Energies 15 01894 v2

energies
Article
Analysis of the Factors Having an Influence on the LC Passive
Harmonic Filter Work Efficiency
Chamberlin Stéphane Azebaze Mboving * , Zbigniew Hanzelka * and Andrzej Firlit
Department of Power Electronics and Energy Control Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics,
Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology,
30-059 Krakow, Poland; afirlit@agh.edu.pl
* Correspondence: stephane@agh.edu.pl (C.S.A.M.); hanzel@agh.edu.pl (Z.H.); Tel.: +48-12-617-3920 (C.S.A.M.)
Abstract: This paper presents the electrical system factors having an influence on the work efficiency
and performance of the LC passive harmonic filters (PHFs). Such filters are very often used in
industries for the purpose of harmonics mitigation and reactive power compensation. Before their
installation in the electrical system, many investigations should be performed in order to ensure their
good design as well as work efficiency after connection. In this paper, the factors having an influence
on the PHFs work efficiency and performance, such as the grid short-circuit power, primary grid
voltage spectrum (voltage measured at the PCC before the filter connection), load reactive power
and current characteristic harmonics, manufacturer filter parameters tolerance and filter-detuning
phenomena are investigated. Most of the quoted factors are mentioned in the literature, but the
novelty of this paper is that, based on the case study example of the single-tuned filter investigated
in the laboratory, the influence of those factors on the filter work efficiency are demonstrated, and
some solutions and recommendations are proposed. The studies are focused on the design of the
single-tuned filter in the laboratory, and some simulation results are presented as well.

Keywords: single-tuned filter; voltage and current distortion; reactive power compensation;
Citation: Azebaze Mboving, C.S.;
harmonics mitigation; frequency characteristics; grid short-circuit power; filter-detuning phenomena;
Hanzelka, Z.; Firlit, A. Analysis of the
primary grid voltage spectrum
Factors Having an Influence on the
LC Passive Harmonic Filter Work
Efficiency. Energies 2022, 15, 1894.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051894
1. Introduction
Academic Editor: Konstantin
With the increasing number of non-linear loads as well as distributed electrical energy
Suslov
sources with power electronic interfaces, many solutions in terms of power quality distur-
Received: 6 February 2022 bances mitigation are proposed. Nowadays, active and hybrid solutions are in full growth,
Accepted: 27 February 2022 and their main drawbacks in comparison to the passive solutions (PHFs) are their high
Published: 4 March 2022 price and complexity in the control system [1–4]. Despite their disadvantages (e.g., harmon-
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral ics amplification, detuning phenomena, electrical grid dependency of their efficiency, the
with regard to jurisdictional claims in choice of the damping resistance, etc.), PHFs are commonly used in practice because they
published maps and institutional affil- are low cost, simple in structure, easy to maintain, highly efficient in terms of individual
iations. harmonic reduction, and have easy applicability in low voltage (LV), medium voltage
(MV), and high voltage (HV) systems [5–7]. The PHFs are organized in different structures
described in the literature [8]: the single-tuned filter [9–16], double-tuned filter [17–28],
triple-tuned filter [29,30], series passive filter [31], hybrid passive filter [32,33], damped
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. filters (first, second, third-order filter, and C-type filter) [34–41], filter group [42–49], etc.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In most cases, the PHFs are applied in the electrical system in order to mitigate
This article is an open access article
harmonics and reactive power. The consequences of the reactive power generated in the
distributed under the terms and
electrical system can be the system instability, which can affect the voltage and current level,
conditions of the Creative Commons
the change of the system power losses, which may increase, etc. [50–52]. The harmonic
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
sources in the power system can be organized into three important groups such as presented
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
in [53]: saturated core devices (e.g., transformers, motors, generators, etc.); arc devices
4.0/).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051894 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2022, 15, 1894 2 of 51
(e.g., arc furnaces devices, welding devices, gas-discharge lamp, etc.), and electronic or
power electronic devices. The harmonics, if not mitigated in the electrical system, can
cause: the increase in voltage and current true RMS, the overloading, overheating, and even
damage of electrical system elements (e.g., transformers, generators, cables, electric motors,
capacitors, etc.) and other connected devices, the reduction in a device’s life span, the
perturbation of the devices normal operation and increase in operating costs, the inaccurate
measurements of energy and power and the decrease in power factor (PF), etc. [54–58].
For the PHFs to mitigate the unwanted harmonics efficiently, many electrical system
factors needed to be taken into account and be well investigated. Those factors are, among
others, the grid short-circuit power, which includes the grid impedance of the harmonic
to be eliminated, the primary grid voltage spectrum (voltage measured at the PCC before
the filter connection), the load reactive power and current characteristic harmonics, manu-
facturer filter parameters tolerance, and the filter-detuning phenomena, which may lead
to harmonics amplification. Most of the above-quoted factors are also mentioned in the
literature [59,60], but the experimental demonstrations of some of them (for instance, how
the harmonics flowing from the electrical grid (because of the distorted supply voltage)
disturb the filter work efficiency) are rare in the literature. This paper presents a case study
in which those factors are highlighted (demonstrated) and investigated in the laboratory
and by simulation, and some solutions and recommendations are proposed. The case study
concerns the design of the single-tuned filter from the computation of the parameters to its
connection in the laboratory setup.
In this paper, it is experimentally demonstrated that the electrical grid seen from the
point of the laboratory setup connection behaves as a source of current harmonics, which
flows through the filter and reduces its work efficiency in terms of harmonics mitigation and
that the manufacturer tolerance of the filter parameters influences the filter effectiveness.
The experiments concerning the detuning of the PHF are presented as well. All the details
of the laboratory investigation before and after the filter connection are described in the
paper: the investigation on the electrical system parameters before the filter and load
connection; observation of the voltage and current harmonics behavior after the load
connection (without filter) by changing the values of load current harmonics; laboratory
measurements of the filter parameters and characteristics; connection of the filter in the
laboratory setup and investigation on the factors having an influence on its work efficiency
using a programmable voltage source. The investigations and results presented in this paper
are based on laboratory experiments, and some simulations (MATLAB/SIMULINK [61]) are
also presented to clarify the laboratory investigations. The laboratory data are measured
through the PQ analyzer hardware “PQ-Box 200” [62]. Since the power system of the
designed laboratory model is symmetrical, the results are focused on one phase.
The next sections of this paper are organized as follows: Section 2 presents the labora-
tory setup, the investigations performed before and after the filter connection, additional
experiments with the programmable AC voltage source together with recommendations.
Section 3 presents the conclusion, and the last section is about the Appendix A.
2. Laboratory Model Description

The block diagram representing the laboratory model is presented in Figure 1. It is
constituted of the electrical network (grid) and the load. Before the single-tuned filter
connection at the PCC, some investigations were performed at the PCC when the load was
not connected and when it was connected.
Energies 2022,
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Figure 1.
Figure 1. Block
Block diagram
diagram representing
representing the
the laboratory
laboratory setup.
setup. IIref – external reference
ref —external reference current.
current.
2.1. Studies of
2.1. Studies of the
the Electrical
Electrical Network
Network before
before the
the Filter
Filter and
and Load
Load Connection
Connection
The
The goal of performing such studies is to estimate the grid
goal of performing such studies is to estimate the grid equivalent
equivalent impedance
impedance ofof
harmonic to be eliminated (e.g.,
harmonic to be eliminated (e.g., ZS(n) Z , n-harmonic
S(n), n-harmonic order) and to obtain information about
order) and to obtain information about
the
the grid
grid supply
supply voltage
voltage spectrum.
spectrum.
The
The electrical
electrical grid
grid supplying
supplying the the laboratory
laboratory inin which
which thethe experimental
experimental studies
studies were
were
performed
performed is shown in the equivalent circuit in Figure 2a. It can be noticed that the the
is shown in the equivalent circuit in Figure 2a. It can be noticed that pa-
parameters of the
rameters of the electrical
electrical network
network are are considered
considered fromfrom the medium
the medium tolow
to the thevoltage
low voltage
side.
side. The electrical
The electrical network network equivalent
equivalent parameters
parameters forfundamental
for the the fundamental andharmonic
and 5th 5th harmonic
(im-
(impedance (Z
pedance (ZS(1), S(1) , Z ), short-circuit current (I
short-circuit current (ISC_Sec),SC_Sec
ZS(5)), S(5) ), and power (S
and power (SSC_Sec))SC_Sec )) are
are presentedpresented
in Fig-
in
ureFigure
2b. 2b.
The electrical grid voltage supplying the laboratory setup is symmetrical (the negative
sequence represents around 0.12% of the positive sequence) but a bit distorted (Figure 3a)
because of other connected non-linear devices. Its spectrum in Figure 3b shows that the
dominating harmonics are the 5th (around 2%), the 3rd (more than 1%), and the 7th (almost
1%). According to the IEC61000-2-4 standard [63], its THD and harmonics amplitude are
acceptable (Figure 3b).
14, 1894
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51
Figure 2. (a) Parameters of the electrical grid supplying the laboratory setup, (b) electrical grid
equivalent circuit. Sec–Secondary, Pri–primary.
The electrical grid voltage supplying the laboratory setup is symmetrical (the nega-
tive sequence represents around 0.12% of the positive sequence) but a bit distorted (Figure
3a) because of other connected non-linear devices. Its spectrum in Figure 3b shows that
the dominating harmonics are the 5th (around 2%), the 3rd (more than 1%), and the 7th
(almost
Figure 2.1%).
(a) Accordingof
(a) Parameters
Parameters to the
of theelectrical
the IEC61000-2-4
electrical grid standard the
grid supplying
supplying [63], its THD setup,
laboratory
laboratory and harmonics ampli-
(b) electrical grid
tude are
equivalentacceptable
circuit. (Figure 3b).
Sec–Secondary, Pri–primary.
equivalent circuit. Sec—Secondary, Pri—primary.
The electrical grid voltage supplying the laboratory setup is symmetrical (the nega-
tive sequence represents around 0.12% of the positive sequence) but a bit distorted (Figure
3a) because of other connected non-linear devices. Its spectrum in Figure 3b shows that
the dominating harmonics are the 5th (around 2%), the 3rd (more than 1%), and the 7th
(almost 1%). According to the IEC61000-2-4 standard [63], its THD and harmonics ampli-
tude are acceptable (Figure 3b).
Figure
Figure 3.
3. PCC
PCC voltage
voltage waveforms
waveforms (a)
(a) and
and its
its spectrum
spectrum (p.u.)
(p.u.) (b)
(b) when
when the
the considered
considered load
load is
is not
not
connected (measured).
connected (measured).
2.2. PCC
2.2. PCC Parameters
Parameters Analysis
Analysis after
after the
the Load
Load Connection
Connection
The designed
The designed laboratory
laboratory non-linear
non-linear load load isis constituted
constituted of of aa six-pulse
six-pulse thyristor
thyristor bridge
bridge
(rectifier) with input reactor (L) at the AC side and resistance
(rectifier) with input reactor (L) at the AC side and resistance at the DC side (the total at the DC side (the total
resistance of the
resistance of the DC side DC side load is up to 36.5 Ω) (Figure
Ω) (Figure 1).
Figure The
The thyristor
3. PCC
thyristor bridge
voltage rectifier
waveforms
bridge (a)isis
rectifier aadynamic
and dynamic
its spectrum device from
(p.u.)
device from thepoint
(b) the
when point
the ofofview
viewofof
considered the
load
the isvari-
not
varia-
connected
bility (measured).
abilityofofitsits firingangle.
firing angle.Because
Becauseofofthat,that,ititwas
wasimportant
importanttotoinvestigate
investigate(in (inthe
thelaboratory)
laboratory)
the firing
the firing angle
angle boundary
boundary values,
values, the the load
load minimum
minimum and and maximum
maximum active active and
and reactive
reactive
2.2. PCC
powers, Parameters
as well as Analysis
the change after
of the
the Load Connection
amplitude of the harmonics
powers, as well as the change of the amplitude of the harmonics (e.g., 5th, 7th, etc.) of (e.g., 5th, 7th, etc.) of the
the
PCC voltage
The and
designed current by
laboratory increasing
non-linear or decreasing
load is the
constituted firing
of
PCC voltage and current by increasing or decreasing the firing angle. The formula of the a angle.
six-pulseThe formula
thyristor of
bridgethe
load characteristic
characteristic
(rectifier)
load with input harmonics
reactor (L)
harmonics order
order is nn =AC
at is
the = (6k ±±1),
(6kside 1), where
and kkisisaanatural
resistance
where natural number.
at the number.
DC side (the total
After its connection at the PCC (Figure
resistance of the DC side load is up to 36.5 Ω) (Figure 1). 1), the load was analyzed by increasing the DC
voltageThefrom 0 V tobridge
thyristor 525 Vrectifier
(decrease is aindynamic
the firingdevice
angle).from
Thetherecorded
point of data
viewwere analyzed
of the varia-
through
bility thefiring
of its MATLABangle.tools by means
Because of that, ofitthe fast
was Fourier transformer
important to investigate (FFT) algorithm.
(in the laboratory)
the firing angle boundary values, the load minimum and maximum active and reactive
2.2.1. Investigation on the Boundary of the Rectifier Firing Angle
powers, as well as the change of the amplitude of the harmonics (e.g., 5th, 7th, etc.) of the
PCC Withvoltage theandresistance
currentconnected
by increasingat theor rectifier DC side,
decreasing the the firing
firing angle
angle. The(θ)formula
boundary of can
the
be estimated through Equations (1) (continuous DC voltage
load characteristic harmonics order is n = (6k ± 1), where k is a natural number. and current) and (2) (discontin-
uous DC voltage and current); the thyristor commutation coefficient is not considered [64].
The continuous and discontinuous mode of the DC voltage and current are more clarified
by the waveforms obtained from the simulated laboratory model (see Figure 4). Figure 5
can be estimated through Equations (1) (continuous DC voltage and current) and (2) (dis-
continuous DC voltage and current); the thyristor commutation coefficient is not consid-
ered [64]. The continuous and discontinuous mode of the DC voltage and current are more
clarified by the waveforms obtained from the simulated laboratory model (see Figure 4).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 Figure 5 presents an example of PCC voltage and current waveforms (form the “PQ-Box5 of 51
200”) when the firing angle is decreased from 104.44° to 13.5°.
θ = acos for 0 ≤ θ ≤ (1)

presents an . example of PCC voltage and current waveforms (form the “PQ-Box 200”) when
the firing angle is decreased from 104.44◦ to 13.5◦ . See the equation [65] below:

θ = acos −θ1 =−acos forUDC ≤θ≤ for 0 ≤ θ ≤
π (2)
(1)
.
1.35UL−L 3

UDC π π 2π
θ = acos −1− for ≤ θ ≤ (2)
For ≤ θ ≤ π, = 0 [65]) 1.35UL−L 3 3 3
2π
For ≤ θ ≤ π, UDC = 0
3
UL-L - line-to-line AC voltage; UDC average voltage at the rectifier DC side
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 57

Figure 4. Voltage and current at the rectifier DC side for different firing angle values: (a) continuous
Figure 4. Voltage and current at the rectifier DC side for different firing angle values: (a) continuous
mode (θ
mode (θ == 30
30°); (b) discontinuous
◦ ); (b) discontinuous mode
mode (θ
(θ == 60
60°)
◦ ) (from simulation).
(from simulation).
Figure5.5.Examples
Figure Examplesof ofthe
themeasured
measuredPCC PCCphase
phasevoltage
voltage and
and current
current forfor different
different values
values of DC
of DC volt-
voltage
age and firing angle: (a) U DC = 20 V; (b) UDC = 70 V; (c) UDC = 360 V; (d) UDC = 525 V.
and firing angle: (a) UDC = 20 V; (b) UDC = 70 V; (c) UDC = 360 V; (d) UDC = 525 V.
2.2.2.UInvestigation on the
L-L —line-to-line AC Change
voltage;of
UDCtheaverage
Amplitude of the
voltage at Harmonics
the rectifier versus Rectifier
DC side.
Firing Angle
The spectrums in Figure 6 presents the behavior of the amplitude of the grid voltage
and current harmonics when the rectifier DC voltage is increased. Concerning the ampli-
tude of the grid voltage fundamental harmonic, it has slightly decreased with the increase
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 6 of 51
2.2.2. Investigation on the Change of the Amplitude of the Harmonics versus Rectifier
Firing Angle
The spectrums in Figure 6 presents the behavior of the amplitude of the grid voltage
and current harmonics when the rectifier DC voltage is increased. Concerning the ampli-
tude of the grid voltage fundamental harmonic, it has slightly decreased with the increase
in UDC (e.g., from 226.97 V (UDC = 50 V) to 226.13 V (UDC = 525 V)). The 5th harmonic
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
has the highest amplitude for UDC equal to 250 V and the 7th harmonic for UDC to 7350 of 57
V
(Figure 6).
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Grid
Grid voltage
voltage and
and current
current parameters
parameters measured
measured from
fromthe
thelaboratory
laboratorysetup.
setup. The
The example
example of
of
waveforms is for the U DC equal to 250 V.
waveforms is for the UDC equal to 250 V.
Figure
An 8a,b represent
example the voltage
of a measured and current
grid current spectrum (θ = 62.54◦ ) is
(fundamental harmonic)
presentedversus recti-
in Figure 7.
fier firing angle, and Figure 8c,d represent the voltage and current (fundamental
Observing that spectrum, it can be noticed that with the increase in harmonic order, some har-
monic)
of versus rectifier DC
the non-characteristic voltage. present
harmonics The difference observed between
higher amplitude than thethe simulated grid
characteristic har-
voltage and the laboratory grid voltage (Figure 8) is due to the fact that in the case of
monics.
simulation,
Figures the
8–10supply grid
present thevoltage
behavior was not RMS
of the distorted
value(pure
of thesinusoidal
1st, 5th, andwaveform before
7th harmonics
the loadand
current connection), whereas, in with
voltage, respectively, the case of the laboratory,
the rectifier firing angletheincrease.
supply grid voltage was
The comparison
already distorted
between beforeobtained
characteristics the load from
connection because model
the laboratory of other devices
and those which arefrom
obtained continu-
the
ally connected
simulation and
is also disconnected (the real electrical grid works continuously).
presented.
The RMS values of the grid voltage and current 5th harmonic measured in the labor-
atory (Figure 9a,c) are different from those of the simulation (Figure 9b,d) because, before
the rectifier connection, the laboratory PCC voltage contained already the 5th harmonic
(see spectrum Figure 3b). The same phenomenon is observed for the 7th harmonic (see
Figure 10).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 57 7 of 51
Figure
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWExample
7. of the
Figure measured
7. Example grid current
of the measured spectrum
grid current forforUUDC
spectrum = 250 V (the red manganese
9 of
DC = 250 V (the red manganese 57
color color
represents the characteristic harmonics).
represents the characteristic harmonics).
8. Comparison
FigureFigure 8. Comparisonbetween laboratory
between laboratory and and simulated
simulated characteristics:
characteristics: (a,b) PCC(a,b) PCC
voltage and voltage
cur- and
currentrent fundamentalharmonic
fundamental harmonic vs.
vs.rectifier
rectifierfiring angle;
firing (c,d)(c,d)
angle; PCCPCC
voltage and current
voltage fundamental
and current fundamental
harmonic vs. rectifier DC voltage.
harmonic vs. rectifier DC voltage.
ergies 2022,Energies
14, x FOR PEER
2022, REVIEW
15, 1894 10 of 57 8 of 51
Figure 9. Comparison between the

Figure 9. Comparison laboratory
between and simulated
the laboratory characteristics:
and simulated PCC voltage
characteristics: PCCand cur- and current
voltage
rent 5th harmonic versus rectifier firing angle (a,b) and versus rectifier DC voltage (c,d).
5th harmonic versus rectifier firing angle (a,b) and versus rectifier DC voltage (c,d).
s 2022, 14, Energies
x FOR PEER
2022,REVIEW
15, 1894 11 of 57 9 of 51
Figure 10. Comparison between

Figure 10. the laboratory
Comparison betweenand simulated
the characteristics:
laboratory and simulated PCC voltage and cur-
characteristics: PCC voltage and
rent 7th harmonic versus rectifier firing angle (a,b) and versus rectifier DC voltage (c,d). DC voltage (c,d).
current 7th harmonic versus rectifier firing angle (a,b) and versus rectifier
2.2.3. InvestigationFigure
on the8a,b
Loadrepresent
Active and the Reactive Power
voltage and versus
current Rectifier Firing
(fundamental Angle versus rectifier
harmonic)
firing angle,
In this particular caseand Figure
study, it is 8c,d represent
important the voltage
to notice and angle
the firing currentto(fundamental
which the harmonic)
versus rectifier
maximum or minimum DC voltage.
fundamental The difference
harmonic reactive orobserved between
active power the simulated
is achieved. The grid voltage
PCC active and and the laboratory
reactive powers grid voltage (Figure
(fundamental 8) is due
harmonic) to the
versus fact that
rectifier in the
firing caseand
angle of simulation, the
supply grid voltage was not distorted (pure sinusoidal waveform
versus rectifier DC voltage are shown in Figure 11a (laboratory) and Figure 11b (simula- before the load connec-
tion), whereas, in the case of the laboratory, the supply grid
tion). The active power decreases with the firing angle increase and increases with UDCvoltage was already distorted
before the load connection because of other devices which are
increase (Figure 11a). The reactive power characteristic has achieved its maximum (1208 continually connected and
disconnected (the real electrical grid works
Var) for a θ equal to 50.23° and UDC equal to 345.6 V (Figure 11a).continuously).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 10 of 51
The RMS values of the grid voltage and current 5th harmonic measured in the labora-
tory (Figure 9a,c) are different from those of the simulation (Figure 9b,d) because, before
the rectifier connection, the laboratory PCC voltage contained already the 5th harmonic
(see spectrum Figure 3b). The same phenomenon is observed for the 7th harmonic (see
Figure 10).
2.2.3. Investigation on the Load Active and Reactive Power versus Rectifier Firing Angle
In this particular case study, it is important to notice the firing angle to which the
maximum or minimum fundamental harmonic reactive or active power is achieved. The
PCC active and reactive powers (fundamental harmonic) versus rectifier firing angle and
versus rectifier DC voltage are shown in Figure 11a (laboratory) and Figure 11b (simulation).
The active power decreases with the firing angle increase and increases with UDC increase
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
(Figure 11a). The reactive power characteristic has achieved its maximum (1208 Var)12forofa57
θ
◦
equal to 50.23 and UDC equal to 345.6 V (Figure 11a).
Figure 11. Fundamental

Figure 11. Fundamental harmonic
harmonic PCC
PCC active
active and
and reactive
reactive powers
powers versus
versus firing
firing angle
angle and versus
and versus
U DC (one-phase): (a) laboratory data; (b) simulated data.
U (one-phase): (a) laboratory data; (b) simulated data.
DC
2.3. Design of the Single-Tuned Filter in the Laboratory

Laboratory
After performing
performing the investigation
investigation on the parameters
parameters of the electrical network and
load, the single-tuned
single-tuned filter was designed. TheThe studies
studies were based on the factors having
an influence on the PHFs work efficiency and performance, such as the tolerance of the
filter elements (e.g., reactor and capacitor), the electrical grid equivalent impedance of the
harmonic to be eliminated, and the harmonics
harmonic harmonics contained
contained inin the
the spectrum
spectrum of the supply
grid voltage (when no load is connected). The detuning of the single-tuned
grid voltage (when no load is connected). The detuning of the single-tuned filter filter was
was also
also
investigated.
investigated.
2.3.1. Computation
2.3.1. Computation of of the
the Single-Tuned
Single-Tuned Filter
Filter Parameters
Parameters
According to the information obtained from the investigation on the electrical network
According
and load: to thegenerated
the lowest information obtained from
characteristic the investigation
harmonic on the electrical
(in terms of harmonic net-
order) after
work and load: the lowest generated characteristic harmonic (in terms
the fundamental harmonic is the 5th harmonic (see Figure 6), the computed equivalent of harmonic order)
after the fundamental
impedance harmonic
of the electrical is the
grid 5th 5th harmonic
harmonic (ZS(5) ) is(see Figure
around 49.56),mΩ
the(see
computed equiva-
Figure 2b), and
lent impedance of the electrical grid 5th harmonic (Z S(5)) is around 49.5 mΩ (see Figure 2b),
the highest load reactive and active power (one-phase) are, respectively, around 1208 Var
and the highest
(inductive) andload
2686reactive
W (seeand active
Figure power
11a). The(one-phase) are, respectively,
filter equivalent around 1208
circuit is presented in
Var (inductive) and 2686 W (see Figure 11a). The filter equivalent circuit
Figure 12a and the expressions used to compute its parameters are shown in Figure 12b. is presented in
Figure 12a and the expressions used to compute its parameters are shown in Figure 12b.
According to the information obtained from the investigation on the electrical net-
work and load: the lowest generated characteristic harmonic (in terms of harmonic order)
after the fundamental harmonic is the 5th harmonic (see Figure 6), the computed equiva-
lent impedance of the electrical grid 5th harmonic (ZS(5)) is around 49.5 mΩ (see Figure 2b),
and the highest load reactive and active power (one-phase) are, respectively, around 1208
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 11 of 51
Var (inductive) and 2686 W (see Figure 11a). The filter equivalent circuit is presented in
Figure 12a and the expressions used to compute its parameters are shown in Figure 12b.
Figure 12. (a) Single-tuned filter, (b) expressions used to compute the single-tuned filter parame-
Figure 12. (a) Single-tuned filter, (b) expressions used to compute the single-tuned filter parameters.
ters. ωre —resonance frequency, nre —harmonic order at the resonance, qLf —reactor quality factor,
ωre—resonance frequency, nre—harmonic order at the resonance, —reactor quality factor, ω(1)
ω(1) = 2π f(1) .
=2π f(1).
The single-tuned filter used to mitigate the grid current 5th harmonic order is tuned
The single-tuned filter used to mitigate the grid current 5th harmonic order is tuned
to the frequency (f re = 245 Hz, nre = 4.9) a bit lower than the frequency of 250 Hz (because
to the frequency
of the aging of the(fre = 245
filter Hz, nre = The
elements). 4.9) computed
a bit lowerparameters
than the frequency of 250
of the filter Hz (because
are presented in
of the aging of the filter elements). The computed parameters of the filter are presented
Table 1 (one-phase). The filter reactive power value 1000 Var was chosen to investigate in in
Table 1 (one-phase). The filter reactive power value 1000 Var was chosen
the laboratory the non-compensation, compensation, and over-compensation mode of theto investigate in
the laboratory
power the non-compensation,
system after compensation,
the change of the rectifier and over-compensation mode of the
firing angle.
power system after the change of the rectifier firing angle.
Table 1. Computed equivalent parameters of the single-tuned filter (one-phase).
Table 1. Computed equivalent parameters of the single-tuned filter (one-phase).
Qf Uf Lf Cfy Cf∆ Zf(1) Zf(5)
nre Qf Uf Lf Cfү Cf∆ Zf(1) Zf(5)
nre [Var] [V] [mH] [µF] [µF] [Ω] [Ω]
[Var] [V] [mH] [µF] [µF] [Ω] [Ω]
4.9 1000 230 7.3 57.6 19.2 53 0.45
4.9 1000 230 7.3 57.6 19.2 53 0.45
Comparingthe
Comparing the5th
5thharmonic
harmonic equivalent
equivalent impedance
impedance of electrical
of the the electrical grid
grid (Z S(5) (Z S(5) = mΩ)
= 49.5 49.5
mΩ)
to theto
onetheofone of the(Z
the filters filters
f(5) = (Z
450 = 450
mΩ—see
f(5) mΩ—see
Table Table
1), it can 1),
be it can
noticedbe noticed
that the that
5th the
harmonic 5th
harmonic equivalent
equivalent impedanceimpedance
of the filterof isthe filter nine
almost is almost
timesnine times
higher higher
than thanofthe
the one theone of
grid,
which allows
the grid, which concluding that the filter
allows concluding thatwill
the be lesswill
filter efficient
be lessonefficient
the 5th harmonic
on the 5thmitigation
harmonic
at the grid side.
mitigation at theThe
gridsimulated
side. Theimpedance versus frequency
simulated impedance versuscharacteristic of the filter of
frequency characteristic is
presented
the filter isinpresented
Figure 13.in Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Figure 13. Filter impedance versus frequency
frequency characteristic
characteristic (simulation).
(simulation).
2.3.2. Measurements of the Single-Tuned Filter Parameters in the Laboratory: Verifica-

tion of the Manufacturer Tolerance
After theoretically computing the filter parameters (see Table 1), the filter elements
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 12 of 51
2.3.2. Measurements of the Single-Tuned Filter Parameters in the Laboratory: Verification

of the Manufacturer Tolerance
After theoretically computing the filter parameters (see Table 1), the filter elements
were obtained from the manufacturer (see Figure A1 in Appendix A). The technical data of
the filter reactor and capacitor are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Technical data of the filter reactors and capacitor (from manufacturer).
Core Reactors Three-Phase Gas Insulated Power Capacitor

8.03; 7.7; 7.3; 7.0; 6.6
Inductance Voltage 400 [V]
[mH]
Current 15 [A] Power 2.9 [kVar]
Frequency 50 [Hz] Rated current 4.18 [A]
Nominal Voltage 400 [V] Capacitance (Cf∆ ) 19.2 [µF]
Inductance Tolerance ± 10% Capacitance tolerance −5 . . . +10%
Mass ≈12 [kg] Ambient temperature −25 . . . +50 ◦ C
Power 0.57 kVar Discharge 50V/1 min
Winding material Copper Frequency 50 [Hz]
The core reactors with many terminals (Figure A1 in Appendix A) were chosen with
the goal of investigating the filter detuning phenomenon in the laboratory. Firstly, the
reactor inductances were theoretically computed, increasing the inductance 7.3 mH by
±5% and ±10%. The obtained theoretical inductances (8.03 mH, 7.665 mH, 6.93 mH,
and 6.57 mH) were sent to the producer. The technical data of the physical reactors
(8.03 mH, 7.7 mH, 7.3 mH, 7.0 mH, and 6.6 mH—see Table 2) were a bit different from the
theoretical ones.
The obtained capacitor bank from the manufacturer is in delta connection with a
capacitance of 19.2 µF and 966.66 Var for each capacitor. The total reactive power of the
three-phase capacitor bank is around 2.9 kVar for 400 V phase to phase. The capacitor bank
capacitance (Cf∆ ) in the technical data in Table 2 is according to the theoretical computation.
Because of the manufacture tolerance, the parameters of the filter elements were
verified in the laboratory using the ammeter–voltmeter–wattmeter method (this method is
very common and can be used under any condition in the industries (see Figure A2b in
Appendix A). The Equations (A1) and (A2) in Appendix A were used for the computation
(see Table 3). The equivalent circuit of the laboratory model in which the filter parameters
were verified is presented in Figure A2a (see Appendix A).
Table 3. The parameters of the filter elements from the manufacturer are compared to those measured
in the laboratory.
Reactor
Parameters from Manufacturer Measured Parameters in the Laboratory
L [mH] U [V] I [A] P [W] RLf [Ω] Lf [mH] ZLf(1) [Ω]
8.03 13.19 5 7.5 0.3 8.34 2.638
7.7 12.67 5 7.5 0.3 8.00 2.534
7.3 12.17 5 7.5 0.3 7.68 2.434
7 11.65 5 7.5 0.3 7.35 2.33
6.6 11.08 5 7.5 0.3 6.98 2.216
Capacitor bank
C1 [µF] U [V] I [A] P [W] RC1 [Ω] Cf∆ [µF]
19.2 241 2.2 0 0 19.4
The computed filter parameters (Lf , Cf∆ ) in the laboratory are shown in Table 3. It can
be noticed that these parameters are a little bit different from the ones of the manufacturer
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 13 of 51

(capacitors and reactors) has an influence on the expected resonance frequency. For in-
stance, in the case of the expected frequency of 245 Hz (nre = 4.9), the measured frequencies
haveare
but shown:
within238.5 Hz (nre = 4.77) (see
the manufacturer’s Table 4 (and
tolerances ±10%Figure 15).reactors and −5% to 10% for
for the
The real (see
the capacitor parameters
Table 2).(from the laboratory) of the single-tuned filter presented in Table
5 shows
Thethat the
filter 5th harmonic
resonance equivalent
frequencies (f reimpedance of the filter
) data measured in the(Zlaboratory
f(5) = 1160 mΩ, see Table
through the
5) is almost 23 times
programmable voltagehigher than
source in the one 14
Figure of the
are electrical
presentedgrids (ZS(5)4.= 49.5
in Table The mΩ). The filter
recorded data
were obtained
will be after each
less efficient 50 5th
on the Hz,harmonic
but around the resonance
mitigation at the frequency,
grid side. the interval of 10 Hz
was used (Chroma [66]). The single-tuned filter impedance
Because of the manufacturer's tolerance, it is very impotent versus to
frequency characteristic
verify the parameters
measured
of the filterinelements
the laboratory is presented
after their reception. in Figure 16.
Figure 14.
Figure 14. Equivalent electrical circuit used to
to measure
measure the
the single-tuned
single-tuned filter
filter impedance
impedance versus
versus
frequency characteristics
frequency characteristics (Chroma
(Chroma [66]).
[66]).
Table4.4.Single-tuned
Table Single-tunedfilters
filters resonance
resonance frequencies:
frequencies: thethe frequencies
frequencies obtained
obtained fromfrom manufacturer
manufacturer data
datacompared
are are compared
to the to the frequencies
frequencies obtained
obtained from
from the theindata
data Tablein3 Table
and to3 the
andmeasured
to the measured fre-
frequencies
quencies from the electrical circuit
from the electrical circuit of Figure 14. of Figure 14.
Computed Frequencies Measured Frequencies

Frequencies from Manufacturer Computed Frequencies Measured Frequencies
Frequencies from Manufacturer (from Table 3)
(from Table 3)
In in
the Laboratory (From Figure 16)
the Laboratory (From Figure 15)
nre fre [Hz] nre fre [Hz] nre fre [Hz]
nre f re [Hz] nre f re [Hz] nre f re [Hz]
4.68 234 4.57 228.5 4.57 228.5
4.68 234 4.57 228.5 4.57 228.5
4.78 239 4.66 233 4.67 233.5
4.78 239 4.66 233 4.67 233.5
4.94.9 245 245 4.76 4.76 238238 4.77
4.77 238.5
238.5
5.012
5.012 250.6250.6 4.86 4.86 243243 4.89
4.89 244.5
244.5
5.16
5.16 258 258 4.99 4.99 249.5 249.5 5.04
5.04 252
252
The grid voltage and current waveforms together with spectrums after the 5th har-
monic filter connection are shown in Figure 17. The waveforms and spectrums of the rec-
tifier input current and the filter current are presented in Figure 18. The grid current spec-
trum in Figure 17 shows that the lowest amplitude of the 5th harmonic is obtained for UDC
equal to 250V (θ = 62.54°) when the filter reactive power 966.6 Var is around the load
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 14 of 51
reactive power 1048.1 Var. The filter current is more charged by the 5th harmonic than the
other harmonics (see the spectrum of IT1 in Figure 18).
Figure
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER16. Equivalent
REVIEW circuit
Figure 15. of the laboratory
Equivalent model
circuit of the with 5th
laboratory harmonic
model single-tuned
with 5th harmonic filter togetherfilter together
single-tuned 16 of 57
with the measured parameters.
with the measured parameters.
Table 6. Power system parameters measured in the laboratory for different rectifier firing angles
(after the filter connection). DPF–displacement power factor; QS1(1), Qf1(1), and QT1(1) are, respectively,
the grid, filter, and load fundamental reactive powers. PS1(1) and Pf1(1) are, respectively, the grid and
filter active powers.
DC θ THDIT1 PS1(1) Pf1(1) QS1(1) Qf1(1) QT1(1)

THDUS1 [%] THDIS1 [%] DPF
V] [deg.] [%] [W] [W] [Var] [Var] [Var]
50 95.23 2.06 100.32 57.37 0.07 52.52 12.56 −757.17 −993.82 243.05
50 76.31 2.12 156.09 64.40 0.84 381.72 13.82 −242.01 −987.57 749.65
50 26.54 2.20 65.46 60.62 0.99 824.40 17.38 61.79 −983.80 1048.1
50 33.57 2.24 51.33 43.63 0.98 1396.3 19.39 233.94 −989.89 1225.4
50 33.57 2.06 55.62 35.14 0.99 2105.7 22.15 49.58 −989.38 1040.3
25 13.54 1.81 36.57 29.24 0.94 2680.2 24.60 −883.24 −975.21 95.52
Figure 16.
Figure 15. Single-tuned
Single-tuned filter
filter impedance
impedance versus
versus frequency
frequency characteristic measured in
characteristic measured in the
the laboratory.
laboratory.
TableIn5.Table
Summarized single-tunedobtained
4, the frequencies filter parameters
from the(one phase).
manufacturer data are compared to the
frequencies obtained from the computed data (Table 3) and to the measured frequencies
nre Qf [Var] Uf [V] RLf [Ω] Lf [mH] Cfү [µF] Cf∆ [µF] Zf(1) [Ω] Zf(5) [Ω]
(through the electrical circuit in Figure 14). It can be observed that the measured and com-
Theoretical Computed Parameters
puted resonance frequencies are almost the same, whereas the manufacturer frequencies
are4.9 1000
different from the230 0
measured frequencies 7.3(Table∞4). The 57.6
tolerance19.2 53 elements
of the filter 0.45
Manufacturer
(capacitors and reactors) has an influence on theparameters
expected resonance frequency. For instance,
in 4.9
the case966.66 230 frequency
of the expected - of 2457.3 Hz (nre -= 4.9),57.6 19.2 frequencies
the measured 53 0.45
have
shown: 238.5 Hz (nre = 4.77) (see Table
Measured 4 and Figure
parameters 16).
in the laboratory
4.77The 966.66
real parameters
230 (from the
0.3laboratory)
7.68of the single-tuned
8.04 58.2 filter
19.4presented
52.28 in Table
1.16 5
shows that the 5th harmonic equivalent impedance of the filter (Zf(5) = 1160 mΩ, see Table 5)
2.4. Laboratory Results after the Single-Tuned Filter Connection at the PCC
The equivalent circuit of the laboratory model in which the 5th harmonic filter was
designed is presented in Figure 16 and the filter impedance versus frequency characteris-
tic measured in the laboratory is presented in Figure 15. The parameters in Figure 16 were
computed based on the measured parameters of Table 3.
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 15 of 51
is almost 23 times higher than the one of the electrical grids (ZS(5) = 49.5 mΩ). The filter
will be less efficient on the 5th harmonic mitigation at the grid side.
Table 5. Summarized single-tuned filter parameters (one phase).
nre Qf [Var] U f [V] RLf [Ω] Lf [mH] qLf Cfy [µF] Cf∆ [µF] Zf(1) [Ω] Zf(5) [Ω]
Theoretical Computed Parameters
4.9 1000 230 0 7.3 ∞ 57.6 19.2 53 0.45
Manufacturer parameters
4.9 966.66 230 - 7.3 - 57.6 19.2 53 0.45
Measured parameters in the laboratory
4.77 966.66 230 0.3 7.68 8.04 58.2 19.4 52.28 1.16
Because of the manufacturer’s tolerance, it is very impotent to verify the parameters

of the filter elements after their reception.
2.4. Laboratory Results after the Single-Tuned Filter Connection at the PCC
The equivalent circuit of the laboratory model in which the 5th harmonic filter was
designed is presented in Figure 15 and the filter impedance versus frequency characteristic
measured in the laboratory is presented in Figure 16. The parameters in Figure 15 were
computed based on the measured parameters of Table 3.
Table 6 presents some parameters of the electrical system for different rectifier firing
angle values after the filter connection. It can be noticed that the grid voltage presents
the highest THD (THDUS1 = 2.24%) for UDC equal to 350 V (θ = 33.57◦ ) and the lowest
THD for UDC equal to 525 V (θ = 13.54◦ ), whereas the grid current presents the high-
est THD (THDIS1 = 156.09%) for UDC equal to 150 V (θ = 76.31◦ ) and the lowest THD
(THDIS1 = 36.57%) for UDC equal to 525 V (θ = 13.54◦ ). For the rectifier firing angle θ from
0◦ to 13.54◦ and from 76.31◦ to 95.23◦ , the electrical gird is overcompensated. For θ between
26.54◦ and 33.57◦ , the electrical grid reactive power is compensated. In this case study,
the better fundamental reactive power compensation (e.g., QS1(1) = 49.58 Var) is when the
rectifier firing angle is around 33.57◦ . The single-tuned filter power losses have increased
with the decrease in firing angle.
Table 6. Power system parameters measured in the laboratory for different rectifier firing angles (after
the filter connection). DPF–displacement power factor; QS1(1) , Qf1(1), and QT1(1) are, respectively, the
grid, filter, and load fundamental reactive powers. PS1(1) and Pf1(1) are, respectively, the grid and
filter active powers.
U DC θ THDUS1 THDIS1 THDIT1 PS1(1) Pf1(1) QS1(1) Qf1(1) QT1(1)

DPF
[V] [deg.] [%] [%] [%] [W] [W] [Var] [Var] [Var]
50 95.23 2.06 100.32 57.37 0.07 52.52 12.56 −757.17 −993.82 243.05
150 76.31 2.12 156.09 64.40 0.84 381.72 13.82 −242.01 −987.57 749.65
250 26.54 2.20 65.46 60.62 0.99 824.40 17.38 61.79 −983.80 1048.1
350 33.57 2.24 51.33 43.63 0.98 1396.3 19.39 233.94 −989.89 1225.4
450 33.57 2.06 55.62 35.14 0.99 2105.7 22.15 49.58 −989.38 1040.3
525 13.54 1.81 36.57 29.24 0.94 2680.2 24.60 −883.24 −975.21 95.52
Despite the filter presence in the electrical system, the grid current THD (THDIS1 ) is
higher than the load current THD (THDIT1 ) (see Table 6). This increase in the grid current
THD after the filter connection is due, on the one hand, (depending also on the firing
angle value and taking into account the expression (3) used to compute that THD) to
the reduction (because of the reactive power compensation) or amplification (because of
the overcompensation) of the grid fundamental harmonic, and, on the other hand, to the
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 16 of 51

amplification of some harmonics (e.g., 5th, 7th, etc.) at the electrical grid side (see also the
current spectrum in Figure 17 compared to Figure 6).
Figure
Figure 17.
17. Grid
Gridvoltage
voltage(U(U
S1) and current
S1 ) and (IS1(I
current ) waveforms withwith
S1 ) waveforms theirtheir
spectrums (after(after
spectrums the filter con-
the filter
nection).
connection).
The grid voltage and current waveforms together with spectrums after the 5th har-
monic filter connection are shown in Figure 17. The waveforms and spectrums of the
rectifier input current and the filter current are presented in Figure 18. The grid current
spectrum in Figure 17 shows that the lowest amplitude of the 5th harmonic is obtained for
UDC equal to 250V (θ = 62.54◦ ) when the filter reactive power 966.6 Var is around the load
reactive power 1048.1 Var. The filter current is more charged by the 5th harmonic than the
other harmonics (see the spectrum of IT1 in Figure 18).
q
∑50 2
n = 2 In
THDI = (3)
I1
Comparing Figure 17 to Figure 6, it can be noticed that the grid voltage 5th harmonic
amplitude has decreased after the filter connection (see also US1(5) in Figure 19b). The grid
voltage waveform is improved after the filter connection (See THDUS in Figure 19a).
gies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 57
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 17 of 51
Figure 18. Input rectifier (IT1) current with its spectrum and filter current (If1) with the spectrum.
∑
(3)
THD =
The change of the grid voltage 7th harmonic amplitude before and after the filter
connection is presented in Figure 19c. For certain firing angles (e.g., 95.23°), the 7th har-
monic amplitude is reduced at the grid side after the filter connection, and for others (e.g.,
Figure
Figure 18. Input 18. Input
rectifier rectifierwith
(IitT1)iscurrent (IT1its
) current withand
spectrum its spectrum and(Ifilter
filter current current
f1) with (If1 ) with the spectrum.
the spectrum.
76.31°), amplified.
∑
(3)
THD =
connection is presented in Figure 19c. For certain firing angles (e.g., 95.23°), the 7th har-
monic amplitude is reduced at the grid side after the filter connection, and for others (e.g.,
76.31°), it is amplified.
Figure
Figure 19. 19. (a) Grid
(a) Grid voltage
voltage THD;
THD; gridgrid voltage
voltage 5th 5th
(b) (b)
andand
7th 7th (c) harmonic
(c) harmonic amplitudes
amplitudes before
before andand
after
after the the filter
filter connection.
connection.
connection is presented in Figure 19c. For certain firing angles (e.g., 95.23◦ ), the 7th
harmonic amplitude is reduced at the grid side after the filter connection, and for others
(e.g., 76.31◦ ), it is amplified.
The filter work efficiency on the harmonic’s mitigation (from the 1st to the 23rd) is
presented in Figure 20a. The amplification of some harmonics at the grid side after the filter
connection can be observed (values higher the 100%, e.g., the 5th, 7th, etc.) for a certain
value of θ. The grid current fundament harmonic is amplified (UDC equal to 50 V and
525 V) because of the overcompensation.
Figure 19. (a) Grid voltage THD; grid voltage 5th (b) and 7th (c) harmonic amplitudes before and
after the filter connection.
The filter work efficiency on the harmonic’s mitigation (from the 1st to the 23rd) is
presented in Figure 20a. The amplification of some harmonics at the grid side after the
filter connection can be observed (values higher the 100%, e.g., the 5th, 7th, etc.) for a cer-
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 18 of 51
tain value of θ. The grid current fundament harmonic is amplified (UDC equal to 50V and
525V) because of the overcompensation.
Figure
Figure 20.20. (a) Single-tuned filter
(a) Single-tuned filterwork
workefficiency,
efficiency,(b)
(b)the
the5th
5th harmonic
harmonic current
current amplitude
amplitude generated
generated by
by
thethe
loadload (IT(5)
(IT(5) ) is) compared
is compared
to to
thethe
5th5th harmonic
harmonic current
current amplitude
amplitude at the
at the grid
grid side
side (IS(5)
(IS(5) ) for
) for differ-
different
ent firing
firing angle.
angle.
For
For UUDC equal to 250V (θ = 62.54°), ◦ the single-tuned filter efficiency on the grid current
DC equal to 250V (θ = 62.54 ), the single-tuned filter efficiency on the grid current
5th harmonic mitigation
5th harmonic mitigation is is around
around 80.74%
80.74%(see (seeFigure
Figure20a—only
20a-only 19.26%
19.26% of of 5th harmonic
5th harmonic
current generated by the load has flowed to the electrical grid). Figure 20a also shows that
the filter efficiency on the 5th harmonic
harmonic mitigation
mitigation varies varies with
with the
the rectifier
rectifier firing
firing angle.
angle.
For certain rectifier firing angles (e.g., 76.31° ◦
76.31 to 49.62°), ◦
49.62 ), the the filter
filter is more efficient on the
5th harmonic mitigation, and for others (e.g., 95.23 95.23°,◦ , 33.57
33.57°,◦ , and 13.54°),
13.54◦ ), it is the source of
5th harmonic amplification. The The behavior
behavior of of the
the filter on the 5th harmonic mitigation is
abnormal because, for each value of rectifier firing angle, the filter should be more or less
efficient on the 5th harmonic mitigation at the grid side. side.
In Figure 20b, the amplitude
amplitude the 5th harmonic of
of the 5th harmonic of the
the input
input rectifier
rectifiercurrent
current(I(IT(5)
T(5) ) is
compared to the one of the the grid

grid currents
currents (I S(5))) for
(IS(5) for different
different firing angle values. It can be
◦ , 33.57◦ , and 13.54◦ ,
noticed (as in Figure 20a) that for a θ θ equal
equal toto 95.23
95.23°, 33.57°, 13.54°, the 5th harmonic
amplitude is higher
higher at the grid side than at the load side. For For aa θ equal to 76.31 ◦ , 62.54◦ ,
amplitude 76.31°, 62.54°,
◦
59.62 , that amplitude at the grid side is smaller than the load side.
and 59.62°,
For any value of thyristor bright firing angle, the filter should be able to mitigate the
grid current
current5th5thharmonic
harmonicamplitude.
amplitude. Because
Because of that abnormal
of that abnormal behavior of theofsingle-tuned
behavior the single-
filter on the 5th harmonic mitigation at the grid side (amplification
tuned filter on the 5th harmonic mitigation at the grid side (amplification of theof 5th
theharmonic
5th har-
amplitude
monic at the grid
amplitude sidegrid
at the for certain
side forfiring angles),
certain firingsome extrasome
angles), experiments are carried out
extra experiments are
and presented
carried out andinpresented
the next part ofnext
in the this paper
part oftothis bring
papermore to clarification.
bring more clarification.
2.4.1. Experiments
2.4.1. Experiments with
with Chroma
Chroma to to Clarify
Clarify the
the Amplification
Amplification ofof the
the 5th
5th Harmonic
Harmonic at at the
the
Grid Side after the Filter Connection
Grid Side after the Filter Connection
The laboratory model (load plus filter) was disconnected from the electrical grid and
The laboratory
supplied model (load AC
by the programmable plusvoltage
filter) was disconnected
source (see Figurefrom the electrical
21) with a cable ofgrid
0.11and
Ω
supplied by the programmable AC voltage source (see Figure 21) with a cable
and inductance of 63.69 µH. Two types of experiments were carried out: in the first one, of 0.11 Ω
and inductance of 63.69 µH. Two types of experiments were carried out:
the programmable voltage source is the source of the fundamental harmonic as well asin the first one,
the programmable
other harmonics such voltage
as thesource is the
5th, 7th, source
11th, of the
and 13th fundamental
(see Figure 22a)harmonic as well as
(the programmable
other harmonics
voltage such
source with as the 5th,
harmonics 7th, 11th,the
represents and 13th (see
electrical Figure
grid with 22a) (the programmable
distorted supply voltage
voltage source with harmonics represents the electrical grid with distorted
as presented in Figure 3). In the second one, it is the source of the fundamental supply voltage
harmonic
only (without other harmonics (Figure 22b).
as
aspresented
presentedin inFigure
Figure3).3).In
Inthe
thesecond
secondone,one,ititisisthe
thesource
sourceof
ofthe
thefundamental
fundamentalharmonic
harmonic
only (without other harmonics (Figure
only (without other harmonics (Figure 22b). 22b).
The
Theamplitude
amplitudeof of harmonics
harmonicsin inthe
thevoltage
voltagespectrum
spectrumin inFigure
Figure22a
22a was
waschosen
chosenaa bit
bit
higher
higher than those in the electrical grid voltage spectrum presented in Figure 3b(when
than those in the electrical grid voltage spectrum presented in Figure 3b (whenno no
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 load 19 of 51
loadand
andfilter
filterwere
wereconnected)
connected)to tomake
makethetheexperiments
experimentsclearer.
clearer.The
Theresults
resultsobtained
obtainedfrom
from
the
thetwo
twoexperiments
experiments(after(afterthe
thefilter
filterconnection)
connection)are arepresented
presentedininFigures
Figures23–31.
23–31.
Figure
Figure 21.
Figure21. Experiments
21.Experiments with
Experimentswith the
withthe programmable
theprogrammable voltage
programmablevoltage source
voltagesource Chroma:
sourceChroma:
Chroma:equivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuitof the
ofthe
the
laboratory
laboratory model.
laboratorymodel.
model.
Figure 22. Voltage waveforms and spectrum measured at the programmable AC voltage source
terminals when no load and filter were connected: (a) voltage with harmonics; (b) voltage without
harmonics.
The amplitude of harmonics in the voltage spectrum in Figure 22a was chosen a bit
higher than those in the electrical grid voltage spectrum presented in Figure 3b (when no
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 20 of 51
Figure 22.
Figure 22. Voltage
Voltage waveforms
waveforms and and spectrum
spectrum measured
measured at at the
the programmable
programmable AC AC voltage
voltage source
source
terminals
terminals when no
when were load
no load and filter were
and filter were connected:
connected: (a) voltage with
(a) voltageclearer.harmonics;
with harmonics; (b) voltage
(b) voltage without
without
load and filter connected) to make the experiments The results obtained from
harmonics.
harmonics.
the two experiments (after the filter connection) are presented in Figures 23–31.
Figure 23.
Figure 23. Waveforms
Waveforms and and spectrums
spectrums when
when the filter
filter is
is not
not connected:
connected: (a)(a) PCC voltage
voltage waveform
waveform
Figure 23. Waveforms and spectrums when thethe
filter is not connected: (a) PCCPCCvoltage waveform with
with
with (b)
(b) its spectrum,
its spectrum, (c) voltage
(c) voltage source
source input current
input current with
with (d) its spectrum
(d) its spectrum (only
(only the
the load is con-
load is con-
(b) its spectrum,
nected). (c) voltage source input current with (d) its spectrum (only the load is connected).
nected).
Figure24.
Figure
Figure 24.Waveforms
24. Waveformsand
Waveforms and
and spectrums
spectrums
spectrums when
when
when the
thethe filter
filter is not
is not
filter is not connected:
connected:
connected: (a) PCC
(a) PCC
(a) PCC voltage
voltage waveform
waveform
voltage with
waveform
with
(b) its (b) its spectrum,
spectrum, (c) (c)
voltagevoltage
source source
input input
current current
with (d)with
its (d) its
spectrum spectrum
(only the(only
load
with (b) its spectrum, (c) voltage source input current with (d) its spectrum (only the load is con- the
is load is con-
connected).
nected).
nected).
The voltage
The voltage and
and current
current waveforms
waveforms andand spectrums
spectrums measured
measured atat the
the PCC
PCC (without
(without
filter) when
filter) when the
the load
load was
was connected
connected at
at the
the programmable
programmable voltage
voltage source
source terminals
terminals are
are pre-
pre-
sented in Figure 23 (programmable voltage source with harmonics) as well as in
sented in Figure 23 (programmable voltage source with harmonics) as well as in Figure 24 Figure 24
Energies 2022,15,
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24 57
Figure 25. (a)

(a) PCC
PCC voltage waveform
voltagewaveform with
waveformwith (b)
with(b) its
(b)itsitsspectrum,
spectrum,(c) voltage source input current with (d)
Figure
Figure 25.
25. (a) PCC voltage spectrum, (c)(c) voltage
voltage source
source input
input current
current with
with (d)
its spectrum (load and filter connected).
(d) its spectrum
its spectrum (load
(load andand filter
filter connected).
connected).
Figure 26. (a) PCC voltage waveform with the spectrum (b), (c) voltage source input current with
Figure 26.
26. (a)
(a) PCC
PCCvoltage
voltage waveformwithwiththe
thespectrum
spectrum (b),
(c)(c) voltage source input current
withwith
Figure
the spectrum (d) (load andwaveform
filter connected). (b), voltage source input current the
the spectrum (d) (load and filter connected).
spectrum (d) (load and filter connected).
rgies 2022, Energies
14, x FOR2022,
PEER15,REVIEW
1894 25 of 57 22 of 51
Figure 27. (a) Rectifier (a)

input current waveform waveform
with (b) its spectrum, (c) filter (c)
current waveform
Figure 27. (a)Rectifier
Figure 27.
with (d) its spectrum. Rectifierinput
inputcurrent
current waveform with (b) (b)
with its spectrum,
its spectrum, filter current
(c) filter waveform
current with
waveform
(d) its spectrum.
with (d) its spectrum.
Figure 28. (a) Rectifier input current waveform with (b) its spectrum, (c) filter current waveform
Figure 28.
28.(a)
Figure
with (d) its spectrum . (a)Rectifier
Rectifierinput
inputcurrent
current waveform
waveform with
with (b) (b) its spectrum,
its spectrum, (c) filter
(c) filter current
current waveform
waveform with
with
(d) its(d) its spectrum.
spectrum.
Energies 2022,
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51
Figure 29.
Figure 29. Comparison
Comparison between
between the
the spectrums
spectrums of
of filter
filter efficiency:
efficiency: (a)
(a) programmable voltage source
programmable voltage source
Figure
with 29. Comparison
harmonic, between thevoltage
(b) programmable spectrums of filter
source withoutefficiency: (a) programmable voltage source
harmonics.
with harmonic, (b) programmable voltage source without harmonics.
with harmonic, (b) programmable voltage source without harmonics.
Figure 30. (a,b) The amplitude of the 5th harmonic current measured at the load input (IT1(5)) is com-
Figureto30.
pared
Figure 30.
the(a,b)
oneThe
(a,b) Theamplitude
measured ofof
at the
amplitude the
the5th
Chroma harmonic
voltage
5th current
source
harmonic measured
input
current at the
(IS1(5)); (c,d)
measured load
atthe
the THD input
load (IT1(5)
ofinput
the (I) T1(5)
load isinput
com-
) is
pared to(THD
current the oneIT1 ) measured
is at the
compared to Chroma
the one ofvoltage
the sourceinput
Chroma inputcurrents
(IS1(5)); (c,d)
(THD theIS1THD
). of the load input
compared to the one measured at the Chroma voltage source input (IS1(5) ); (c,d) the THD of the load
current (THDIT1) is compared to the one of the Chroma input currents (THDIS1).
input current (THDIT1 ) is compared to the one of the Chroma input currents (THDIS1 ).
The voltage and current waveforms and spectrums measured at the PCC (without
filter) when the load was connected at the programmable voltage source terminals are pre-
sented in Figure 23 (programmable voltage source with harmonics) as well as in Figure 24
(programmable voltage source without harmonics). Comparing the PCC voltage spectrum
in Figure 23b to the one in Figure 24b (see also the waveforms in Figures 23a and 24a), it
can be noticed that the programmable voltage source with harmonics presents the high-
est amplitude of voltage harmonics at the PCC (e.g., 5th and the 7th). In the case of the
programmable voltage source without harmonics, the harmonics observed in the voltage
spectrum in Figure 24b are because of the voltage drop caused by each current harmonic
(flowing from the load—see Figure 24c,d) on the cable wire connecting the load to the pro-
grammable voltage source. In the case of the programmable voltage source with harmonics,
the harmonics observed in the voltage spectrum in Figure 23b (measured at the PCC) are the
sum or subtraction between the provided voltage harmonics to the programmable voltage
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 24 of 51
source
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW (see Figure 22a and the voltage drop caused by the superposition of each current
27 of 57
harmonic (flowing from the load as well as from the programmable voltage source—see
Figure 24c,d) on the cable wire connecting the load to the programmable voltage source.
Figure 31.
Figure Experiments with
31. Experiments with the
the programmable
programmable voltage
voltage source:
source: equivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuitof
ofthe
thelaboratory
laboratory
model with the additional line-reactor L
model with the additional line-reactor LSS. SS . The line reactor parameters were measured in the
The line reactor parameters were measured in the labor-
atory.
laboratory.
The
In waveforms
Figure 30a,b, theand spectrums
amplitude of the
of the 5th PCC voltage
harmonic and measured
current current measured at the
at the thyristor
programmable voltage source input (see Figure 21) after the filter connection
bridge input (IT1(5)) is compared to the one measured at the Chroma voltage source input are presented
inS1(Chroma)(5)
(I Figures).25–28.
In theThe
caseamplitudes
of the Chromaof the 5th harmonic
voltage voltage
source with and current
harmonics at the30a),
(see Figure inputthe
of
the programmable voltage source with harmonics (see Figure 25b,d) is
amplitude of the 5th harmonic current at the Chroma input side is higher than at the rec- higher than in the
case of
tifier the programmable
input voltage source
side. The 5th harmonic without harmonic
amplification (see Figure
at the Chroma input26b,d).
side isThe voltage
because of
andfilter
the current waveforms
connection, whichare has
presented
attractedin Figures 25a,c
to him the 5thand 26a,c. The
harmonic current
current spectrum
flowing from
in Figure
the 25d) shows
programmable that for
voltage source equal to 250V (θ = 62.54◦ ), the 5th harmonic has the
UDCside.
smallest amplitude as in the case of the grid current spectrum presented in Figure 17.
In the case of the Chroma voltage source without harmonics (see Figure 30b), the
The load (IT ) and filter (If ) current waveforms and spectrums are respectively pre-
current amplitude of the 5th harmonic is not amplified at the Chroma voltage source in-
sented in Figures 27a,b and 28a,b. Comparing Figures 27d and 28d, it can be observed
put, but it is partially mitigated due to the fact that the filter 5th harmonic equivalent im-
that in the case of the programmable source with harmonics, the amplitudes of current
pedance (Zf(5) = 1.16 Ω—Figure 16) is almost eight times higher than the 5th harmonic
harmonics (e.g., 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th) flowing through the filter are higher than in the
equivalent impedance of the Chroma cable (ZCable(5) = 0.148 Ω). At the input of the pro-
case of the programmable voltage source without harmonics. It is due to the fact that
grammable voltage source without harmonics, there is a part of non-filtered 5th harmonic
apart from the current harmonics filtered by the filter, other current harmonics are flowing
current, whereas, at the input of the Chroma voltage source with harmonics, there is not
from the programmable voltage source side to the filter (case of the programmable voltage
only a part of non-filtered 5th harmonic but also a part of the 5th harmonic current flowing
source with harmonics).
from the Chroma voltage source.
The filter efficiency spectrum in Figure 29a clearly shows that in the case of a pro-
For any rectifier firing angle in Figure 30c, the THD of the current measured at the
grammable voltage source with harmonics, the amplitude of the 5th harmonic current
input of the Chroma
is amplified voltage source
at the programmable with harmonics
voltage source input(THD IS1) is higher than the current
(values above 100%), whereas in
THD measured at the load input (THD IT1). Almost the same situation is observable in Fig-
the case of programmable voltage source without harmonics, is it partially mitigated (see
ure
Figure30d29b—no
(Chromaamplification
voltage source without
of the harmonics), except for a θ equal to 95.23°.
5th harmonic).
The performed experiments can allow us to conclude that the amplification of the
current amplitude of the 5th harmonic (for certain rectifier firing angle) at the electrical
grid side as presented in the spectrums of Figure 20, was because of the 5th harmonic
current flowing from the grid to the filter (which presented a small impedance for that
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 25 of 51
In Figure 30a,b, the amplitude of the 5th harmonic current measured at the thyristor
bridge input (IT1(5) ) is compared to the one measured at the Chroma voltage source input
(IS1(Chroma)(5) ). In the case of the Chroma voltage source with harmonics (see Figure 30a),
the amplitude of the 5th harmonic current at the Chroma input side is higher than at the
rectifier input side. The 5th harmonic amplification at the Chroma input side is because of
the filter connection, which has attracted to him the 5th harmonic current flowing from the
programmable voltage source side.
In the case of the Chroma voltage source without harmonics (see Figure 30b), the
current amplitude of the 5th harmonic is not amplified at the Chroma voltage source input,
but it is partially mitigated due to the fact that the filter 5th harmonic equivalent impedance
(Zf(5) = 1.16 Ω—Figure 15) is almost eight times higher than the 5th harmonic equivalent
impedance of the Chroma cable (ZCable(5) = 0.148 Ω). At the input of the programmable
voltage source without harmonics, there is a part of non-filtered 5th harmonic current,
whereas, at the input of the Chroma voltage source with harmonics, there is not only a part
of non-filtered 5th harmonic but also a part of the 5th harmonic current flowing from the
Chroma voltage source.
For any rectifier firing angle in Figure 30c, the THD of the current measured at the
input of the Chroma voltage source with harmonics (THDIS1 ) is higher than the current
THD measured at the load input (THDIT1 ). Almost the same situation is observable in
Figure 30d (Chroma voltage source without harmonics), except for a θ equal to 95.23◦ .
The performed experiments can allow us to conclude that the amplification of the
current amplitude of the 5th harmonic (for certain rectifier firing angle) at the electrical
grid side as presented in the spectrums of Figure 20, was because of the 5th harmonic
current flowing from the grid to the filter (which presented a small impedance for that
current harmonic). In this case study, it can be noticed that the single-tuned filter (after
its connection) has absorbed more 5th harmonic current from the grid side than from the
load side, whence the amplification of that harmonic at the grid side. Another problem that
should be highlighted after the above experiments is the partial mitigation of the amplitude
of the 5th harmonic current at the Chroma voltage source input.
So far, it has been clearly demonstrated and presented the influence of the gird supply
voltage distortion and grid impedance of the harmonic to be eliminated on the PHF work
efficiency. In the case study presented in this paper, the proposed solution to mitigate the
influence of the electrical grid on the PHF work efficiency is the use of an additional line
reactor between the point of laboratory model connection and the PCC.
2.4.2. Experiments with the Additional Line Reactor to Improve the Filter Work Efficiency
Using the Programmable AC Voltage Source (Chroma)
In this investigation, the line reactor (LSS –see Figure 31) is used, on the one hand,
to mitigate the amplitude of the 5th harmonic current flowing from the Chroma voltage
source to the filter (in the case of the programmable voltage source with harmonics). On
the other hand, it is also used to increase the 5th harmonic equivalent impedance of the
cable (connecting Chroma to the PCC) so that the efficiency of the filter on the 5th harmonic
mitigation at the Chroma voltage source input will increase. In Figure 31, it can be noticed
that the equivalent impedance of the filter (Zf(5) ) is four times smaller than the one of the
Chroma cable and line reactor added together (ZLSS(5) + (ZCable(5) ). In Figure 32a,b, the PCC
voltage waveforms and spectrums are compared, and in Figure 33a,b, it can be observed the
current waveforms and spectrums measured at the Chroma voltage source input. The filter
current waveforms and spectrums are shown in Figure 34a,b. The load current parameters
can be seen in Figure 35a,b.
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Figure 32.
32. PCC
PCC voltage
voltage waveforms
waveforms and
and spectrums
spectrums measured
measured at
at the PCC
PCC when
when the
theprogrammable
programmable
Figure
Figure
voltage32. PCCwas:
source voltage waveforms
(a) with andand
harmonics spectrums measured
(b) without at the
harmonics.the PCC
The linewhen the
reactor LSSprogrammable
is considered.
voltage
voltagesource
sourcewas:
was:(a)
(a)with
withharmonics
harmonicsand
and(b)
(b)without
withoutharmonics.
harmonics.The
Theline reactorLLSSSS is
linereactor is considered.
considered.
Figure 33. Current waveforms and spectrums measured at the input of the Chroma voltage source
Figure
Figure 33.
with (a)33. Current waveforms
Current
harmonics waveforms and spectrums
and
and (b) without spectrums measured
harmonics.measured at the
at the input
The line reactor input of
LSS is of the Chroma
the Chroma voltage
considered. voltage source
source
with (a) harmonics and (b) without harmonics. The line reactor L SS is considered.
with (a) harmonics and (b) without harmonics. The line reactor LSS is considered.
Energies2022,
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of 51
Figure 34.
Figure 34. Current
Currentwaveforms
waveformsandandspectrums measured
spectrums measuredat the filter
at the terminals
filter when
terminals the program-
when the pro-
grammable voltage source was with: (a) harmonics and (b) without harmonics. The linereactor
mable voltage source was with: (a) harmonics and (b) without harmonics. The line reactorLL
SS is
SS
considered.
is considered.
Comparing the filter efficiency presented in Figure 29a,b (case without the line reactor
LSS ) to the one presented in Figure 36a,b (case with LSS ), it can be noticed that the use of the
additional line reactor LSS has improved the filter work efficiency on the mitigation of the
5th harmonic as well as higher harmonics at the Chroma voltage source input (Figure 36a,b).
Figure 37a,b shows that he amplitude of the 5th harmonic current at the programmable
voltage input is better mitigated in the case where the line reactor is considered than in the
case where it is not considered (see Figure 30a,b). Figure 37c,d in comparison to Figure 30c,d
presents lower Chroma input current THD. With the additional line reactor LSS connected
in the power system, the filter power losses (fundamental harmonic) have little increased
(see Figure 38a,b).
The above experiments with the programmable voltage source have clearly shown
that an additional line reactor connected between the PCC and the laboratory setup (load
plus filter) can efficiently improve the passive filter work efficiency. Such of connection also
has some disadvantages, which is discussed in the following section.
Figure 34. Current waveforms and spectrums measured at the filter terminals when the program-
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 28 of 51
mable voltage source was with: (a) harmonics and (b) without harmonics. The line reactor LSS is
considered.
Figure 35. Current waveforms and spectrums measured at the load terminals when the pro-
Figure 35. Current waveforms and spectrums measured at the load terminals when the program-
grammable voltage
mable voltage source
source was was
with:with: (a) harmonics
(a) harmonics andand
(b) (b) without
without harmonics.
harmonics. TheThe line
line reactorLSSLSS
reactor is
is considered.
considered.
Figure 36.
Figure 36. Filter
Filterefficiency
efficiencywhen
whenthe
theprogrammable
programmablevoltage source
voltage was
source with:
was (a) (a)
with: harmonics andand
harmonics (b)
without harmonics. The line reactor LSS is considered.
(b) without harmonics. The line reactor LSS is considered.
Figure 36. Filter efficiency when the programmable voltage source was with: (a) harmonics and (b)
without harmonics. The line reactor LSS is considered.
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 29 of 51
Figure 37.
Figure 37. The
The amplitude
amplitude(a,b)
(a,b)ofofthe
the5th
5thharmonic
harmonic current,
current, as as well
well as the
as the current
current THDTHD
(c,d)(c,d) meas-
measured
ured
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW at the load input, are compared to the ones measured at the Chroma voltage source input.
32 ofThe
57
at the load input, are compared to the ones measured at the Chroma voltage source input. The line
line reactor LSS is considered.
reactor LSS is considered.
Figure 38.
Comparisonbetweenbetweenthethe
filter power
filter power losses (the(the
losses fundamental harmonic)
fundamental whenwhen
harmonic) the addi-
the
tional line line
additional reactor LSS isLconnected
reactor is and when
connected and it is not
when it isconnected:
not Chroma
connected: voltage
Chroma source
voltage withwith
source (a) and
(a)
SS
without (b) harmonics.
and without (b) harmonics.
The above
2.5. Increase in theexperiments with
Electrical Grid the programmable
Equivalent voltage
Inductance (Short source
Circuit have
Power clearly shown
Decrease)
that an additional
Coming backline reactor
to the connected
electrical grid between
system asthe PCC
the and the
power laboratory
source for the setup (load
laboratory
plus filter) can efficiently improve the passive filter work efficiency. Such
model, the line reactor LSS is firstly connected between the PCC and the grid (without of connection
also has
filter), assome disadvantages,
presented which
in Figure 39. Such is of
discussed in the
connection following
seen from thesection.
PCC reduces the grid
short-circuit power and increases the grid inductance. The goal is to increase the electrical
2.5. Increase
grid in the
equivalent Electrical Grid
impedance of theEquivalent
harmonicInductance (Short Circuit
to be eliminated Power
(the 5th Decrease)
harmonic).
Coming back to the electrical grid system as the power source for the laboratory
model, the line reactor LSS is firstly connected between the PCC and the grid (without
filter), as presented in Figure 39. Such of connection seen from the PCC reduces the grid
short-circuit power and increases the grid inductance. The goal is to increase the electrical
grid equivalent impedance of the harmonic to be eliminated (the 5th harmonic).
In Figure 39, it can be noticed that after the line reactor connection, the grid equiva-
lent impedance of the 5th harmonic (see from the PCC) has increased from 49.5 mΩ to 4.62
Ω. Since the line reactor LSS is now considered as a part of the grid, the 5th harmonic equiv-
14, 1894
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3330of
of 57
51
Figure 39. Equivalent circuit of laboratory model with line reactor.

reactor.
TableIn7.Figure 39, it of
Parameters canthebefundamental
noticed thatharmonic
after the active
line reactor connection,
and reactive powersthe
as grid
well equivalent
as DPF for
impedance
different of the
rectifier 5th angles
firing harmonic (see from
measured at thethe PCC) has increased from 49.5 mΩ to 4.62 Ω.
PCC.
Since the line reactor LSS is now considered as a part of the grid, the 5th harmonic equivalent
UDC [V] θ [deg.] PS1(1) [W] QS1(1) [Var] DPF
impedance of the electrical grid is around 4.67 Ω (see Figure 39).
Table 7 presents the active and reactive power as well as the DPF measured at 0.26
50 95.23 73.13 269.02 the PCC
150 76.31
for different rectifier firing angles. 387.71 743.75 0.46
250 26.54 805.26 1079 0.59
Table 7.350Parameters of the 33.57 1371.8active and reactive
fundamental harmonic 1214.3
powers as well as0.74
DPF for
different450 33.57
rectifier firing angles measured at the2091.1
PCC. 995.88 0.90
525 13.54 2605.4 340.86 0.99
U DC [V] θ [deg.] PS1(1) [W] QS1(1) [Var] DPF
50 95.23 73.13 269.02 0.26
150 76.31 387.71 743.75 0.46
250 26.54 805.26 1079 0.59
350 33.57 1371.8 1214.3 0.74
450 33.57 2091.1 995.88 0.90
525 13.54 2605.4 340.86 0.99
Comparing the PCC voltage waveforms and spectrums in Figure 40 to those in Figure 6
(when the line reactor was not connected), it can be noticed that with the increase in the
grid inductance using the additional line reactor (LSS ), the PCC voltage is more distorted
by commutation notches and the amplitudes of the harmonics have increased (Figure 40).
The grid current waveforms and spectrums are presented in Figure 40 and there is no
significant change in the amplitudes of the harmonics after comparison to the case without
LSS in Figure 6.
The comparison between the PCC voltage and current THD as well as fundamental har-
monic amplitude before and after the line reactor connection is presented in Figures 41 and 42,
respectively. The THD of the grid voltage has increased (Figure 41a), whereas its funda-
mental harmonic has decreased (Figure 42a) after the line reactor connection. The grid
current THD has decreased (the line reactor has worked as a filter) (Figure 41b) and the
fundamental harmonic is almost the same (Figure 42b) with the line reactor presence.
Energies 2022,
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51
Figure 40.
40. Grid voltage and
Grid voltage
voltage and current
current waveforms
waveforms together
together with
with the spectrums
spectrums (with LLSS
SS).
Figure
Figure 40. Grid and current waveforms together with the
the spectrums (with
(with LSS).).
Figure 41. Comparison before and after the line reactor connection of the PCC voltage THD (a) and
grid current THD (b).
grid
grid current
current THD (b).
THD (b).
On the one hand, the additional line reactor has increased the electrical grid equivalent
impedance of harmonic to be eliminated and reduced the amplitude of current harmonics.
On the other hand, it has increased the PCC voltage distortion (THD) and reduced the
amplitude of the PCC voltage fundamental harmonic.
Figure 43 shows that the depth of voltage commutation notches is more accented with
the line reactor inductance increase. The higher the line reactor inductance (e.g., LS + L +
LSS ), the more dipped are the voltage commutation notches (see UT ). The voltage waveform
at the PCC (US ) is less distorted by commutation notches than the one at the rectifier input
(UT ) (Figure 43) because, at the PCC, the inductance LS is small. The commutation dip
observed on the voltage U (Figure 43) is because of the voltage swell on the reactor’s
voltage (LS + L).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 32 of 51
grid current THD (b).
Figure 42. Comparison between the PCC voltage (a) and current (b) fundamental harmonic before
and after the line reactor connection.
Figure 43 shows that the depth of voltage commutation notches is more accented
with the line reactor inductance increase. The higher the line reactor inductance (e.g., LS +
L + LSS), the more dipped are the voltage commutation notches (see UT). The voltage wave-
form at the PCC (US) is less distorted by commutation notches than the one at the rectifier
input (UT) (Figure 43) because, at the PCC, the inductance LS is small. The commutation
dip observed betweenU
on the voltage the PCC voltage
(Figure 43) is (a) and current
because of the(b) fundamental
voltage harmonic
swell on before
the reactor’s
and after the line
voltage (LS + L). reactor connection.
Figure 43.
Figure 43. Voltage
Voltagewaveforms
waveformsmeasured
measuredatatdifferent
different points
points of laboratory
of laboratory model.
model. TheThe influence
influence of
of the
the reactor inductance on the depth of the commutation notches is presented (measured).
reactor inductance on the depth of the commutation notches is presented (measured).
Connection of the Single-Tuned

Single-Tuned Filter
Filter at
at the
thePCC
PCCafter
afterthe
theIncrease
Increasein
inthe
theElectrical
Electrical Grid
Grid Inductance
Inductance
The
The laboratory
laboratory model
model is is shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 44 44 and
and its
its equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit inin Figure
Figure 45.
45.
The 5th harmonic grid equivalent impedance (Z + Z = 4.67 Ω)
The 5th harmonic grid equivalent impedance (ZS(5) + ZLSS(5) = 4.67 Ω) is around four times
S(5) LSS(5) is around four times
higher
higher thanthan one
one of
of the
the filters
filters(Z
(Zf(5) = 1.16 Ω, Figure 45). At the PCC, the grid inductance is
f(5) = 1.16 Ω, Figure 45). At the PCC, the grid inductance is
almost
almost 93.33 times higher than before the
93.33 times higher than before the line
line reactor
reactor connection.
connection.
The parameters in Table 8 were
The parameters in Table 8 were registered registered bybyincreasing
increasing(with thethe
(with filter connected)
filter the
connected)
rectifier DC voltage from 0 to 525 V. The better grid fundamental
the rectifier DC voltage from 0 to 525V. The◦better grid fundamental harmonic reactiveharmonic reactive power
(Q S(1) ) compensation
power is observed
(QS(1)) compensation for θ = 26.54
is observed for θ =(U DC equal
26.54° (UDCtoequal
250 V,toTable
250V,8).Table
With8).
theWith
line
reactor
the lineconnected in the electrical
reactor connected in the system as system
electrical presented as in Figure 45inand
presented for any
Figure valuefor
45 and ofany
the
rectifier firing angle, the THD of the electrical grid current (THDIS1 ) is smaller than the one
value of the rectifier firing angle, the THD of the electrical grid current (THDIS1) is smaller
at the rectifier input (THDIT1, Table 8), which is totally different from the situation when
than the one at the rectifier input (THDIT1, Table 8), which is totally different from the sit-
the line reactor was not connected (see Table 6).
uation when the line reactor was not connected (see Table 6).
The PCC voltage waveform and spectrum are presented in Figure 46. Compared to
The PCC voltage waveform and spectrum are presented in Figure 46. Compared to
the case without line reactor LSS (see voltage spectrums in Figure 17), the voltage spectrum
the case without line reactor LSS (see voltage spectrums in Figure 17), the voltage spectrum
in Figure 46 presents the highest amplitude of 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, and 23rd (see also
in Figure 46 presents the highest amplitude of 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, and 23rd (see
Figure 43), and higher harmonics (because of the commutation notches depth increase) as
also Figure 43), and higher harmonics (because of the commutation notches depth in-
well as the best reduction in the 5th harmonic amplitude in the grid voltage.
crease) as well as the best reduction in the 5th harmonic amplitude in the grid voltage.
Energies 2022, 14,
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15, 1894 33 of 36
51 of 57
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3
Figure 44.44.
Figure Laboratory
Laboratorysetup
setup with the single-tuned
with the single-tuned filter
filter after
after thethe
lineline reactor
reactor connection.
connection.
Figure 44. Laboratory setup with the single-tuned filter after the line reactor connection.
Figureequivalent
Figure 45. Laboratory 45. Laboratory
circuitequivalent
with filtercircuit with
and line filter and line reactor.
reactor.
Figure 45. Laboratory equivalent circuit with filter and line reactor.
Table 8. Power system parameters
Table 8. measured
Power system in the laboratory
parameters measured inforthe
different rectifier
laboratory firing angles.
for different rectifier firing an
Table 8. Power system parameters measured in the laboratory for different rectifier firing angles.
U DC θUDC THD θUS1 THDIS1 THD THDIT1 PS1(1) PS1(1)
QS1(1) QS1(1) Qf1(1)
Pf1(1) Pf1(1) QT1(1)
Qf1(1) Q
THDUS1 [%] THDIT1 IS1 [%] DPF DPF
UDC [V] θ [deg.]
[V] [%]
[deg.] [%] THDIT1
[%] [%] PS1(1)
[W] Q[W]
[Var]S1(1) P[Var]
[W] f1(1) Q
[Var][W]
f1(1) [Var] QT1(1)
[Var] [V
THDUS1 [%] THDIS1 [%] DPF
[V] [deg.]
50 95.2350 95.23
4.56 4.56
38.47 [%] 38.47
131.95 131.95 [W]
0.08 0.08 −743.27
63.80 63.80 13.31
[Var] −743.27
[W] −1022.6 13.31 283.91
[Var] −1022.6
[Var] 28
50 150
95.23 76.31
150 6.72
4.56 76.31 38.4777.46 85.33
6.72 131.9577.46 0.08 0.8285.33 394.58
63.800.82 −−743.27
267.73 −267.73−1003.9
394.58 16.28
13.31 16.28 738.73
−1022.6 −1003.9
283.91 73
250 26.54
250 8.19
26.54 38.79
8.19 58.51
38.79 0.99
58.51 818.29
0.99 84.54
818.29 17.53
84.54 − 992.40
17.53 1078.0
−992.40 10
150 76.31
350 33.576.72 8.52 77.46 25.39 85.33
43.78 0.82
0.98 394.58
1370 −267.73 18.62
244.61 16.28 −978.77
−1003.9 1223.5738.73
350 33.57 8.52 25.39 43.78 2082.20.98 1370 244.61 −972.86
18.62 1029.9
−978.77 12
250 26.54
450 33.57 8.19 9.10 38.7919.77 58.51
34.74 0.99
0.99 818.29 84.54
56.72 17.53
21.24 −992.40 1078.0
450 33.57 9.10 19.77 0.9634.74 2668.10.99 −750.06
2082.2 56.72 21.24 −972.86 10
350 525
33.57 13.54
8.52 4.95 25.3912.18 26.61
43.78 0.98 1370 244.61 23.4418.62 −982.17
−978.77 235.021223.5
525 13.54 4.95 12.18 26.61 0.96 2668.1 −750.06 23.44 −982.17 23
450 33.57 9.10 19.77 34.74 0.99 2082.2 56.72 21.24 −972.86 1029.9
525 13.54 4.95 12.18 26.61 0.96 2668.1 −750.06 23.44 −982.17 235.02
Energies
Energies 2022, 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
15, 1894 34 of 5137 of 57
Figure
Figure 46. 46. Waveforms
Waveforms and spectrums
and spectrums of grid and
of grid current current and voltage.
voltage.
The grid current

The waveforms
grid current and spectrum
waveforms are constituted
and spectrum by Figure
are constituted 46 (the 46
by Figure lowest
(the lowest
value ofvalue
the 5th harmonic amplitude is obtained when the thyristor bridge
of the 5th harmonic amplitude is obtained when the thyristor bridge firing firing angle was angle
set to 62.54 ◦ (U
was set DCto 62.54° (UDC =250V). Comparing the grid current spectrum in Figure in
= 250 V). Comparing the grid current spectrum in Figure 46 to the one 46 to the
Figure 40 (grid with line
one in Figure reactor
40 (grid withwithout filter),
line reactor it can be
without observed
filter), it can that the 5th harmonic
be observed that the 5th har-
amplitude hasamplitude
monic considerablyhasdecreased
considerablyafterdecreased
the filter after
connection.
the filter connection.
Figure 47 presents
Figure the waveform
47 presents and spectrum
the waveform of the filter
and spectrum of thecurrent and input
filter current andrectifier
input rectifier
current.current.
On theOn topthe
of that
top of that figure, an example of the measured current complexisform is
figure, an example of the measured current complex form
presented.
presented.
With the increase in grid inductance and for any DC rectifier voltage (Figure 48a), the
filter is more efficient (when compared to the case without LSS in Figure 20a) on the 5th
and higher harmonics reduction (values below 100%—Figure 48a). The amplification of
the 3rd harmonic (grid side) observed in Figure 48a is due to its presence near the parallel
resonance frequency occurring between the filter capacitor and the grid inductance.
The comparison between the 5th harmonic generated by the load (IT(5) ) and the one
flowing to the electrical grid (IS(5) ) is presented in Figure 48b. For any firing angle, there is
non-grid side 5th harmonic amplification as in Figure 20b. The line reactor has increased
the filter efficiency in terms of 5th and higher harmonic mitigation.
A comparison example of the grid voltage and current spectrum and THD before and
after the filter connection (with the line reactor) is considered in Figures 49 and 50. For
almost all rectifier firing angles, the grid current and voltage THD have decreased after the
filter connection (Figure 50).
Energies 2022,
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14, 1894
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51
The use of an additional line reactor between the PCC and the filter has improved
the filter work efficiency on the 5th and higher harmonics mitigation at the grid side (Fig-
ure 48).
Figure 47. Waveforms and spectrums
Waveforms and spectrums of
of input
input rectifier
rectifier current
current (I(IT1
T1) and filter current (If1).
f1 ).
With the increase in grid inductance and for any DC rectifier voltage (Figure 48a), the
filter is more efficient (when compared to the case without LSS in Figure 20a) on the 5th
and higher harmonics reduction (values below 100%—Figure 48a). The amplification of
the 3rd harmonic (grid side) observed in Figure 48a is due to its presence near the parallel
resonance frequency occurring between the filter capacitor and the grid inductance.
The comparison between the 5th harmonic generated by the load (IT(5)) and the one
flowing to the electrical grid (IS(5)) is presented in Figure 48b. For any firing angle, there is
non-grid side 5th harmonic amplification as in Figure 20b. The line reactor has increased
the filter efficiency in terms of 5th and higher harmonic mitigation.
A comparison example of the grid voltage and current spectrum and THD before and
after the filter connection (with the line reactor) is considered in Figures 49 and 50. For
almost all rectifier firing angles, the grid current and voltage THD have decreased after
the filter connection (Figure 50).
The power system impedance versus frequency characteristic seen from the load in-
put (from the simulated model) is presented in Figure 51. It can be observed that the series
(238 Hz) and parallel (201.7 Hz) resonances have appeared below the 5th harmonic fre-
quency. In Figure 51, the series resonance is the filter resonance, and the parallel resonance
Figure
is 48. (a)
(a) Filter
the resonance electiveness,
Filterbetween (b)
the(b)
electiveness, comparison
filter between
capacitor
comparison and the
between thegrid
the 5thharmonic
5th harmonic current
inductance +ofgrid
(LS of
current Lgrid (IS(5))) fre-
SS). (IThe and
Figure 48. S(5) and
the input
quency rectifier (I T(5)).
the input217.4 Hz(IT(5)
rectifier represents
). the neutral frequency. All the harmonics having their fre-
quency near the parallel resonance frequency can be amplified as in the case of the 3rd
harmonic in Figure 48a.
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 36 of 51
Figure 48. (a) Filter electiveness, (b) comparison between the 5th harmonic current of grid (IS(5)) and
Figure 48. (a) Filter electiveness, (b) comparison between the 5th harmonic current of grid (IS(5)) and
the input rectifier (IT(5)).
the input rectifier (IT(5)).
Figure 49.49. Grid

Gridvoltage
voltageand
andcurrent
current spectrum:
thethe case without
the the
filterfilter is compared to the case
Figure 49. Grid Figure
voltage and current spectrum: the spectrum:
case without case without
the filter is compared istocompared
the case to the case with
with (U
filter filter (UDC equal
equal to to
250 250
V). V).
with filter (UDC equal toDC 250 V).
Figure 50. THD of grid voltage (a) and current (b) for different UDC: the case without the filter is
Figure 50. THDFigure
of grid50.
voltage (a)grid
and voltage
current (a)
(b) for different UDC: the case without the filter is
compared THD
to theof case with filter. and current (b) for different UDC : the case without the filter is
compared to thecompared
case with to
filter.
the case with filter.
The power system impedance versus frequency characteristic seen from the load
input (from the simulated model) is presented in Figure 51. It can be observed that the
series (238 Hz) and parallel (201.7 Hz) resonances have appeared below the 5th harmonic
frequency. In Figure 51, the series resonance is the filter resonance, and the parallel
resonance is the resonance between the filter capacitor and the grid inductance (LS + LSS ).
The frequency 217.4 Hz represents the neutral frequency. All the harmonics having their
frequency near the parallel resonance frequency can be amplified as in the case of the 3rd
harmonic in Figure 48a.
The use of an additional line reactor between the PCC and the filter has improved the
filter work efficiency on the 5th and higher harmonics mitigation at the grid side (Figure 48).
2.6. Detuning of the Single-Tuned Filter

In the following part of this paper, we present the case study in which the single-tuned
filter is tuned to different resonance frequencies. The investigation goal was to present the
influence of the filter detuning phenomenon on its filtration efficiency.
The PHF detuning phenomenon is characterized by the increase or decrease in the
tuning frequency (resonance frequency) over time. This phenomenon can be caused by the
variation of the PHF parameters over time or the voltage fundamental harmonic frequency
change at the point of PHF connection. The variation of the filter parameters (increase
or decrease in the inductance or capacitance value) can be caused by their aging (mostly
the capacitor), the atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), or their damage.
The filter inductance value decrease can take place in the event such as an inter-turn short
circuit in the reactor (this condition leads to reactor damage). The change in capacitor
capacitance is mainly caused by the work temperature increase. The capacitor’s aging
reduces their capacitance over time [67,68]. It is very important to take into account the
detuning phenomenon while designing the PHFs. In practice, it is advised to tune the PHF
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 37 of 51
on the resonance frequency a bit lower than the frequency of the harmonic to be mitigated.
In [59], there are formulated recommendations on the parameters that should be considered
while choosing the PHF resonance frequency.
Figure 51.
Figure 51.Impedance versus
Impedance frequency
versus characteristic
frequency observed
characteristic at the load
observed input
at the (from
load the (from
input simulated
the
model).
simulated model).
To investigate
2.6. Detuning of the the detuning phenomena
Single-Tuned Filter in the laboratory, the single-tuned filter reactor
was designed with many terminals (see Figure 52). Each terminal represents onesingle-
Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW In the following part of this paper, we present the case study in which the 41
filter
of 57
resonance frequency when connected to the capacitor. In Figure 52, the difference
tuned filter is tuned to different resonance frequencies. The investigation goal was to pre- between
the
sentmeasured and of
the influence thethe
parameter from the
filter detuning producer is on
phenomenon because of the producer
its filtration efficiency.tolerance.
The PHF detuning phenomenon is characterized by the increase or decrease in the
tuning frequency (resonance frequency) over time. This phenomenon can be caused by
the variation of the PHF parameters over time or the voltage fundamental harmonic fre-
quency change at the point of PHF connection. The variation of the filter parameters (in-
crease or decrease in the inductance or capacitance value) can be caused by their aging
(mostly the capacitor), the atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), or their
damage. The filter inductance value decrease can take place in the event such as an inter-
turn short circuit in the reactor (this condition leads to reactor damage). The change in
capacitor capacitance is mainly caused by the work temperature increase. The capacitor's
aging reduces their capacitance over time [67,68]. It is very important to take into account
the detuning phenomenon while designing the PHFs. In practice, it is advised to tune the
PHF on the resonance frequency a bit lower than the frequency of the harmonic to be
mitigated. In [59], there are formulated recommendations on the parameters that should
be considered while choosing the PHF resonance frequency.
To investigate the detuning phenomena in the laboratory, the single-tuned filter re-
actor was designed with many terminals (see Figure 52). Each terminal represents one
filter resonance frequency when connected to the capacitor. In Figure 52, the difference
between the measured and the parameter from the producer is because of the producer
tolerance.
Figure 53 presents the filter impedance versus frequency characteristics obtained
from the simulation (Figure 53a—expected characteristics based on the manufacture pa-
rameters) and measurements in the laboratory (Figure parameters.
53b). The difference observed be-
Figure 52. Power
Figure 52. Power system
system equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit with
with filter
filter reactor
reactor parameters.
tween both characteristics is due to the filter parameters tolerance.
Figure 53 presents the filter impedance versus frequency characteristics obtained from
the simulation (Figure 53a—expected characteristics based on the manufacture parameters)
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 38 of 51
and measurements in the laboratory (Figure 53b). The difference observed between both
Figure 52. Power is
characteristics system equivalent
due to the filtercircuit with filter
parameters reactor parameters.
tolerance.
Figure53.
Figure Filter
53.Filter impedance
impedance versus
versus frequency
frequency characteristics:
characteristics: (a) expected
(a) expected characteristics
characteristics from
from sim-
ulation and and
simulation (b) characteristics measured
(b) characteristics in theinlaboratory.
measured the laboratory.
In the laboratory characteristics in Figure 53b, it can be noticed that almost all the
resonance frequencies are below the frequency of the 5th harmonic and that the lower the
resonance frequency, the higher the impedance of the filter 5th harmonic.
After the filter connection, the laboratory experiments were performed with the
constant parameters of the load (for instance: UDC = 250 V and θ = 62.54◦ ). For each filter
resonance frequency, the power system data were registered. The fundamental harmonic
active and reactive powers measured at the grid side, filter terminals, and rectifier input
are presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Fundamental harmonic active and reactive power measured in the laboratory model.
nre PS1(1) [W] QS1(1) [Var] Pf1(1) [W] Qf1(1) [Var] QT1(1) [Var]
No filter
806.29 1065.6 - - -
connected
4.57 821.66 83.81 16.99 −981.84 1067.4
4.66 826.15 83.53 16.10 −991.20 1076.4
4.76 815.84 83.21 16.90 −971.23 1056.1
4.86 807.39 94.73 16.10 −943.33 1039.5
4.99 819.69 78.11 17.46 −965.52 1045.1
The measured grid voltage and current waveforms and spectrums are presented in
Figure 54 and the filter current, and rectifier input current waveforms and spectrums are
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 39 of 51

presented in Figure 55. The grid voltage and current THD and the filter effectiveness are
respectively presented in Figures 56 and 57.
Figure 54. Point of common coupling voltage and current waveforms and spectrums.
spectrums.
Observing the grid voltage and current spectrums in Figure 54, it can be noticed that
in the case of the voltage spectrum, the lowest value of the 5th harmonic amplitude is
obtained when the filter is tuned to the resonance frequency of the harmonic order 4.99
(the lowest THD as well—Figure 56a), whereas in the case of the current spectrum, the
5th harmonics has the lowest amplitude for the filter resonance frequency of the harmonic
order 4.66 as well as the lowest THD (Figure 56b). Normally, the 5th harmonic amplitude
in the grid voltage and current spectrums should achieve their maximum or minimum at
the same resonance frequency, and this is not the case.
The single-tuned filter efficiency presented in Figure 57 shows that the filter is more
efficient on the 5th harmonic mitigation when its resonance frequency is on the harmonic
order of 4.66, which is contrary to what can be observed on the characteristics in Figure 53b.
gies 2022, 14, x FOR2022,
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REVIEW
15, 1894
x FOR PEER REVIEW 44 of 57 4440ofof 57
51
Figure 55. Input rectifier

Figure
Figure and filter
55. Input
Input current
rectifier
rectifier and waveforms
filter currentand spectrums.
waveforms and spectrums.
Figure 56. THD of the

Figure
Figure 56.grid
THD
THD voltage
the(a)
of the
of and
grid
grid current
voltage
voltage (a)(b)
andforcurrent
different
(b)resonance frequencies.
for different resonance frequencies.
Energies 2022, 15,
Energies 2022, 14, 1894
45 of 51
57
Figure 57. The 5th harmonic reduction efficiency.

efficiency.
According
Experiments to the
with filter to
Chroma impedance versus
Clarify why frequency characteristics
the Reduction 5th Harmonic in in the
Figure 53b,
Grid the
Cur-
filter resonance frequency of 4.57 should present the highest
rent Spectrum Is Different from the One in the Grid Voltage Spectrum5th harmonic amplitude in the
grid current and voltage spectrum, whereas the filter resonance frequency of 4.99 should
To verify the strange behavior of the amplitude of the grid current 5th harmonic in
present the lowest 5th harmonic amplitude (grid side). The reduction in the 5th harmonic
Figure 54, the laboratory model was disconnected from the electrical grid and was sup-
amplitude in the grid current, as presented in Figure 54, does not follow that principle, and
plied by the programmable AC voltage source. As in the previous experiments, two case
this may be due to the current harmonics flowing from the grid side. The amplitude of the
studies were considered: programmable voltage source with (Figure 22a) and without
5th harmonic in the current spectrum should behave in the same way as in the grid voltage
(Figure 22b) harmonics.
spectrum during the detuning. For more clarification, additional laboratory experiments
The voltage and current waveforms and spectrums measured at the PCC are pre-
were performed using the programmable AC voltage source Chroma.
sented in Figures 58 and 59. The filter current and rectifier input current waveforms and
spectrums are
Experiments presented
with ChromaintoFigures
Clarify60 andthe
Why 61,Reduction
respectively.
5th The voltage
Harmonic inand current
the Grid THD
Current
Spectrum Is Different from the One in the Grid
measured at the PCC are shown in Figures 62 and 63. Voltage Spectrum
To verify the strange behavior of the amplitude of the grid current 5th harmonic in
Figure 54, the laboratory model was disconnected from the electrical grid and was supplied
by the programmable AC voltage source. As in the previous experiments, two case studies
were considered: programmable voltage source with (Figure 22a) and without (Figure 22b)
harmonics.
The voltage and current waveforms and spectrums measured at the PCC are presented
in Figures 58 and 59. The filter current and rectifier input current waveforms and spectrums
are presented in Figures 60 and 61, respectively. The voltage and current THD measured at
the PCC are shown in Figures 62 and 63.
Comparing the spectrum of Figure 58b to the one of Figure 59b, it can be noticed
that in the case of the programmable voltage source with harmonics as well as without
harmonics, the filter has reduced the current 5th harmonic amplitude in the same way
as shown in the characteristics of Figure 53. The same observation can be made when
comparing (THDUS ) Figure 62a to Figure 63a.
Concerning the case of the programmable voltage source with harmonics (see
Figures 58d and 62b (THDIS ), the behavior of the amplitude of the 5th harmonic cur-
rent at the Chroma input was the same as in the case when the laboratory model was
connected to the electrical grid (see the spectrum and THD current in Figures 54 and 56b,
respectively); however, observing Figures 59d and 63b it can be noticed that, the case with
programmable voltage source without harmonics presents the proper results (according to
the characteristics of Figure 53b) of the 5th harmonic amplitude mitigation.
In Figure 58b,d, the 5th harmonic amplitude in the voltage and current spectrum
presents the lowest and highest value at different resonance frequencies (programmable
voltage source is with harmonics), whereas in Figure 59b,d the lowest and highest values
are achieved at the same resonance frequency (4.99 and 4.57, respectively—programmable
voltage source is without harmonics).
Energies 2022, 15, 1894Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4642ofof5751
Figure 58. (a)Figure 58. (a) PCC

PCC voltage voltage waveform
waveform with (b)with (b) its spectrum,
its spectrum, (c) Chroma
(c) Chroma input
input current with
current with (d)
(d)its
its
spectrum.
spectrum.
Figure 59. (a) PCC voltage waveform with the spectrum (b), (c) Chroma input current with the
spectrum (d).
Energies 2022,
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2022, 1894
x FOR PEER REVIEW 48 of 57 43 of 51
Figure 60.(a)
Figure 60. (a)Rectifier
Rectifier input
input current
current waveform
waveform with
with (b)
waveform withthe(b) the spectrum,
spectrum, (c) filter(c)
spectrum, filterwaveform
current current waveform
with
with(d)
with (d)the
(d) thespectrum.
the spectrum.
spectrum.
Figure 61. (a) Rectifier input current waveform with (b) the spectrum, (c) filter current waveform
with (d) the spectrum.
and without harmonics,
and withoutit harmonics,
can be concluded that
it can be the strange
concluded thatbehavior of the
the strange 5th harmonic
behavior of the 5th harmonic
amplitude inamplitude
the currentinspectrum of Figure 54 was due to the additional 5th harmonic
the current spectrum of Figure 54 was due to the additional 5th harmonic
current flowing fromflowing
current the gridfrom
side;the
therefore, between
grid side; the grid
therefore, betweenand the
the grid
filterand
(seethe
Figure
filter (see Figure
64), the harmonics current flowing is the superposition of the harmonics current coming
64), the harmonics current flowing is the superposition of the harmonics current coming
from the gridfrom
and load sideand
the grid (theload
remaining
side (theafter filtration).
remaining The
after flow of harmonics
filtration). The flow of current
harmonics current
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 44 of 51
from the gridfrom
to the filter can be because the filter presents a small impedance
the grid to the filter can be because the filter presents a small impedance for them for them
(Figure 64). (Figure 64).
Figure 62. PCCFigure

voltage
Figure (a)
62.
62. andvoltage
PCC
PCC current (b)
voltage(a) THD.
(a)and
and current(b)
current (b)THD.
THD.
Figure 63. PCCFigure

voltage (a) and current(a)
(b) THD.
Figure63.
63.PCC
PCCvoltage
voltage (a)and
andcurrent
current(b)
(b)THD.
THD.
After the performed experiments on the programmable voltage source Chroma with
and without harmonics, it can be concluded that the strange behavior of the 5th harmonic
amplitude in the current spectrum of Figure 54 was due to the additional 5th harmonic
current flowing from the grid side; therefore, between the grid and the filter (see Figure 64),
the harmonics current flowing is the superposition of the harmonics current coming from
the grid and load side (the remaining after filtration). The flow of harmonics current
from the grid to the filter can be because the filter presents a small impedance for them
(Figure 64).
Energies
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2022, 14,
15, x1894
FOR PEER REVIEW 5045ofof57
51
Figure 64.
Figure Equivalentcircuit
64. Equivalent circuitof
of the
the electrical
electrical system
system showing
showing the
the flow
flow of
of harmonics.
harmonics.
3. Conclusions
3. Conclusions
The factors having an influence on the LC PHFs work efficiency were investigated in
The factors
this paper basedhaving an influence
on laboratory on the LC PHFs
and simulation work efficiency
experiments. The case were investigated
study based on the in
this paper based on laboratory and simulation experiments. The case
single-tuned filter investigations has shown that the factors such as the distorted supply study based on the
single-tuned
voltage, gridfilter investigations
short-circuit power,hasandshown
filter that the factors
parameter’s such as should
tolerance the distorted
be takensupply
into
voltage, grid short-circuit power, and filter parameter’s tolerance
account in the process of LC PHFs design. In the paper, it has been clearly demonstrated should be taken into
account
that: in the process of LC PHFs design. In the paper, it has been clearly demonstrated
that:
- With the distorted waveform of the supply voltage, the grid behaves as a source of
- With the distorted
currents harmonics waveform
which may of flow
the supply
from the voltage,
grid tothe
thegrid behaves
filter, as athe
especially source of
current
currents harmonics which may flow from the grid to the filter, especially
of harmonic to be eliminated, which is at the grid side, because the filter, being tuned the current
oftoharmonic to be eliminated,
that harmonic, has a smallwhich
impedanceis at the
forgrid
it. side, because the filter, being tuned
- to that harmonic, has a small impedance for it.
The PHF resonance frequency should be chosen below the frequency of harmonic to
- The PHF resonance
be eliminated, frequency
taking should
into account thebegrid
chosen below the
equivalent frequencyofof
impedance harmonic
that harmonic.to
beTheeliminated, taking into
filter equivalent accountofthe
impedance thegrid equivalent
harmonic to be impedance
eliminated of that harmonic.
should be smaller
The
than filter
the equivalent impedance
grid equivalent impedanceof the ofharmonic to be eliminated should be smaller
that harmonic.
- than the grid equivalent impedance of that harmonic.
Because of the manufacturer tolerance, the filter elements (reactor and capacitor)
- Because
should be of well
the manufacturer
investigated intolerance,
the laboratorythe filter
after elements (reactor
their obtaining and
from thecapacitor)
producer
should
to know be their
well investigated in the laboratory after their obtaining from the producer
real parameters.
toThese
knowinvestigations
their real parameters.
have also shown that the harmonics contained in the electrical
grid These
flows investigations
through the filter,havemostly
also shown
those that
withthe harmonicsclose
frequencies contained
to the in theresonance
filter electrical
grid flows through
frequency. the filter,
The filtering mostly
efficiency those with
depends upon frequencies close
the electrical gridto impedance
the filter resonance
and that
frequency.
dependency The
canfiltering efficiency
be reduced by addingdepends upon
the line the electrical
reactor between the gridfilter
impedance and that
and the PCC. The
line reactor presence does not only mitigate the amplitude of the current
dependency can be reduced by adding the line reactor between the filter and the PCC. harmonics flowing
fromline
The thereactor
electrical grid, but
presence it also
does not increases the grid
only mitigate the voltage
amplitudedistortion.
of the current harmonics
flowingThefrom
mosttheimportant
electricalsteps
grid, of
butdesigning the PHFs
it also increases theare:
gridthe investigations
voltage distortion. on the load
current
Theand voltage
most characteristic
important steps ofharmonics
designingand the fundamental
PHFs are: theharmonic reactiveonpower;
investigations the loadthe
electrical
current andgrid short-circuit
voltage power harmonics
characteristic estimation;and the fundamental
analysis of theharmonic
supply voltage
reactivespectrum
power;
at the
the PCC (before
electrical any load connection);
grid short-circuit the filter
power estimation; theparameter
analysis ofcomputation. These spec-
the supply voltage steps
have been detailed in this paper.
trum at the PCC (before any load connection); the filter parameter computation. These
steps In Figures
have been 65 and 66,
detailed insummary
this paper.comparison graphs showing how an additional line
reactor can be used
In Figures to mitigate
65 and the harmonics
66, summary comparisonamplification (e.g., thehow
graphs showing 5th) an
occurring between
additional line
the filter
reactor (PCC)
can and the
be used grid are the
to mitigate presented.
harmonics amplification (e.g., the 5th) occurring be-
tween the filter (PCC) and the grid are presented.
In the summary comparison graphs in Figure 67, it is presented the behavior of the
5th harmonic in the voltage spectrums as well as in the current spectrums during the filter
detuning phenomena. In the case of the Chroma supply voltage with harmonics, the am-
plitude of the 5th harmonic in the voltage spectrum is not reduced in the same way as in
the current spectrum. The same situation can also be observed in the case of the electrical
gird.
The last part of the paper concerns the investigation of PHFs in the electrical system
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 46 of 51
with more complex loads. In the domain of harmonics filtration, this paper is expected to
bring many recommendations.
Figure
Figure 65.65. Summary
Summary comparison
comparison graphgraph
of the of the experiments
experiments performed performed after connecting
after connecting the filter at the filter at
the PCC
the PCC between
between the the
programmable
programmablevoltage source source
voltage and theand
load:the
(a,c) filter(a,c)
load: efficiency and (b,d) the
filter efficiency and (b,d) the
amplitude of the 5th harmonic current at the Chroma input (IS(5)) is compared to the one at load
amplitude of the 5th harmonic current at the Chroma input (IS(5) ) is compared to the one at load
input (IT(5)). In (a) and (c), the amplitudes above 100% mean harmonic amplification at the Chroma
inputThe
input. (IT(5) ). In are
graphs (a,c), thedescribed
well amplitudes
in theabove
text. 100% mean harmonic amplification at the Chroma input.
The graphs are well described in the text.
Figure 66. Summary comparison graph of the experiments performed after connecting the filter
at the PCC between the grid and the load: (a,c) filter efficiency and (b,d) the amplitude of the 5th
harmonic current at the grid side (IS(5) ) is compared to the one at load side (IT(5) ). The graphs are
well described in the text.
In the summary comparison graphs in Figure 67, it is presented the behavior of the
5th harmonic in the voltage spectrums as well as in the current spectrums during the
filter detuning phenomena. In the case of the Chroma supply voltage with harmonics, the
amplitude of the 5th harmonic in the voltage spectrum is not reduced in the same way
as in the current spectrum. The same situation can also be observed in the case of the
electrical gird.
Energies 2022, 15,
Energies 2022, 14, 1894
of 57
51
Figure 67.
Figure 67. Summary
Summary comparison
comparison graphs
graphs presenting
presenting the
the behavior
behavior of
of the
the 5th harmonic in
5th harmonic in the
the voltage
voltage
spectrums (a,b,e) as well as in the current spectrums (c,d,f) during the filter detuning phenomena.
spectrums (a,b,e) as well as in the current spectrums (c,d,f) during the filter detuning phenomena. In
In the case of the supply voltage without harmonics (Chroma), the amplitude of the 5th harmonic
the case of the supply voltage without harmonics (Chroma), the amplitude of the 5th harmonic in
in the voltage spectrum is reduced in the same way as in the current spectrum. The graphs are well
the voltageinspectrum
described the text. is reduced in the same way as in the current spectrum. The graphs are well
described in the text.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.S.A.M . and Z.H.; methodology, C.S.A.M .; software,
The; validation,
C.S.A.M last part ofZ.H.;
the paper
formal concerns the investigation
analysis, C.S.A.M of PHFs
.; investigation, in theresources,
C.S.A.M.; electricalC.S.A.M.;
system
with more complex loads. In the domain of harmonics filtration, this paper is expected
data curation, C.S.A.M.; writing—original draft preparation, C.S.A.M; writing—review and editing, to
bring many recommendations.
Z.H.; visualization, Z.H.; supervision, Z.H.; project administration, A.F.; funding acquisition, (no
funding)Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.S.A.M. and Z.H.; methodology, C.S.A.M.; software,
Funding: This research received no external funding.
C.S.A.M.; validation, Z.H.; formal analysis, C.S.A.M.; investigation, C.S.A.M.; resources, C.S.A.M.;
data curation,Review
Institutional C.S.A.M.; writing—original
Board Statement: Notdraft preparation, C.S.A.M.; writing—review and editing,
applicable.
Z.H.; visualization, Z.H.; supervision, Z.H.; project administration, A.F.; funding acquisition, (no
Informed Consent Staatement: Not applicable.
funding). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed
AppendixConsent
A Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 48 of 51

Appendix A
Figure A1. Three-phase capacitor bank and reactors (filter elements).

Figure A1. Three-phase
Three-phase capacitor bank and reactors (filter elements).
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Figure A2. A2.
Figure (a) Equivalent circuit
(a)Equivalent
Equivalent in which
circuit the filter
inwhich
which capacitors
thefilter
filter and and
capacitors reactors parameters
reactors werewere
parameters verified,
verified,
Figure A2. (a) circuit in the capacitors and reactors parameters were verified,
(b) model
(b) in the
model in laboratory.
the laboratory.
(b) model in the laboratory.
R = 𝑃 P2
𝑅LfLf= I𝑃
𝑅Lf(𝐼2U=)22− R2
q
(A1)
I 𝐼
Lf = 𝑈 2 ω2 Lf (A1)
√( ) 𝑈− (𝑅1)2 2 (A1)
𝐼√( ) − 𝐿f 𝑅
𝐿f = 𝐼 𝐿f
𝐿f = ω(1)
ω(1)
Energies 2022, 15, 1894 49 of 51
P
R C0 = I2
1
C10 = r 1
ω(1) ( UI )
2
− R2 0 (A2)
C
1
Cf∆ = 2
3 C10
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energies

Energies 2022, 15, 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051894 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

2. Laboratory Model Description

θ = acos for 0 ≤ θ ≤ (1)

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 57

Figure 9. Comparison between the

Figure 10. Comparison between

Figure 11. Fundamental

2.3. Design of the Single-Tuned Filter in the Laboratory

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 57

2.3.2. Measurements of the Single-Tuned Filter Parameters in the Laboratory: Verifica-

2.3.2. Measurements of the Single-Tuned Filter Parameters in the Laboratory: Verification

Core Reactors Three-Phase Gas Insulated Power Capacitor

Energies 2022, 15, 1894 13 of 51

Computed Frequencies Measured Frequencies

DC θ THDIT1 PS1(1) Pf1(1) QS1(1) Qf1(1) QT1(1)

Table 5. Summarized single-tuned filter parameters (one phase).

Because of the manufacturer’s tolerance, it is very impotent to verify the parameters

U DC θ THDUS1 THDIS1 THDIT1 PS1(1) Pf1(1) QS1(1) Qf1(1) QT1(1)

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 57

compared to the one of the the grid

Figure 25. (a)

Figure 27. (a) Rectifier (a)

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 31 of 57

Figure 39. Equivalent circuit of laboratory model with line reactor.

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 35 of 57

Connection of the Single-Tuned

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3

The grid current

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 39 of 57

Figure 49.49. Grid

2.6. Detuning of the Single-Tuned Filter

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 43 of 57

Figure 55. Input rectifier

Figure 56. THD of the

Figure 57. The 5th harmonic reduction efficiency.

Figure 58. (a)Figure 58. (a) PCC

Figure 62. PCCFigure

Figure 63. PCCFigure

Energies 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 54 of 57

Figure A1. Three-phase capacitor bank and reactors (filter elements).

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