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Consonants
·2·
वयंजन

�e chart below includes the traditional thirty-eight consonant sounds and the
six additional consonants that occur in modern Hindi language.
As a memory aide, the consonant sounds are presented in vertical and
horizontal groups, according to how they are produced. Vertically, the consonant
sounds alternate between unaspirated and aspirated versions and end with a
nasal form. For instance, in the �rst row in the chart below, the �rst consonant
क (ka) is unaspirated, which means that it is pronounced without a pu� of air
accompanying it. �e second consonant ख (kha) is aspirated, which means that
it is pronounced with a pu� of air. �e third consonant ग (ga) is again unaspi-
rated, followed by the fourth aspirated one घ (gha). �is pattern is applicable to
the �rst �ve rows. Two of the nasals in the chart appear in braces, as they are
extremely rare in use.

Hindi฀consonants฀at฀a฀glance฀•฀एक नज़र दहं दी

के वयंजनों पर
UNASPIRATED ASPIRATED UNASPIRATED ASPIRATED NASAL

1 क ka ख kha ग ga घ gha {ङ} n Velar

2 च cha छ chha ज ja झ jha {ञ} n Palatal

3 ट ta ठ thha ड da ढ dha ण na Retro�ex

4 त ta थ tha द da ध dha न na Dental

5 प pa फ pha ब ba भ bha म ma Labial

6 य ya र ra ल la व va/wa Semi-vowels

7 श sha ष sha स sa Sibilant

8 ह ha Aspirate/
Glottal

continued

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