finally abolished in 1913.
William Penn- the founder of Pennsylvania
and a system of justice that required
compensation of victims and repentance to
restore the offender to God’s grace. Penn is
also the leader of the Quakers who brought the
concept of more humanitarian treatment of
offenders to America, but also in Italy and
England through its influence on such
advocates as Beccaria and Howard.

AUBURN AND PENNYSYLVANIA AGES OF ENLIGHTENMENT AND REFORMS

PRISON SYSTEMS  Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)- in his
Auburn Prison System- established in essay Persian Letters, Montesquieu used his
1819, and the main feature of this prison mighty pen to bring to public attention the
system is the confinement of the prisoners abuses of criminal law.
in single cells at night and congregate work  Voltaire (1694-1778)- involved in a number
in shops during the day. A prison model of trials that challenges the old ideas of
consisting of small individual cells, large legalized torture, criminal responsibility and
work area for group labor and enforce justice.
silence. Established in New York which  Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)- argued that
employed the Separate System (New York the crime rate would go down if the amount of punishment were
system or congregate system).
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard
Correction
carefully calibrated to deter potentially offenders and maximize
pleasures.
 Hedonistic Calculus- Jeremy Bentham’s argument that the main
objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure while
minimizing pain; it was believed that the individual’s behavior
could be influence in a scientific manner
 John Howard (1726-1790)- an English high sheriff who was so
appalled by jail conditions that he undertook a crusade to improve
places of detention. He utilized his position to press for the
legislation to alleviate some abuses and improve sanitary
conditions.
REFORMATORY MOVEMENT (1819-1870)
Important Persons of Reformatory Movement
1. Manuel Montesinos- he was the Director of Prisons at Valencia,
Spain in 1835, who divided prisoners into companies and
appointed prisoners as petty officer in charge; allowed the
reduction of inmates sentence by 1/3 one-third for good behavior;
offered trade training to prepare the convicts for his return to
society.
2. Domets of France- established an
agricultural colony for delinquent boys in
1839, providing house fathers as in charge
of these boys. He concentrated on re-
education upon their discharge, the boys
were placed under the supervision of a
patron.
3. Sir Walter Crofton- he was the Director of
the Irish Prisons in 1854 who introduced the Irish System which
was later on called the Progressive Stage System.
4. Zebulon R. Brockway- he was the
Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in
New York in 1876 who introduced a
new institutional program for boys, 16-30
years of age.
Institutional
5. Sir Evelyn
who opened the Borstal Institution after visiting
Elmira Reformatory in 1897, such Borstal
Institutions are today considered as the best
reform institutions for young offenders. This
system was based entirely on the individualized
treatment.
6. Alexander Maconochie- as
Superintendent of the Penal Colony at
Norfolk Island in Australia in 1840, he
introduced a progressive humane system
to substitute for corporal punishment,
known as the “Mark System” wherein a
prisoner was required to earned a number
of marks based on proper department,
labor and study in order to entitled him to
a Ticket of Leave of conditional release
which is similar to parole.
GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY (1870-1880)
Significant Events During the Golden Age
1870- the National Prison Association, now American Correctional
Association, was originated and its first annual Congress was held in
Cincinati, Ohio. In this congress the Association adopted a “Declaration of
Principles”, so modern and comprehensive in scope that when it was
revised in the prison Congress of 1933, few amendments were made. Since
its founding, the Association has held annual congress of corrections and
has taken active leadership in reform movements in the field of crime
prevention and treatment of offender.
1872- the first International Prison Congress was held in London. It was
attended by representatives of the governments of the United States and
European countries, as a result of this Congress, the International Penal and
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard
Correction
Penitentiary Commission, an inter-governmental organization, was
established in 1875 with Headquarters at The Hague.
1876- the Elmira Reformatory which was considered as forerunner of the
modern penology, was opened in Elmira, New York in 1876, the features of
Elmira were a training school type of institutional program, social case
work in the institution and extensive use of parole.
The first separate institutions for women were established in
Indiana and Massachusetts.
The reformatory system movement subdivided gradually following the
opening of Elmira because of the founders’ lack of faith in the effectiveness
of the program the defect of the system was laid on the lack of attempt to
study criminal behavior from which to base treatment. BY 1910, it was not
until 1930 that the reformatory idea was revived as the direct result of the
revamp of the educational program of Elmira Reformatory.
Industrial Prison Movement
This consisted in the operation of industries inside penal institution
in order to support the maintenance of prisons, especially during the
economic depression that hit the United States wherein almost every prison
was converted into factory of manufacturing articles. Such prison-made
articles were sold in open market for profit.
PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1935-1960)
1. Alcatraz- also known as the “Rock”, a super maximum
security facility island prison for inmates in San Francisco bay
Area and part of the U.S Bureau of Prisons until its closure.
When the “Rock” was built in 1934, it was seen as the answer to
the outrages of such desperate criminals as Al Capone, Robert Stroud
“Birdman of Alcatraz”, Bonie and Clyde. Eventually, the U.S Bureau of
Prison abandoned this prison as too expensive to maintain.
Institutional
2. Lock Psychosis- term denoting overconcentration of prison
administrators with security and community protection, to be
accomplished through extensive use of locks, head counts and
internal control of crimes.
3. Convict Bogey- irrational fear of prison inmates who can only
be managed through head counts, locking and recounting.
CLASSIFICATION MOVEMENT
The movement for modern correctional reforms stated with the
reorganization of the Federal Prison System in 1930, placing the penal
institutions of the United States under the centralized jurisdiction of the
Federal Bureau of prisons, recruiting professionally trained and
accentuating institutional rehabilitation programs.
After the Second World War the US Southern States undertook
progressive penal reforms, In 1944, the California Prisons System was
recognized which included the establishment of the prison. Penal Institution
were classified according to program specialization and degree of Custody
of inmates.
UNITED NATION STANDARD MINIMUM RULES FOR THE
TREATMENT OF PRISONERS
Adopted by the first U.N Congress on the prevention of crime and the
treatment of offenders held at the Geneva in 1955, and approved by the
Economic and Social Council organ of the United Nations by its resolutions
dated July 31, 1957 and May 13, 1977.
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard

Institutional
Correction

2. Differentiate the Auburn Prison System from Pennsylvania Prison

System.

Essay: Usage of Additional paper when necessary is permissible

1. Discuss in your way the historical development of Correctional

concepts and standard.
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard

Institutional
Correction

3. Who among the important persons in the history of correction you

perceive contributed most in the development of correction
concepts and standards that we use today? Justify your answer: Let’s
Apply!
1. Discuss the historical development of Penology.
Module 3. Development of Correctional Concepts of Standard

Institutional
Correction

Reflective Analysis