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Public Perception and Adaptation to Hydro Climatic Disasters in an Island of

Cochin Estuary, South West India

Article in Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability · January 2019

DOI: 10.5958/2320-642X.2019.00025.5

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 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198
DOI: 10.5958/2320-642X.2019.00025.5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Public Perception and Adaptation to Hydro Climatic Disasters in

an Island of Cochin Estuary, South West India

Karunakaran Akhildev1* • Sreenu Suku2+ • Joice K. Joseph3+ • Mahesh Mohan4 • A.P. Pradeepkumar5+

Received: 12 April 2019; Revised: 18 July 2019; Accepted: 10 October 2019

Abstract Public perception is an indicator to know how
people adapt to hydro climatic disasters (HCD). This study
focuses on public perception towards HCD and its impacts.
Local people were interviewed using informal and
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beliefs and risk perceptions are multifactorial and complex
and were shaped by individual attitudes and basic beliefs
(Carlton and Jacobson, 2013; Nurunnabi, 2016). It is widely
and truly perceived that climate change is brought about by

unstructured questions. Theoretical assumptions were set human activities (Boon, 2016; Myers et al., 2012) and risk
for the assessment. It helped to understand the adaptation perception involves the examination of people’s awareness,
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practiced towards the severity posed from HCD of the emotions and behaviour with regard to hazards (Kellens et
densely populated Vypin island region within the urban al., 2011; Starr, 1969). Many scholars define risk perception
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agglomerate of the city of Cochin in Kerala, India.
Keywords: Public perception, Adaptation strategies, Climate
change, Cochin
1. Introduction
Climate change is the major challenge of the day. Its
impact spread all over the planet. It has become a great
threat to the socio-economic systems. It is a global issue.
Its impacts are not felt equally across the Earth. The
magnitude differs in different countries and continents and
also some nations are benefited from climate change (United
States Environment Protection Agency, 2017). Climate
change is expected to lead to increasing extreme weather
situations, like storms, heat waves, intense and prolonged
rainfall (Huebner and Gössling, 2012). People are sensitive
to its impacts, and anyone who depends on nature and
natural resource for livelihood will suffer. Climate change
as a subjective judgment (Ainuddin et al., 2014; Slovic, 1962)
and tend to consider hazards riskier when they are relatively
more unfamiliar, and evoke more negative emotions due to
their catastrophic potential (Salama and Aboukoura, 2018;
Slovic, 1987; Taylor et al., 2014). Classic public perception
research shows that experts and laypeople often disagree
about how to define risks (Fischhoff et al., 1978; Slovic,
1987; Slovic et al., 1979; Taylor et al., 2014). People’s
perception on climate change can be recognised as a critical
contributor to environmental problems and possible
solutions (Becker et al., 2012; Tripathi and Singh, 2013;
Weber, 2010). People’s fundamental beliefs, values and ethics
imbue a deeper understanding of the ecological system that
has been completely integrated with nature (Tripathi and
Singh, 2013). Enhanced understanding of the perception of
people in relation to various environmental changes can
contribute to scientific and policy discussions on climate
change (Tripathi and Singh, 2013).

1-2
School of Environment Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
3
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Kuttanad Centre, Changanasserry
4
School of Environment Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
5
Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
+Member, Charitable Society for Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Response Training (CHAERT), Kottayam, Kerala, India (http://
chaert.org)
(*Corresponding author) email id: *karunakhildev@gmail.com, 2sreenues111@gmail.com, 3joicejosephk@gmail.com, 5geo.pradeep@gmail.com

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 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198
2. Study Area
The study area is located on the banks of the Cochin
backwater estuary of Kerala, in an island named Vypin,
situated at Ernakulam district in Kerala, a part of south west
India (Figure 1). The 27 km long island is about a kilometre
wide and is fragmented into smaller islets. The northern
region of the island is bounded by the Thrissur district and
Munambam fishing harbour. The eastern part of the island
is fronted by the Vembanad Lake. The western part opens to
the Arabian Sea, where most of the beaches are situated.
Thus, this region is a coastal island area. The southern tip
joins the Cochin estuary that opens to Fort Kochi,
Mattancherry through waterways.
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Figure 1. Study Area: Vypin Location Map
The island consists of seven villages, Pallipuram,
Kuzhupilly (Block 1 and Block 2), Edavanakkad,
Nayarambalam, Njarackal, Elamkunnapuzha and Puthuvype.
The population of the island is 176,567 according to the
Statistical Department of the District Collectorate of
Ernakulam.
The geography of the island is mostly low-lying area at
sea level. The area is criss-crossed by small canals. The
island gets inundated quite often from flood waters. The
western coast of the island has the longest beaches in Kochi.
The beaches are Cherai Beach, Kuzhupilly Beach and
Puthuvype Beach.
The Vypin island is one of the ideal geographical
locations to study perceptions, because it is a multi disaster-
prone area. The area was chosen for the study due to its
unique characteristics and multitude of natural hazards and
calamities. These factors made us curious to assess the public
perceptions and adaptation towards severity of HCD.
191
3. Material and Method
The HCD was identified based up on the checklist
method. The checklist was prepared and it included the list
of all natural disasters. Then screening was done by direct
interviews to get information on the natural disasters that
have occurred in the area. Those data were verified and
combined with the secondary data obtained from the village
office of Vypin Island and Taluk offices of Ernakulam District.
Thus a final list of HCD resulted. It provided the information
and knowledge about vulnerable areas of Vypin island. This
was a key tool that helped design the questionnaire.
3.1 Questionnaire preparation
The questionnaire consisted of Part A and Part B
(Appendix I). Part A consisted of respondent’s details,
nativity, employment, etc. Part B consisted of unstructured
questions and was mostly subjective. Some questions were
objective type with Yes or No option and some sought the
right answer to be picked from a choice of options. A table
was prepared and contained questions that helped easy
filing of answers on hydro climatic disasters (HCDs),
occurrence of HCD, severity, etc. (Appendix I).
3.2 Sampling
The island was evenly divided into seven plots
according to the village level boundaries. So, the total
numbers of sampling sites were fixed at seven. In each village,
a total of 10 respondents belonging to the coastal belt region
were selected for the study. In total, 70 native people were
chosen as the respondents.
3.3 Transect survey
The study area has a 24-km long arterial road with smaller
by-roads extending to the beach areas and ferries. These
roads were considered as concerned transects plots.
Transects walks were made in the area. The surveying
duration was from 09:30 am to 18:30 pm every day for 3
weeks.
4. Results
The responses were taken from each village of the
island. A series of questions from the questionnaire were
asked in an informal manner to the people in Vypin area.
At first, the nativity question was asked to ascertain
that the interviewed shall only be natives and not migrants.
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 192
The native people are more experienced than immigrants or
migrants. They can contribute much more information about
the location of disasters and their impacts, than other people.
To ensure nativity, the respondent was asked about the
length of his/her stay in the area. Most respondents were
living for 30 years and more. The surveyed people were all
found to be native locals. A total of 70 were selected and the
best fit was found for asking further questions for the
perception study on climate change and its impacts and
adaptation. Only those people living in the coastal belt
having homes adjacent to the Arabian sea (50–500 m) and in
vulnerable areas of the respective villages were interviewed
and surveyed.
The locals were tested on their knowledge of climate
change and its impacts and whether and how they got the
knowledge about climate change? Whether from education,
listening to the news or by experience? All the native people
said that they knew about climate change and 40% of the
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people gained knowledge on climate change through the
news media and 60% of the by their own experience. People
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were asked to pick disasters that are HCD from a list of
natural disasters (Appendix I). Most of the people in Vypin
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island had sufficient knowledge to distinguish HCD from
natural disasters.
All those who were surveyed opined that extreme
rainfall and strong winds are HCD. This was followed by
coastal erosion (97.1%), sea level rise (95.7%), floods (90%),
drought (87.1), storm surge (84.3%), flash floods (72.9%),
heatwave (70%) and lightning (64.3%; Figure 2). Only 21.4%
of people opined that cyclone and cold wave were HCD.
Totally, 90% of those surveyed perceived that tsunami was
caused by HCD. Actually, the tsunami is a geological disaster
Figure 2. Public
Perception on HCD
in Vypin Island
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based upon its origin. Only 10% of the people knew that the
tsunami was not HCD. Similarly, people believed that
earthquake (20%) and landslides (17.1%) were HCD. The
cause of people to think tsunami as HCD might be due to its
impacts that they saw. As tsunami waves hit the coast, people
imagined that it is a HCD, and because of the waves that
destroyed homes and assets, they assumed that it was water
related. The perception was found because of a lack of
awareness about HCD and lack of education on natural
hazards and disasters and their types (Figure 2).
To the questions on whether HCD results from climate
change and how such knowledge developed and from which
year was a perceptible change in the HCDs noticed the
following answers were obtained:
All those surveyed answered that HCDs were due to
climate change, based upon felt change and variations from
climate of the past vis-à-vis strong wind, extreme rain, extreme
heat, lack of water. Most prominently the change was felt
after the year of tsunami, that is, 2004.
People were asked which among HCD recur? 100% of
those surveyed assured that extreme rainfall, flood, flash
flood, cyclone, storm surge, coastal erosion, sea level rise,
cold wave, strong wind and lightning were seasonal and
occur during monsoon seasons only. They said that tsunami-
and earthquake-like disasters are not seasonal, they occur
very rarely. Respondents were asked to identify the
vulnerable regions in Vypin island region that are prone to
HCD situations (Table 1).
Physical damage is caused by HCD. The damages were
categorised into two (partial damage and full damage).
People said that partial damage was seen in villages like
Elamkunnapuzha (70%), Nayarambalam (70%), Edavanakkad
 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198 193

Table 1. Vulnerable Regions in Vypin Island

Village Vulnerable regions in village

4 Scale level severity

Pallipuram Cherai, Munambam
Kuzhuppilly Kuzhuppilly beach area
Edavanakkad Pazhangad, Aniyal
Nayarambalam Veliyathamparambu beach area,
Puthankadappuram
Njarackal Arattupuram, Jai hind Kadappuram
Elamkunnapuzha Malippuram, Valappu Beach area
Puthuvype Puthuvype beach area
Does the HCD cause any harm/damage to your locality? If yes 4 Scale level adaptation practice
what harm do they cause?
Figure 4. Theoretical Assumption of Severity and Adaption
Practiced
(50%) and Njarackal (60%). Respondents from Puthuvype
(100%), Pallipuram (60%), Kuzhupilly (30%),
Elamkunnapuzha (30%), Nayarambalam (60%), Edavanakkad The severity of HCD in the entire Vypin island was found
(50%) and Njarackal (60%) stated that their homes were fully to be very high (62.9%), the people in Vypin island are
damaged due to the HCD like strong winds and storm surge. accepting or willing (72.9%) to stay in the very high severity
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From the figure, it is evident that almost all villages get posed by HCD situations. Only 8.6% of people stated that it
damaged due to HCD and all villages in Vypin are under is unacceptable to stay in high severity (25.7%); 5.7% of
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high severity (Figure 3). people said that they will migrate to safe places and avoid to
stay in a locality with 1.4% severity due to HCD. The trend
What Is the Severity that You Face due to HCD Was another
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line was drawn both to severity and adaptation practiced; a

Question Posed
An option was given to the question in a 4-point scale,
that is, Very High, High, Moderate and Low. To assess the
severity to HCD a theoretical assumption was set up as ‘if,
severity to HCD increases, then the acceptance to stay in
the hazard-prone area decreases’. Based upon the
assumption, the adaptation to the severity was also
obtained. The adaptation was set to a 4-point scale as
acceptable to low severity, unacceptable to moderate
severity, intolerable to the high severity, and people will
avoid to live in the locality or migrate to other places if the
severity of HCD were very high (Figure 4).
positive correlation was found in the adaptation practice
and severity to HCDs in Vypin (Figure 5).
From the theoretical assumption (Figure 5), it was found
to be wrong through this study. According to the assumption,
if the severity due to HCD increases acceptance to stay in
the locality would decrease. People are accepting and willing
to stay within the high severity.
People were asked about how they overcome the hazard
situation? Do you migrate before, during or after the climate
disaster period? Where do you go-relative’s home,
rehabilitation centre? When will you return home?

Figure 3.
Physical Damage
to Buildings in
Vypin Island
Number of response

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 194 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198

situation on the time? Respondents from all the villages

Figure 5. Severity to HCD and Adaption Practiced in Vypin
Island
From all the villages, 60–100% people like to retain to
their locality, Elamkunnapuzha (10%), Nayarambalam (30%),
Edavanakkad (40%) and Njarackal (40%) people said they
would migrate to rehabilitation centres during HCD (Figure
6). They will not go to the relative’s homes because most of
their relative’s houses are close by. So, they might be affected
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said that they are ready to face the situation of HCD (100%)
rather than to prepare for it (Figure 6).
Was income spend on HCD management? Respondents
answered that they are receiving daily income rather than
monthly. So, they could not afford to spend money on HCD
management. People rely on government relief funds and
grants.
Employment and livelihood of each respondent? The
employment and livelihood status of Vypin island (Figure
Number) revealed that most people make a livelihood out of
fishing and manual labour (Figure 7). They earn about Rs
600–1000 a day. Someday they are unemployed, sometimes
for several weeks. Only a few people acquired private sector
jobs and self-employment (business). Only few were
employed in the government (Figure 7). People in such jobs
received monthly salary (Figure 8) ranging from Rs. 15,000
to 25,000.

by HCD situations. When the HCD situations reduce and

their homes are safe, then only would they return home. Do Does any institution provide awareness classes to you
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you prepare yourself for the hydro climatic hazards? What on HCD/climate change impacts? (Y/N) Type of institution
is your preparation method, like conserve money, face the (Academic, NGO, GOs)?
www.IJour.net

Figure 6. How does

vypin island people
overcome hazard
Percentage of Response

situation?

Figure 7. Employment
and Livelihood of
Respondents in Vypin
Island

Puthuvype Pallipuram Kuzhupilly Nayarambalam Elamkunnapuzha Edavanakkad Njarackal

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 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198
Figure 8. Income of
Respondents in Vypin Island
Percentage of Response
Figure 9. Respondents
Attainment of Awareness
Classes from Various
Percentage of Response
Institutions
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Figure 9 revealed that the villagers in Vypin do not have
proper awareness. Academic institutions or scientific
institutions did not give them HCD awareness.
The villagers of Pallipuram showed the least awareness.
No government institutions provided awareness to the
villagers of Vypin. Only non-governmental organisations
provided awareness to the people of Vypin at the time of the
2004 tsunami. After tsunami, no organisation came to help
and awareness also lapsed (as said by all respondents). A
total of 30–90% stated they did not receive awareness
classes from any institution; 70% people stated that they
received awareness classes. Among 70% of awareness
classes were given by government institutions and 50%
awareness classes by NGOS.
5. Conclusion
The island is most prone to all type of HCD. Especially,
the coastal belt area is prone to coastal erosion, extreme
rainfall (average rainfall 2,978 mm). Vypin has a tropical
monsoonal climate. Heavy rainfall is received during
southwest monsoon (June to September) and northeast
monsoon (October to December). Flash floods, floods are
common on the island. Strong winds and the Arabian sea
make the island more humid. The area was affected mostly
by storm surges. The effect of high tide and low tide makes
195
the area vulnerable to coastal erosion and storm surges.
Lightning effects are reported in some coastal belt areas of
the island. The temperature ranges from 21°C to 34°C. The
region is at mean sea level. The saline water intrusion is a
major problem in the region. The area is drought prone, as
the region faces scarcity in drinking water so regarded under
drought. The last ever natural disaster to strike the island
was the 2004 Tsunami.
The study was conducted to reveal the public
perceptions on HDCs and the adaptation practices based
upon the severity to HCD in each village of Vypin island
area. The study revealed the public of Vypin had knowledge
to distinguish HCD from natural disasters. The awareness
provisions from academic, scientific, government
organisations in the field of disaster management, was found
least for the Vypin people. So, few non-HCD (tsunami,
landslide, earthquake) was found to be perceived as HCDs
by the public of Vypin.
The people in the region are accepting the very high
severity posed by HCDs. There are no other options rather
than accepting the situations as such. The people in the
locality were mostly fishermen and labours, their
employment, livelihood, nativity forcefully making them to
opt and to accept the severity to HCDs. So, the Vypin island
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 196
people are adapting to the severities. This type of adaptions
can be called as maladaptation and risk tolerance will not
avoid their situations, instead it gets more worse. Public of
Vypin said that, whatever natural or HCDs would occur in
the future, they were well tied up, to accept the changes and
will adapt to all the situations. This study would be beneficial
for planners and policymakers in the region to rectify the
maladaptation.
Acknowledgement
The first author was financially supported by Rajiv
Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF) JRF & SRF for SC
Candidate to pursue Ph.D. Degree by “Ministry of Social
Justice & Empowerment and Ministry of Tribal Affairs”
Government of India (GOI) funded through University Grants
Commission (UGC), Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-
110002.
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 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198 197

APPENDIX I
Public Perception and Adaptation to Hydro Climatic Disasters in an Island of Cochin Estuary, South West India
Questionnaire Statement ID Number ______________
The following below statements are according to disaster management. Kindly attend to all questions.
All your answers will keep secretly and it will use only for research purpose.

PART A
Respondent Details Date:
Name: ___________________ Age: ________ Gender: M/F Place: ______________
Address: _______________________________________
Nos in Family: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (M= __ F= __) Children/Teen/Youth/Adult/Old
Nativity: Local/Migrant?
If Native: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), <10, 15, 20, 25, 30, <30 years: If migrant: Rent/Own House?
Employee: Govt/Pvt/own-business, Agriculture/Fishing/other?_________
Income: Daily__________/Monthly________?
Infrastructure: Vehicle/phone (Land/Mob)/Radio/TV
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PART B
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1. Did you experience any Climate disasters in your location? (Y/N)

2. Are the mentioned disasters caused by Climate? (Y/N) Tick the relevant in the table
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a. How do you state listed disasters caused by climate? (Write Reasons) _______________________________________________
b. Do you know climate change? (Y/N)
i. How do you know? (Education, Paper, News, or by experience)
c. Is the disaster caused by climate change? (Y/N)
d. How do you say it is caused by climate change (write Reason)___________________________________________________
3. Which one among reoccur (tick the list in order of the occurrence [daily, monthly, seasonally-pre monsoon, during monsoon, post
monsoon, yearly, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, <5 years)
4. Does the hydro climate disaster cause any harm or destruction to you or to your locality? (Y/N)
If yes what harm do they cause?
Human (Loss of Life/Injury), Physical Destruction (Building—Full damage, Partial Damage), Property Loss, Infrastructure loss
(Transport—2, 3, 4 wheels), Communication (Phone, Television, Radio), Public Property Destruction or Disruption (Public
Distribution system—Ratio), Public Transport—Road, Bus stand, Rail, Air, Waterways, Pubic Communication Systems (Television,
Radio, Newspaper, Phones, etc.).
5. What is the Severity that you face or faced?
[Very High (VH), High (H), Moderate (M), Low (L), Very Low (VL). Mark in the table]
6. How do you overcome the HCD Situation
a. Do you migrate (before/during/after climate disaster period? (Y/N) (months________)
b. Where do you go? (Relatives/rehabilitation centre/other ____________
c. When will you return to home? _________________________________
d. Are you/Do you prepare yourself for the hydro climatic hazards
i. What is your preparation method? (Conserve money, face situation on the time of occurrence, __________________________
e. Income Spent for Climate Disaster Management ________________________________ (Yearly)/(Y/N)

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 198 Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2019, 7(2):190-198

No A B C D E F G
Tick YOE RP Human Building Economic Severity Perception Change Class
loss loss loss
1 Rain Fall Extreme
2 Flood
3 Flash Flood
4 Cyclone
5 Strom Surge
6 Coastal Erosion
7 Sea level Rise
8 Cold Wave
9 Wind
10 Lightening
11 Heat Wave
12 Drought
13 Tsunami
14 Earthquake
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15 Landslide
14 Other
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7. Did you observed any Change in Climate or hydro climate disaster in your locality? (Y/N)
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8. From which year did you notice the change? (Year ____)
9. Does any institution provided awareness to you on hydro climate disaster/climate change impacts? (Y/N)
10. Type of institution (Academic, NGO, GOs) Name _____________________, (TT, No. of Institution for help = ______________)

Keys to Fill the Table

A = Is the table data Hydro Climatic Hazard? (Tick Hazard according to Responses in table)
B = Occurrence (Years of Experienced intense Hydro climate disaster and what type 15, 30, 40, 50, 60 years)/Return Period (Months/
Seasonal/Yearly/Biannual/Triennial/more)
C = Consequence =
Human Loss (Life loss + Injury)
Physical Losses = [Building Damaged = {Partial (P) + Full (F)}]
Economic losses = Damage cost in rupees/Cost spent to recover
D = Severity (Very High/High/Moderate/Low/Very Low)
E = Perceptions [Avoid Migrate (AM)/Intolerable (IT)/Unacceptable (UA)/Acceptable (A)]
F = Any change in climate or hydro climate disaster in your locality? (Y/N) From which year did you notice the change?
G = Awareness on climate change impacts/hydro climate disasters (Y/N)

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