INSTITUTIONAL BASED

CORRECTION
MODULE 2

ENCILAY, MARK ADRIAN CA 200 (D)

SING SING PRISON
• Full Sing-Sing Correctional Facility, maximum-
security prison located in Ossining, New York. In
use since 1826, it is one of the oldest penal
institutions in the United States. It is also
among the most well-known in the country,
especially notable for its harsh conditions in the
19th and 20th centuries. Originally known as
Mount Pleasant Prison, it was constructed in
the village of Sing Sing on the east bank of
the Hudson River, some 30 miles (48 km) north
of New York City. It was designed to provide
additional prison space and to replace New
gate Prison.
• The initial facility had 800 cells. The
prison population rose in the mid-
19th century, resulting in more
construction. The four-story complex
was soon six stories, and the prison
eventually housed more than 1,600
inmates. Because most of the early
convicted criminals travelled by boat
to Sing-Sing, the phrase “up the river”
came to mean going to prison.
Elam Lynds

• Captain Elam Lynds was a prison

warden. He helped create the
Auburn system, which consisted
of congregate labor during the
day and isolation at night,
starting in 1821 and was Warden
of Sing Sing from 1825 to 1830.
Captain Elam Lynds introduce
and advocate:

SILENT SYSTEM
ROUTINE FLOGGING
LOCK STEP
PRISON STRIPS
Cat-o’-nine tails

• A cruel whipping contraption whose

lashes were often tipped with metal
or barbs; its use was finally abolished
by the New York State legislature in
1848. In addition, while Lynds was
warden, inmates were expected to
refrain from making noise, which
included talking.
Thomas Mott Osborne

• A reformer who developed his penology

theories while voluntarily incarcerated
for a year at Auburn, served as Sing
Sing’s warden in 1914–15 and 1916. But
his immediate, sweeping changes were
assailed, and he resigned under intense
political pressure.
Lewis Edward Lawes,

• Lewis Edward Lawes was a prison

warden and a proponent of prison
reform. During his 21-year tenure at
Sing Sing Correctional Facility, he
supervised the executions of 303
prisoners. He notably improved the
living conditions within the prison
and allowed inmates to participate
in sports.
Auburn State Prison
• Prison located in Auburn, New York.
Opened in 1816, it established a
disciplinary and administrative system
based on silence, corporal punishment,
and “congregate” (group) labour. In
architecture and routine, Auburn
became the model for prisons
throughout the United States.
Originally used congregate cells and
implemented a three level
classification system.
William Brittin
• A Warden that borrowed the concept of solitary
cells from the so-called Pennsylvania system.
Brittin designed a unique five- tiered cell-block
of two rows of single cells, placed back to back
in the centre of the building. Cells measured
only 3.5 feet (1.06 metres) wide, 7.5 feet (2.3
metres) long, and 7 feet (2.1 metres) high;
doors faced outer walls lined with grated
windows that provided indirect light and air.
This pattern of small inside cellblocks was later
adopted by most state prisons in the United
States.
Pennsylvania System
• Penal method based on the
principle that solitary confinement
fosters penitence and encourages
reformation. The idea was
advocated by the Philadelphia
Society for Alleviating the Miseries
of Public Prisons, whose most active
members were Quakers.
Quakers
• The Quaker belief in living in
accordance to God's will and the
radical idea of equality of men was
essential to the success of Penn's
"holy experiment." Quakers were
the most important ingredient in
Pennsylvania society during its first
twenty years of existence.
• Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement
in cells 16 feet high, nearly 12 feet long, and
7.5 feet wide (4.9 by 3.7 by 2.3 m). An
exercise yard, completely enclosed to
prevent contact among prisoners, was
attached to each cell. Prisoners saw no one
except institution officers and an occasional
visitor. The Pennsylvania system spread until
it predominated in European prisons. Critics
in the United States argued that it was too
costly and had deleterious effects on the
minds of the prisoners. The Pennsylvania
system was superseded in the United States
by the Auburn system.
Different Types of Criminal Punishment
1. Incapacitation
• Incapacitation seeks to prevent future crime by
physically moving criminals away from society.
This punishment can be traced to ancient times,
Terance Miethe and Hong Lu write
in Punishment: A Comparative Historical
Perspective. Banishment was a common penalty
in antiquity. Later, it was common for colonizing
European countries to ship convicts and
undesirables overseas.
2. Deterrence

• The goal of deterrence is to

persuade citizens and possible
offenders or re-offenders to
conform to the rules of law.
Miethe and Lu explain that four types
of deterrence are generally recognized:

1.)  Specific deterrence 

• Analyses how effective

punishment is on an individual’s
future behavior.
2.)  General deterrence 
• to understand how individual
punishment can deter others
from committing crimes.

3.)  Marginal deterrence
• to reconcile how effective different types of
punishment are as either specific or general
deterrence.
4.)  Partial deterrence 

• deterrence refers to situations in which

the threat of penalty has some deterrent
value even when someone engages in
illegal behaviour. (For example, a
criminal simply robbing a victim, instead
of also causing physical harm.)
3. Retribution
• As one of the oldest forms of
punishment, retribution has roots in
the Judeo-Christian tradition of
justice. Retribution has been
criticized as being overly rigid and
limited in its capacity to change
societal behavior. However, it
remains popular.
Lisa M. Storm

• In her book Criminal Law explains

that retribution prevents crime by giving
victims or society a certain sense of
satisfaction that a defendant has been
punished appropriately, reinforcing the
belief that the criminal justice system is
working effectively.
4. Rehabilitation
• A common prison policy in America up
until the 1970s, rehabilitation focuses on
helping criminals and prisoners
overcome the barriers that led them to
committing criminal acts. This includes
developing occupational skills, as well as
resolving psychological issues such as
drug addiction and aggression. The
ultimate purpose of rehabilitation is to
transition offenders back into society.
5. Restoration

• A radically different approach to

criminal punishment, the goal of
restoration is for the offender to
make direct amends to both the
victim and the community in
which the crime was committed.
Age of Enlightenment
Personalities behind correctional institutions:

Cesare Beccaria
• Italian economist and proponent of
judicial reform, was the author of the
most famous Italian work of
the Enlightenment, On Crimes and
Punishments (1764). He also the Father
of Modern criminal law and Criminal
Justice.
• In addition, beccaria argued against the
use of torture in the gathering of
evidence, highlighting its absurdity, and
against the death penalty, emphasizing
its failure to deter. The thrust of the
work was to guarantee the individual
citizen against arbitrariness, delay,
secrecy, and useless and excessive
violence, in the codification of the law
and the application of penal sanctions.
On Crimes and Punishments

• Combines elements from social

contract theory with utilitarian
positions. It touches on many aspects of
law and justice in a rapid, impassioned
style, completely abjuring legal
technicalities. Criminal
Cesare Lombroso
• Described as the father of modern
criminology, Cesare Lombroso’s theory
of the ‘born criminal’ dominated
thinking about criminal behaviour in
the late 19th and early 20th century. He
was the founder of the Italian School
of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso
earned the title “father” of scientific
criminology.
• Lombroso, using a scientific
approach and concepts drawn
from physiognomy,
early eugenics, psychiatry, and
Social Darwinism, argued that
criminality was inherited, and that
the “born criminal” could be
identified by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as
“savage,” or “atavistic.”
William the Conqueror

• By name William the Conqueror

or William the Bastard or William of
Normandy, one of the greatest
soldiers and rulers of the Middle
Ages. He made himself the mightiest
noble in France and then changed the
course of England’s history by
his conquest of that country.
Enrico Ferri

• Ferri focused more on social and

economic influences on the criminal
and crime rates. He became a
founder of the positivist school, and
he researched psychological and
social positivism as opposed to the
biological positivism of Lombroso.
Clifford Shaw
• was an American sociologist and
criminologist. He was a major figure in
the Chicago School of sociology during
the 1930s and 1940s, and is
considered to be one of the most
influential figures in American
criminology. His work on juvenile
delinquency with Henry D. McKay,
conducted in the late 1920s.
Shaw and McKay’s work spanned
three general areas:
• Studying geographic variation in rates
of juvenile delinquency.

• The study of autobiographical works

by delinquents, and

• The development of the Chicago Area

Project, a delinquency prevention
program in the Chicago area.
The Classical School of Criminology
 The classical theory came about as a
direct result of two influences :

1. it came about as a protest against the

abuses and discretionary power of judges.

2. it was also influenced by the philosophical

school of thought.
 It maintain the doctrine of
psychological hedonism and
freewill. That individual
calculates the pleasures and
pain in advance of action and
regulates his conduct by the
result of his calculation.
 Cesare Beccaria with Jeremy Bentham
(1823) who proposed “Utilitarian
Hedonism”, the theory, which explains
that a person always acts in such a
way as to seek pleasure and avoid
pain, became the main advocates of
the Classical School of Criminology.

• Beccaria - Freewill
• Betham - Hedonism
The Neoclassical school of Criminology

 Does not represent any break with

the classical view of human nature.
It merely challenges the classical
position of absolute freewill.
Because of this, it led also to the
proposition that while the classical
doctrine is correct in general.
The Italian or Positive School of
Criminology

 The school that composed of Italians

who agreed that in the study of
crime the emphasis should be on
scientific treatment of the criminal,
not on the penalties to be imposed
after conviction.
 They argued that the most serious
crimes were committed by individuals
who were "primitive" or "atavistic"--
that is, who failed to evolve to a fully
human and civilized state. Crime
therefore resulted not from what
criminals had in common with others
in society, but from their distinctive
physical or mental defects.
The Italian or Positive School
Advocated by:
1) Lambroso
• The Italian leader of the positivist school of
criminology, was criticized for his
methodology and his attention to the
biological characteristics of offenders, but his
emphasis on the need to study offenders
scientifically earned him the “father of
modern criminology.”
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL BY
LAMBROSO:
a) Born criminals - There are born criminals
according to Lombroso, the belief that being
criminal behavior is inherited.

b) Insane criminals - Idiot, imbeciles, dementia,

paralysis Pelegna,etc.

c) Criminaloids - Not born with physical stigma

but who are of such mental makeup that
display anti social conduct.
2) Ferri - Enrico
• Ferri was born in Italy in 1856, ferri
advocated the theory of imputability and
the Denial of freewill in 1878. Ferri
contributed to the emphasis of the social
factors such as.
a) Physical factors - including geographical, climate, and temperature.
b) The anthropological factors - including psychological .
c) The social factors - including economics and political factors as well
as age and sex education requirement.
3) Raffael Garofalo

• He was born in Naples in 1852,from

parents of Spanish origins Garofalo
thinks that crime can be understood only
as it is studied by scientific method. the
criminal is not free moral agents but is
product of his own traits and his
circumstances .
The Modern Clinical School

• This theory advocates the study of the

criminal rather than the crime .This school is
interested primarily in the personality of the
criminal himself in order to determine the
conditioning circumstances that explain his
criminality and in order to obtain light upon
the problem of how he should be handled by
the social group.
GAOLS
• Other word for “jails” during early days, were
hard for poor prisoners but not for those who
were wealthy. This was because prisoners had
to pay for their accommodations, food and
cost of administration and security. Beddings,
blankets, lights and everything were sold or
rented to prisoners at very high rates. The
jailer or gaoler was paid from payment of
prisoners.
Jail Penitentiary: Concept

• The term penitentiary came from the

Latin word “Paenitentia” meaning
penitence, and was coined by an
English prison reformer, John Howard.
It referred to a place where crime and
sin may be stoned for and penitence
produced.
Important Personalities in Europe,
several penal administrators can
be mentioned as among those
who contributed to progressive
development of the reformatory
system
1.) Manuel Montesinos
• director of the prison of
Valencia ,Spain ,in 1835 ,divided
prisoners into companies and
appointed prisoners as petty officers
in charge. Academic classes of one
hour a day were given all inmates
under 20 years of age.
2.) Frederic-Auguste Dometz
• established and agricultural colony
for delinquents boys in 1839 .The
boys were housed in cottages with
house fathers as in charge. The
system was based on re education
rather than force. When discharged
the boys were placed under
supervision.
3.) Alexander Maconochie
• Superintendent of the penal colony
at Norfolk Island in
Australia ,introduced a progressive
humane system to substitute for
corporal punishment. When a
prisoner earned a required number
of marks he was given a ticket of
leave ,which is the equivalent of
parole.
4.) Sir Walter Crofton

• Chairman of the directors of Irish

Prison. In 1856, Crofton
introduced the Irish
system ,latter called the
progressive stage system .
5.) Evelyn Ruggles Brise

• was the Director of English

Prisons who opened the Borstal
Institution after visiting Elmira
Reformatory in 1897, such as
Borstal Institutions are today
considered as the best reform
institutions for young offenders.
5.) John Howard

• known as the Father of

Penitentiary. Sheriff from
Bedfordshire, England who
exercised the traditional but
neglected responsibility of
visiting the local prisons and
institutions.
• Many of his landmark
recommendations were incorporated
into the Penitentiary Act of 1779 and
adopted as standard procedure in the
first modern prison constructed in
1785 on Norfolk, England. It was not
until 1842 that Howard‟s idea of
penitentiary was given recognition.
Elmira Reformatory
• The Elmira Reformatory is considered
as the forerunner of modern
penology because it had all the
elements of a modern correctional
system, among which were a training
school type, that is, compulsory
education; case work method; and
extensive use of parole based on the
indeterminate sentence.
OTHER PERSONALITIES WHO CONTRIBUTED IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFORMATORY SYSTEM

1.) William Penn - (1614-1718)

• Founder of the Quakers movement –
great law of the quaker. Land labor is
more effective punishment than
death for serious offense. He fought
for religious freedom and individual
rights.
2.) Isaac Newton

• He published the book entitled

principia in 1687. Wherein he
encouraged intellectuals to
investigate social and scientific
phenomena methodically and
objectively.
Intellectuals who investigate social and scientific
phenomena methodically and objectively.

1. John Locke

• Wrote essay concerning human

understanding and his treatise of
government.
2. Charles Montesquieu

• He published a book entitled

spirit of the laws. A French
historian who analyzed law as an
expression of justice.
3. Voltaire

• He believes that shame was

deterrent to a crime , fought the
legality – sanctioned practice of
torture and was the most
versatile philosopher during this
period.
4. St Michael

• emphasized the rehabilitate

concept and pioneered the
segregations of prisoners and
forced silence to make the
prisoner contemplate their wrong
doings.
5. Henry V111

• He alone who put to death the

72.000 citizens by means of
boiling to death as a means of
executing convicted offenders
6. Clifford Shaw

• conducted a research on
100.000 identified school
truants, juvenile in conflict with
the law and adult offenders
from Chicago school.
COMPENSATION FOR WRONG ACT
1. Retaliation
• (Personal vengeance) the earliest remedy for wrong
act to anyone the concept of personal vengeance by
the victim’s family or the tribe against the family or
tribe of the offender Hence blood feuds was accepted
in the early primitive’s society

• Punishment is the redress that the state takes against

the offending members.
2. Fines and punishment

• Custom have exerted effort and

great force among primitive
societies ,the acceptance of
vengeance in the form of
payment (cattle,food,personal
services)as dictated by tribal
traditions
EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE

• Hard labor
• Deprivation
• Monotony
• Uniformity
• Mass movement
• Degradation
• Corporal punishment
• Isolation or solitary confinement
THE GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY

 In 1870, the National Prison association,

now American correctional association,
was organized and its first annual
congress was held in Cincinati Ohio. In
this congress the association adopted a
declaration of principles so modern and
comprehensive in scope that when it was
revised in the prison congress in 1933 .
 In 1872, the first international prison
congress was held in London. It was
attended by representatives of the
Government of the United states and
European countries as a result of this
congress, the International Penal and
Penitentiary commission, an international
Government organization was established
in 1875 with Headquarters at Hague.
 The Elmira Reformatory, which was
considered as the for runner of
modern penology, was opened in
Elmira, New York in 1876. The
features of Elmira were training
school type of institutional program,
social case work in the Institution and
extensive use of parole.
PHILIPPINE PRISON AND JAILS ORGANIZATION,
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

Prison defined

 Penitentiary an institution for

the imprisonment
(incarceration) of person
convicted of major/serious
crimes.
 A building usually with cells, or other
established for the purpose of taking
safe custody or confinement of
criminals.

 A place of confinement for those

charged with or convicted of offenses
against the laws of the land.
Jail defined

 a place of detention for those

awaiting final disposition of
criminal action and the service
of short sentences usually up
to three years.
THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS
• Bureau of Prisons was renamed, Bureau
of corrections under Executive Order
292 passed during the Aquino
administration. It states that the head of
the Bureau of correction is the director
of prison who is appointed by the
president of the Philippines with the
confirmations of commission on
appointments .
Inmates of the Bureaus of
Corrections are classified according
to the following:

• Detainee
• Third class inmate
• Second class inmate
• First class inmate
• Colonist
THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

 In 1847, the construction of Bilibid Prison

started. This institution become the
central place of confinement for Filipino
prisoners. Prior to establishment of Bilibid
prison Prisoners were confined in jails
under the jurisdiction of commandancias
where law enforcement units were
stationed.
 In 1865, the Bilibid Prison was opened by
virtue of a Royal Decree.

 In 1936, the city of Manila exchanges its

Muntinlupa property of 552 hectares with
that of the Bureau of Prison lot in manila.
This Muntinlupa estate was originally
intended as a site for the boys training
school ,but because it is far from Manila.
NATIONAL PENITENTIARIES
(Bureau of Corrections)

ORGANIZATION

• The Bureau of Corrections is under the

Department of Justice. It is headed by the
Director of Corrections, who is authorized to
exercise command, control and direction of
the prison facilities and staff offices.
PRISON FACILITIES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

• THE NEW BILIBID PRISON (NBP)

• THE SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM
• THE IWAHIG PENAL COLONY
• THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN
• THE DAVAO PENAL COLONY
• THE SABLAYAN PENAL COLONYAND FARM
• LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON (Abuyog Southern
Leyte)
1. THE NEW BILIBID PRISON (NBP)

• It is located in Muntinlupa, City. This is

where the Bureau of Corrections
Central Office is co-located. Within the
complex are three (3) security camps
administered by a Penal
Superintendent and assisted by an
Assistant Superintendent in each
Camp.
The Three Security Camps are:

a) The Maximum Security

Compound
b) The Medium Security Camp
c) The Minimum Security
2. THE SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM

• In 1869, the authorities saw the need

of establishing one prison separate
from Bilibid for those who fought the
established government . So, San
Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in the
southern tip of Zamboanga was
established for the confinement of
political offender.
3. THE IWAHIG PENAL COLONY
• On November 16, 1904, foreman R.J.
Shield with sixteen prisoners left the
Bilibid Prison by order of Governor
forbes who was security of commerce
and police, to establish the Iwahig
Felony in Palawan. The idea was
hatched on the suggestion of the
Governor Luke E wright who
envisioned it to be an institution for
incorrigibles.
• When the Philippine commission, by
virtue of Reorganization act 1407
created the bureau of prison on
November 1,1905 the authorities
changed the policy regarding Iwahig, so
that instead of sending incorrigibles,
inmates who well behaved and declared
tractable were assigned to this colony .
The Iwahig colony is divided into four sub
colonies, namely:

 Sta lucia sub colony

 Inagawan sub colony
 Montible sub colony
 Central sub colony
4. THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN

• In 1931, the correctional institution for

women was established on an 18
hectare piece of land in Mandaluyong
Rizal by authority of Act 3579 which
was passed on November 27 1929 .
Prior to the stablishment of this
institution, female prisoners were
confined in one of the wings of Bilibid
Prison.
5. THE DAVAO PENAL COLONY

• Established on January 21,1932 in

accordance with Act No 3732 and
Proclamation No 414 series of 1931.
The first contingent of prisoners that
opened the colony was led by
General Paulino Santos its founder
and the then director of Prison. The
area consist of 18.000 hectares.
The colony is divided into two sub
colonies, namely:

 The Panabo sub colony and

 The kapalong - Sub colony each

colony is headed by penal
supervisor.
6. THE SABLAYAN PENAL COLONYAND FARM

• On Sept. 27, 1954 the President

of the Philippines issued
proclamation No 72 setting
aside 16.000 hectares of the
virgin lands in Sablayan
Occidental Mindoro for the
Sablayan Penal colony.
7. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON

• The leyte Regional Prison,

situated in Abuyog southern
Leyte, was established a year
after the declaration of martial
law in 1972 by virtue of
Presidential Decree No 28. While
its plantilla and institutional plan
were almost ideal.
CORRECTIONAL CENTERS

• A rehabilitation centers for

youthful offenders whose ages
ranges from 9 to below 18 years of
age to be committed to the care of
the DSWD.
Drug rehabilitation centers

• These centers has been

established for the treatment of
drug dependents the existing
treatment and rehabilitation
center is operated and maintained
by the NBI at tagaytay City and
being funded by the board
OLD BILIBID PRISON

• Located in the May Halique

estate in Oroquieta Street
Sta. Crus, Manila. Now
known as Manila City Jail
with capacity of 600
prisoners.
THE RECEPTION AND DIOGNOSTIC
CENTER (RDC)
• In line with the latest approach to
treatment – the individualized or
casework method – it is necessary that
prisoners must undergo a diagnostic
examination, study and observation for
the purpose of determining the
program of treatment and training best
suited to their needs and the institution
to which they should be transferred.
THE STAFF AND THEIR FUNCTION
1.) The Psychiatrist
• The psychiatrist examines the prisoner and
prepares an abstract of his findings. The
abstract includes a brief statement of the
mental and emotional make-up of the
individual with particular reference to
abnormalities of the nervous system and the
presence of psychoses, psychopaths, neurotic
tendencies, paranoid trends and other special
abnormalities.
2.) The Psychologist

• The psychologist interviews the

man and administers tests. The
psychological abstract presents a
statement of the psychologist’s
findings with regard to the mental
level, general and special abilities,
interest and skills of the prisoner.
3.) Sociologist

• The prisoners is interviewed by

the sociologist. Additional
information is obtained through
correspondence with the
prisoner’s friends, relatives, and
social agencies.
4.) Education Officer or Counselor

• The prisoner is interviewed by

the educational officer in order
to determine his educational
strengths and weaknesses and
to recommend suitable
educational program for him.
5.) Vocational Counselor

• The vocational counselor, by

interview, obtains a record of
the man’s former employment
and tests the man to determine
his general and special abilities,
interests and skills.
6.) The Chaplain

• The inmate is interviewed by

the Chaplain and he is
encouraged to participate in
religious worship.
7.) Medical Officer

• A complete physical examination is

given each inmate at which time his
medical history is obtained. The
examination covers the major
organs of the body, such as the
lungs and the heart, and includes
tests of the blood and sense
organs.
8.) Custodial-Correctional Officer

• The Chief of the correctional unit

prepares the custodial officers abstract
which includes all significant
observations made by the correctional
officers of the inmate’s behavior and
interactions to various situations in the
dormitory, place of recreation, work
assignments, etc.