Mnuscript FInal Na Talaga WPG 1

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject Practical Research I
Hypoglycemic, Hypocholesterolemic, and Hypouricemic Activity of Asistasia (Asystasia
Gangetica) Ethanolic Extract on Albino Mice
By:
BARCELLANO, MARIA ANGELA M.
BANGAYAN, PRECIOUS JEWEL M.
BUNCAD. ACAYA FRANCHETTE M.
CALLUENG, JHAECEL A.
DATUL, TRISHA MAE C.
ENRIQUEZ, DONNA MAE A.
PETINEZ, TRAVIS MICHAEL C.
SORIANO, GINTOR JR. Y.
JEANNIE Q. TAMAYAO
PR1 Teacher
Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

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Email Address: cnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a popular Indian spice that has been used from ancient
times in herbal medicines for the treatment of a variety of illnesses such as rheumatism,
diabetic ulcers, anorexia, cough and sinusitis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is the main
curcuminoid found in Turmeric and responsible for its yellow color. Hence, strong wound
healing abilities of curcumin have been shown. It works to speed up different stages of the
Rattus norvegicus natural wound healing process. This review provides an overview of recent
studies on the impact of curcumin on skin wound healing.
The reviews featured research showing that curcumin can lessen the Rattus
norvegicus normal reactions to incised wounds. Curcumin's capacity to promote granulation
tissue formation, collagen deposition, tissue remodeling, and wound contraction is also
supported by current literature on its wound healing characteristics. It has become evident
that optimizing the topical application of curcumin through altering its formulation is
essential to ensure the maximum therapeutic effects of curcumin on skin wounds.
In this study, the presence of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) components shows the
ability to heal incised wounds. The efficacy of Turmeric Ointment as a Wound Healing
Agent in Incised Rattus norvegicus reveals no significant difference with the commercial
ointment. As a conclusion, the curcumin extract produces comparable results with
commercial ointment and turmeric with honey ointment. Curcumin extract has good potential
as a wound healing ointment for incised wounds.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank people whose participation and guidance made
the completion of this research possible. Their contributions are graciously acknowledged
and appreciated. The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the
following individuals:
First, to the Almighty Father, who has spiritually guided them until the end of their
journey to complete this research.
To Mr. Krisburt Delos Santos, our beloved teacher, the researchers are grateful for
sharing his knowledge and time to complete this research. Without his guidance, patience and
love the completion of this research would not be done.
To the researchers' respective families, friends, relatives, and others who provide
financial and physical support to the researchers.
To the researchers, efforts and wisdom are highly appreciated throughout the conduct
of the research study.
The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………i
RESEARCH ABSTRACT………………………………….……………………………...ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………...…………….…..iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………...……….iv
CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………….……….....…pg 1
A. INTRODUCTION……………………..………………………….….....……….pg 1
B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………..…pg 3
C. SCOPE AND LIMITATION....…………………………………….............…....pg 3
D. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………................…...................pg 4
E. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY…………………………................…………...pg 4
F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………………................pg 5
G. DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................................pg 6
CHAPTER II……………………………...............………..……………….…...……......pg 8
A. Definition and Cultivation of Curcuma longa……….……..……..……………...pg 8

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B. Chemical composition of Curcuma longa……….……………….........…….….pg 9
C. Characterization of Curcuma longa………………….........................……….....pg 10
D. Spices Related to Curcuma longa………………………....…………………….pg 11
E. Curcumin’s Effects on Human Health…………………………………….…….pg 12
F. Wound Healing Property of Honey………………………...................…………pg 15
G. The Use of Medicinal Plants………………………..…...........................……….pg 15
H. Pharmaceutical Ointments and their Use in Wound Healing………….............…pg 16
I. Process of Wound Healing……….........………...................................….............pg 17
J. Self-Healing Process in Humans……………………………………………........pg 18
K. Self-Healing Process (Rattus norvegicus)…………................................……......pg 19
L. Wound Healing Property of Curcuma longa…………………....……...………..pg 20
M. Effects of Hypoproteic Diet in Rattus norvegicus…………………….….....…...pg 21
N. Maturity of the Rattus norvegicus……………………......................….………..pg 22
O. Wound Healing Process in Rattus norvegicus..................................................….pg 23

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P. Usefulness of Rat Skin as a Substitute for Human Skin in the in Vitro Skin
Permeation
Study................................................................................................................................pg 25
Q. Incision Wounds in Humans….............................................................………..pg 25
R. Incision Wounds in Rattus Norvegicus………..…….........................................pg 26
S. Healing of Incision Wounds……....................................................................…pg 28
T. Formulation and Evaluation of Multipurpose Herbal Cream………………….pg 29
U. Impact of Commercial Ointment in Cesarean Scar……….................................pg 32
CHAPTER III………………………………………………………………………….pg 35
A. RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………..........….….....pg 35
B. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT…………………………….............................pg 35
C. DISCUSSION OF TREATMENTS…………………………….......................pg 36
D. RESEARCH MATERIALS………………………….....................…………..pg 37
E. RESEARCH GATHERING PROCEDURE………………………......….…..pg 37
CHAPTER IV................................................................................................................pg 42

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A. Table 1: Turmeric Wound Healing Ointment Formulations (g).......................pg 43
B. Table 2: Evaluation Parameters of the Wound Healing Cream..........................pg 44
C. Table 3: Wound Healing Percentage…………………………….………….….pg 46
D. Table 4: Pairwise Comparison…………………………………………..….….pg 47
E. Table 5: Summary of Data……………………………..…………….………..pg 48
CHAPTER V..................................................................................................................pg 48
A. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................pg 48
B. RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................pg 48
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................pg 49

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
A. INTRODUCTION
Hypercholesterolemia is a disorder known for an excess of low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) in your blood. (Cleveland Clinic, August 2022). Clinical studies show that
hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are associated with a significantly increased
risk of gout. Gouty patients have high levels of hyper‐cholesterolemia and
hypertriglyceridemia. (J. Wu, June 2018). The elevation of triglycerides or total cholesterol
levels, including conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia, have
been observed to have a positive association with the development of hyperuricemia. (Y.
Fang, January 2024)
Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic disorder caused by excessive uric acid
production from factors such as a purine-rich diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, or reduced
uric acid excretion due to conditions such as renal insufficiency, diabetes, and hypertension,
among others. The resultant increase in blood uric acid levels exceeds the normal range of the
human body. Additionally, hyperuricemia has been associated with various diseases, such as
dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Among these, dyslipidemia is a common
disorder of lipoprotein metabolism in humans, and its main components include total

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cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), and low-
density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). According to BMC Endocrine Disorders.
Gout distinguished itself in the history of Homo sapiens since time immemorial. This
is a systemic disease that results from the deposition of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) in
tissues. Increased serum uric acid (SUA) above a specific threshold is a requirement for the
formation of uric acid crystals. (G. Ragab, 2017). According to the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2017 (GBD 2017), there are 41 million adults with gout worldwide, over twice of the
19 million living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Yet, in contrast to the remarkable progress
made in the treatment of RA, gout management remains poor despite treatment
recommendations by various medical societies including the ACR 2020 guideline. Gout adds
considerably to healthcare costs related to frequent emergency room visits, hospitalizations,
loss of work productivity and disability. According to the National Library of Medicine. The
Philippine Rheumatology Association (PRA) estimated in 2015 that 1.6% of Filipinos have
gout.
Hyperglycemia refers to high levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood. It occurs when
the body does not produce or use enough insulin. (A. Bernstein, May 2023). People with type
2 diabetes are more likely to have hyperuricemia, and people with gout and high uric acid
may be more likely to get diabetes. Not everyone with hyperuricemia gets gout, but your
chances go up as uric acid levels rise. Type 2 diabetes happens when your body doesn’t use
insulin well and sugar stays in the blood instead of moving into cells. Studies show this may

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play a role in the development of gout and hyperuricemia and may also make insulin
resistance worse. (J. Robinson, September 2022).
The genus Asystasia comprises about 70 species found in the tropics. Leaves are
ovate, 2.5 to 3 centimeters wide, with pointed tips and rounded or narrowed base. Studies
have shown antiasthmatic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, sedative, anxiolytic, anticancer,
phytoremediation, antiulcer, anti-venom properties. Leaves, flowers, whole plants. (G. Stuart,
July 2016)
The Asistasia (Asystasia gangetica) ethanolic extract makes it a possible medication
to treat Hyperuricemia, Hyperglycemia, and Hypercholesterolemia. Thus, the proponents of
this study will test the Hypoglycemic, Hypocholesterolemic, and Hypouricemic Activity of
Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica) Ethanolic Extract on Albino Mice to prevent gout.

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B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INP PROCE OUTP

Extraction Gathering
of Asistasia of Asistasia
(Asystasia (Asystasia
gangetica) gangetica)
25% Conduct
50% extraction per
75% percentage
100% amount of
Asistasia
Inducing of (Asystasia
Albino mice gangetica)
Asistasia
Gathering (Asystasia
of Albino mice gangetica)
Induce Etanolic
hyperuricemia, extract inhibits
hyperglycemia, the aberrant
and blood, uric acid
hypercholester and cholesterol
olemia to level of Albino
Albino mice mice
Inducing
Asistasia
Figure 1. The Hypoglycemic, Hypocholesterolemic, and Hypouricemic Activity of
Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica) Ethanolic Extract on Albino Mice
The Asistasia (Asystasia gangetica) extract is the independent variable in the
conceptual framework, while the level of hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia and
hypercholesterolemia is the dependent variable. Aside from that, no other factors influence
the dependent variable. The presence of Asistasia (Asystasia gangetica) extract properties has
the ability to inhibit the hyperuricemic, hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic level.

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C. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study focuses on the assessment of the effectiveness of the Asistasia
(Asystasia gangetica) Extract as a Potential Treatment for Hyperuricemia, Hyperglycemia,
and Hypercholesterolemia to Prevent Gout. Only activities that were involved in this
phenomenon are investigated in this study. The study will involve collecting data through
laboratory experiments. The collected data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical or
analytical techniques to identify patterns, correlations, and causations.
D. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to assess the feasibility of Asistasia (Asystasia gangetica) Extract in
reducing uric acid levels, blood glucose levels, and cholesterol levels to prevent Gout
formulate a standardized extract from Asistasia (Asystasia gangetica) Extract.
1. what are the mean levels of uric, blood, and cholesterol before and after
inducing the agent?
2. what are the mean level of uric, blood, and cholesterol after inducing the
extract?
3. is there a significant difference in the reducing level of the treatment
administered to the test subjects?
4. which is the most effective from reducing uric acid levels, reducing blood
glucose levels, and reducing cholesterol levels to prevent Gout?

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E. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of the experimentation and inferential analysis of data, the following
hypothesis will be tested
H0: There is no significant difference in the level of dosage of Asystasia (Asystasia
gangetica) extract induced as a potential treatment for hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and
hypercholesterolemia, therefore, it does not prevent gout.
G. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This Research is beneficial to the following groups of people:
Patients with Metabolic Disorders: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of
Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica) extract as a potential treatment for all individuals suffering
from conditions of hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia to prevent gout.
Medical Practitioners and Healthcare Providers: Healthcare providers including
doctors, nurses, and others may be able to treat and manage patients with certain metabolic
problems with the addition of this new tool.
Pharmaceutical Industry: This research could spark interest in the development of
new drugs based on the active compounds found in Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica).

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Institute Of Herbal Medicine: Practitioners in herbal or traditional medicine may
find it useful that Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica) has been scientifically validated for its
medical benefits.
Public Health Officials and Policy Makers : This research can help the Public
Health Officials and Policy Makers by providing findings that could guide public health
policies and activities aiming at lowering the prevalence of metabolic disorders by offering
evidence-based alternatives for their management.
Natural Resources Research Institute: This study could be a useful contribution to
the corpus of knowledge about plant-based remedies and their methods of action for
researchers and students in pharmacology, botany, medicine, and allied domains. It might
also stimulate additional study into other natural substances and medicinal plants.
General Public and Health Enthusiasts: Individuals interested in maintaining health
and wellness through natural means might be interested in the findings.
Future Researchers: This research could also serve as a foundation for future
researchers. They can provide hope for the future. Specifically, these are additional studies
verifying other factors that, in some ways, can alter the efficacy of Asistasia (Asystasia
Gangetica).
H. DEFINITION OF TERMS

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To better understand this study entitled the Hypoglycemic,
Hypocholesterolemic, and Hypouricemic Activity of Asistasia (Asystasia
Gangetica) Ethanolic Extract on Albino Mice. The following terms were
operationally defined:
● Asistasia (Asystasia Gangetica) - a tropical plants known for its medicinal
properties such as antiasthmatic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant,
sedative, anxiolytic, anticancer, phytoremediation, anti-ulcer, anti-venom
effects. Asystasia gangetica extract has shown potential as a treatment for
hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia, offering a possible
remedy for conditions like gout.
● Gout - type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your
joints due to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in tissues.
● Hypercholesterolemia - a condition characterized by an abundance of low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood which is often referred to as
"bad cholesterol" because high levels can lead to the buildup of cholesterol in
arteries.
● Hyperglycemia - elevated blood glucose (sugar) levels, which are generally
caused by insufficient insulin production or utilization by the body, or when

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the body's cells become insulin resistant, resulting in impaired glucose
absorption.
● Hyperuricemia - an excess concentration of uric acid in the blood. This
condition is often associated with gout and may lead to the formation of uric
acid crystals in tissues.

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CHAPTER II
Review Of Related Literature And Studies
This section contains readings and literature from different sources like journals,
books, websites, articles, and dissertations related to the study. It starts with the definition and
determinants of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Wounds, and Medicinal plants. The independent
variable in this study is the feasibility of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) while the dependent
variable is the Effectiveness of the wound healing ointment in Rattus norvegicus. The
discussion goes further fully understand the Research for better comprehension of the study.
0. Definition and Cultivation of Curcuma Longa
According to Bui Thanh Tung et al. Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger family
(Zingiberaceae), has rhizomes below the ground. Curcuma longa has been used for thousands
of years as a remedy in the traditional Indian and folk medicine for the cure of a large variety
of illnesses, such as inflammation, infectious diseases, and gastric, hepatic, and blood
disorders. Curcumin is a major isolated polyphenol from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma
longa). It has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, antitumor, and hepatoprotective activities.

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Curcuma longa has been commonly used as a traditional remedy for a variety of
symptoms such as inflammation, gastritis and gastric ulcer. One study showed that an ethanol
extract from C. longa specifically inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking H(2) histamine
receptors in a competitive manner (Kim 2005). Intra-gastric administration of an ethanol
extract of turmeric to rats inhibited gastric secretion and protected the gastroduodenal mucosa
against chemical, physical, and drug-induced injuries. Turmeric stimulated the production of
gastric wall mucus and restored non-protein sulfides in rats.
B. Chemical Composition of Curcuma Longa
The main active ingredient found in turmeric is curcumin (Curcumin, a substance in
turmeric, may help to reduce inflammation). Curcumin is an inflammation blocker. The
chemical formula for Curcumin is C21H20O6, which is composed of 21 Carbons, 20 Hydrogen,
and 6 Oxygens. It is as effective as some anti-inflammatory drugs without the major side
effects.
Turmeric contains 3-6% polyphenolic compounds, collectively known as curcuminoids,
which is a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin.
Curcuminoids are major components responsible for various biological actions. Pure
curcumin has more potent superoxide anion scavenging activity than demethoxycurcumin or
bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcumin acts as a pro-oxidant in the presence of transition metal
ions (Cu and Fe) and is a potent bioprotectant with a potentially wide range of therapeutic
applications.
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Moreover, the component Curcumin exhibits strong antioxidant properties resulting in
enhanced cellular resistance to oxidative damage. Extensive research over the last fifty years
has revealed several important functions of curcumin. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been
shown with a wide spectrum of biological action which includes anti-mutagenic, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective,
antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-ulcer and analgesic actions. Curcumin can inhibit
carcinogenesis at three stages, namely tumor promotion, angiogenesis, and tumor growth.
C. Characterization of Curcuma Longa
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as a spice, preservative and coloring matter and
has a wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications. It exhibits anti-
inflammatory, antiHIV, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, nematocidal, anti-parasitic,
antispasmodic and anti-carcinogenic activities. It is a potent scavenger of a variety of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen,
peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. It is an inhibitor of ROS generating enzymes, cyclooxygenase
and lipoxygenase and plays an active role in the inhibition of COX-I and COXII
(Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II) enzymes that are involved in the inflammatory reaction.
The turmeric extract protects lipids, hemoglobin, and red blood cells from lipid peroxidation
induced by hydrogen peroxide. It prevents oxidative damage and inhibits binding to toxic
metabolites to DNA. Safety evaluation studies indicate that turmeric is well tolerated at very
high doses (0.5 to 1.5 g/day/person) without any toxic effects.

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A great variety of pharmacological activities of turmeric have been reported.
Curcumin is one of its major components responsible for its various biological actions. It
exhibits anti-parasitic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and
gastrointestinal effects in vitro whereas it has shown anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory
activity through oral application in animal models (Araujo and Leon 2001, Davis et al 2007,
Thangapazham et al 2007).
D. Spices Related to Curcuma longa
As stated by Lisa Price, There are various turmeric substitutes, but we’ve narrowed it
down to the top two: curry, and saffron. Curry is widely available, while saffron is less
accessible economically or harder to find.
Many of the spices in curry powder have anticancer properties. Numerous test-tube
studies have found that turmeric, in particular, may fight certain cancer cells. Curry powder is
the best substitute for turmeric in terms of flavor since turmeric is usually one of the many
spices in common curry mixes that you’ll find at the store. Additionally, there are numerous
different kinds of curry mixes, both in powders and pastes, so depending on the recipe and
region from which it originates; there is a form of curry for your flavor and textural needs.
Furthermore, you can find curry at any supermarket or specialty spice store, and it is
very cheap. You can look for curry pastes in the Asian food section of your local grocery
store. There are various types of curry, the most popular of which are green, red, and yellow.

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Most curry powders and pastes show a list of spices on the ingredient label, and you will
most likely see turmeric on the list.
Saffron is harvested by hand from the Crocus sativus flower, commonly known as the
“saffron crocus.” The term “saffron” applies to the flower’s thread-like structures or stigma.
Saffron contains an impressive variety of plant compounds that act as antioxidants —
molecules that protect your cells against free radicals and oxidative stress. Kaempferol is
found in saffron flower petals. This compound has been linked to health benefits, such as
reduced inflammation, anticancer properties, and antidepressant activity
Like turmeric, saffron is a spice harvested and used in similar south Asian regions
along with Middle Eastern cuisines. Saffron is a delicate spice because it is dried stamens
from the flower of the saffron crocus. Due to its fragile and labor-intensive harvesting
procedures, saffron is one of the most expensive spices you’ll find. You can usually find it at
high-end grocery chains or specialty spice stores. Saffron is high in antioxidants, which help
neutralize harmful free radicals. Free radical damage has been linked to chronic diseases,
such as cancer.
E. Curcumin’s Effects on Human Health
According to Susan J Hewlings et al., Turmeric, a spice that has long been recognized
for its medicinal properties, has received interest from both the medical/scientific world and
from culinary enthusiasts, as it is the major source of the polyphenol curcumin. It aids in the
management of oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis,

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anxiety, and hyperlipidemia. It may also help in the management of exercise-induced
inflammation and muscle soreness, thus enhancing recovery and performance in active
people. In addition, a relatively low dose of the complex can provide health benefits for
people that do not have diagnosed health conditions. Most of these benefits can be attributed
to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ingesting curcumin by itself does not lead to
the associated health benefits due to its poor bioavailability, which appears to be primarily
due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid elimination. There are several
components that can increase bioavailability. For example, piperine is the major active
component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been
shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%. Curcumin combined with enhancing agents
provides multiple health benefits. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of
the plethora of research regarding the health benefits of curcumin.
Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant (Curcuma longa) of the ginger
family. The medicinal properties of turmeric, the source of curcumin, have been known for
thousands of years; however, the ability to determine the exact mechanism(s) of action and to
determine the bioactive components have only recently been investigated. Curcumin (1,7-
bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), also called diferuloylmethane, is
the main natural polyphenol found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and in others
Curcuma spp. Curcuma longa has been traditionally used in Asian countries as a medical
herb due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and anticancer
properties.

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Curcumin, a polyphenol, has been shown to target multiple signaling molecules while
also demonstrating activity at the cellular level, which has helped to support its multiple
health benefits. It has been shown to benefit inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome,
pain, and to help in the management of inflammatory and degenerative eye conditions. In
addition, it has been shown to benefit the kidneys. While there appear to be countless
therapeutic benefits to curcumin supplementation, most of these benefits are due to its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite its reported benefits via inflammatory and
antioxidant mechanisms, one of the major problems with ingesting curcumin by itself is its
poor bioavailability which appears to be primarily due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism,
and rapid elimination. Several agents have been tested to improve curcumin’s bioavailability
by addressing these various mechanisms. Most of them have been developed to block the
metabolic pathway of curcumin in order to increase its bioavailability. For example, piperine,
a known bioavailability enhancer, is the major active component of black pepper and is
associated with an increase of 2000% in the bioavailability of curcumin. Therefore, the issue
of poor bioavailability appears to be resolved by adding agents such as piperine that enhance
bioavailability, thus creating a curcumin complex.
Curcumin is being recognized and used worldwide in many different forms for
multiple potential health benefits. For example, in India, turmeric—containing curcumin—
has been used in curries; in Japan, it is served in tea; in Thailand, it is used in cosmetics; in
China, it is used as a colorant; in Korea, it is served in drinks; in Malaysia, it is used as an
antiseptic; in Pakistan, it is used as an anti-inflammatory agent; and in the United States, it is

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used in mustard sauce, cheese, butter, and chips, as a preservative and a coloring agent, in
addition to capsules and powder forms. Curcumin is available in several forms including
capsules, tablets, ointments, energy drinks, soaps, and cosmetics. Curcuminoids have been
approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as “Generally Recognized As
Safe” (GRAS), and good tolerability and safety profiles have been shown by clinical trials,
even at doses between 4000 and 8000 mg/day and of doses up to 12,000 mg/day of 95%
concentration of three curcuminoids: curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and
demethoxycurcumin. (Susan J Hewlings et al. Foods. 2017.)
F. Wound Healing Property of Honey
As reported by S E Efem. Br J Surg, Fifty-nine patients with wounds and ulcers most
of which (80 percent) had failed to heal with conventional treatment were treated with
unprocessed honey. Fifty-eight cases showed remarkable improvement following topical
application of honey. One case, later diagnosed as Buruli ulcer, failed to respond. Wounds
that were sterile at the outset, remained sterile until healed, while infected wounds and ulcer
became sterile within 1 week of topical application of honey. Honey debrided wounds
rapidly, replacing sloughs with granulation tissue. It also promoted rapid epithelialization,
and absorption of oedema from around the ulcer margins.
G. The Use of Medicinal Plants
Recognising the important role traditional medicine continues to play, we have
undertaken an extensive survey of literature reporting the use of medical plants and plant-
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based products for cutaneous wounds. We describe the active ingredients, bioactivities,
clinical uses, formulations, methods of preparation, and clinical value of 36 medical plant
species. Several species stand out, including Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola), Curcuma longa
(Turmeric), and Paeonia suffruticosa (Moutan Peony), which are popular wound healing
products used by several cultures and ethnic groups. The popularity and evidence of
continued use clearly indicates that there are still lessons to be learned from traditional
practices. Hidden in the myriad of natural products and derivatives from natural products are
undescribed reagents, unexplored combinations, and adjunct compounds that could have a
place in the contemporary therapeutic inventory. (Aleksandra Shedoeva et al. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med. 2019.)
H. Pharmaceutical Ointments and their Use in Wound Healing
As mentioned by Lalita Chauhan et al., Ointments have been used as topical
preparations since time immemorial due to their ease of application to the skin and also their
removal. Pharmaceutical ointments have a variety of applications ranging from cosmetic
purposes such as cleansing, beautifying, altering appearance, moisturizing etc. to skin
protection against bacterial, fungal infections as well as healing cuts, burns, wounds on the
skin. The human skin is easily vulnerable to injury but it has the capability to heal on its own.
However, the natural healing process can take time and there is also risk of infection
especially in the early stages of injury. In such cases, ointments can be applied to the site of
injury to speed up the healing process as well as protect the wound from infection. Ointments

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can be ayurvedic, herbal or allopathic which are used by people according to their needs for
their skin conditions. They contain one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a
suitable base.
In case of cuts, burns and wounds, topical formulations such as ointment are the most
preferred for treatment. As compared to other conventional systems, topical formulations
have certain advantages including- ease of application, less chances of side effects, non-
invasive process and higher patient compliance. Research and development for the
formulation of pharmaceutical ointment for wound healing purposes has grown in recent
decades owing to its obvious benefits. With the progress in the pharmaceutical field and
industry, it is assured that pharmaceutical ointments will still be an interesting and appealing
area of research for years to come.
I. Process of Wound Healing
Wound healing is a process of cell contraction, movement, re-adhesion after injury or
trauma of the skin. Wound healing involves platelet aggregation, blood clotting, formation of
fibrin, inflammatory response to damage, alteration in the ground substances, angiogenesis
and re epithelization. Healing process cannot be complete until the disrupted surfaces are
vigorously knit by collagen and finally terminated by scars formation. Wound healing can
have a serious clinical problem and are likely to increase when they are associated with
disease such as diabete. (Rai et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics) The process of
wound healing may be hampered by the presence of free radicals which will damage the
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surrounding skin tissues. And the process of wound healing is influenced by several factors
such as infections, nutrition, drugs and hormones, type and the sites of the wound and certain
disease conditions. In India, for centuries people have been using natural products obtained
from plants and animals for treatment of wounds which was taught in a popular form of
Indian medicine known as Ayurveda. Natural products have been used for centuries in
different parts of the world; natural products are becoming as important as alternative
medicine because of their comparatively lesser side effects. Due to these reasons,
natural/traditional medicine are investigated scientifically for the betterment of human health.
These are used directly as in crude or raw form of drug for the treatment of chronic diseases.
(Schultz GS, Chin GA, Moldawer L, et al. Principles of Wound Healing. In: Fitridge R,
Thompson M, editors. Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular
Specialists Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011.)
J. Self-Healing Process in Humans
Cells can heal themselves when they become unhealthy and replicate to replace
destroyed or damaged cells. If you break a bone, your body immediately begins producing
new cells to heal the damage. When your skin is cut, platelets in your blood clot to stop the
bleeding, white blood cells remove the dead, injured cells and new healthy cells repair the
damaged tissue. Daily wear and tear are also promptly dealt with. In fact, our bodies are in a
constant state of removing damage and producing new, healthy tissue.

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Our immune system is also meant to deal with intruders such as viruses, bacteria, and
toxins. Mucus traps foreign materials, acids in various organs kills organisms, and a type of
white blood cell called phagocytes engulf and destroy invaders. Natural killer cells recognize
when one of our own cells have been invaded by a virus and destroy the infected cell.
Inflammation, while it seems like it should be a problem, is actually your body’s reaction to
an injury or infection, allowing your immune system to focus on restoring the injured or
infected area to health. A fever is your body raising its temperature to levels that will kill
viruses and bacteria. The elevation in temperature also triggers certain cellular mechanisms
which help your body fight the infection. (Tcimedicine, 2019,.)
K. Self-Healing Process (Rattus norvegicus)
According to Daniela S. Masson‐Meyers et al., Rodents’ skin is unique in having a
panniculus carnosus layer (a thin muscle layer that is only found in the platysma of the neck
in humans), which produces rapid wound contraction following injury. In contrast, human
wounds heal via re‐epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, important differences
to consider when assessing the translational relevance of rodent studies. Another point to
consider when designing the experiments is the gender difference in skin anatomy and
physiology. For example, male skin is 40% stronger due to a much thicker dermis, while
female skin exhibits a thicker epidermis and subcutaneous layer. Despite these differences,
these models have contributed significantly to our understanding of skin biology and disease.

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In our experience, when using rodents for wound healing studies, we believe that rats
are a better choice than mice. Some of the reasons are the skin difference between them and
the small size of mice. Mouse skin is thin and has fewer layers of keratinocytes when
compared to rat skin and wounds will heal in about 7 days, while in rats, it is possible to
evaluate healing for about 12‐14 days. The wound size should be proportional to the animal
size, and thus, wounds in mice are smaller than in rats and will heal fast. However,
experiments that require minimal sample sizes for analysis, mice can be more suitable. When
a larger sample size is necessary, a larger animal, such as rats or rabbits, will be more suitable
since multiple wounds can be inflicted in one animal.
L. Wound Healing Property of Curcuma longa
Wound healing or wound repair, is an intricate process in which the skin (or another
organ) repairs itself after injury. In normal skin, the epidermis (outermost layer) and dermis
(inner or deeper layer) exist in steady-state equilibrium, forming a protective barrier against
the external environment. Once the protective barrier is broken, the normal (physiologic)
process of wound healing is immediately set in motion. The classic model of wound healing
is divided into three or four sequential, yet overlapping, phases: Hemostasis, inflammatory,
proliferative, and remodeling. (Melanie Rodrigues, 2018)
Upon injury to the skin, a set of complex biochemical events takes place in a closely
orchestrated cascade to repair the damage. Within minutes postinjury, platelets

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(thrombocytes) aggregate at the injury site to form a fibrin clot. This clot acts to control
active bleeding (hemostasis).
Recent studies with other plant extracts have shown that a phytochemical constituent
like flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins are known to promote healing. Preliminary
screening of EtOHCl has been shown to possess flavonoids and tannins. Furthermore,
phenolic contents were found to be present in ethanolic extract. The chromatographic studies,
qualitative, and spectrophotometric studies show that curcumin may be present in the
ethanolic extract.
M. Effects of Hypoproteic Diet in Rattus norvegicus
In the study of Shannon L Lobe et al., 26 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the
Wistar strain with 90 days of age were used. The animals were healthy, weighing on average
296 g and were kept in individual cages at constant temperature and light-dark cycles of 12-
12 hr, for 120 days. The rats were divided in two groups: Control group (N): composed of 13
animals fed for 210 days with standard rodent chow - Nuvilab (recommended by the National
Research Council and National Health Institute, USA), with 22% proteic level. Chow and
water were offered ad libitum. Malnourished group (D): composed of 13 rats that from the
90th day of age received a ration with 8% protein for 120 days. The desired protein level was
obtained adding cornstarch to Nuvilab ratio. This chow was supplemented with hydrosoluble
vitamins of complex B and saline mixture (American Institute of Nutrition, 2017; Lepri et al.,
2014; Natali and Miranda-Neto, 2016). The hyperproteic ration was pelletized and had its

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protein levels measured by the Semimicro Kjeldahl method (Silva, 2011). Total calories of
normoproteic chow were 468.27 Cal/100g and of the hyperproteic chow were 501.56
Cal/100g, being these values obtained through the calorimetric pump.
All the rats had their body weight assessed every 15 days until the 210th day. Five
animals of each group had their blood collected for dosage of total protein (Biuret method -
Lab Test); albumin (Bromocresol Green - Lab Test) and globulins.
Histomorphometric study of the duodenal wall. Samples of duodenal tissue of five
animals of each group were washed, fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated in ascending series of
alcohol, diaphonized in xylene and included in paraplast plus for the obtention of transverse
sections of 5µm thick stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The intestinal circumference measured
in four histological sections per animal was divided at eight points with 45o on from each
other, beginning at the mesenteric border, yielding 320 measured points. Through a
micrometric lens coupled to an Olympus microscope with a 10X objective, measurements of
the total thickness of the duodenal wall from the villi apex to the mesotelium were performed,
and with a 40X objective the muscle layer was measured. Statistical treatment. For
comparison of body weight means between control and experimental rats, the profile analysis
was carried out (Morrison, 2000). For comparison of the mean thickness of the duodenal wall
and muscle layer between groups of total protein, albumin and globulins, the test “t” of
Student was applied.
N. Maturity of the Rattus norvegicus

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Laboratory rats live about 2-3.5 years (average 3 years), while the worldwide life
expectancy of humans is 80 years, with variations in countries in accordance with their
socioeconomic conditions.
Therefore, taking their life span together, it can be calculated as:
(80 × 365) ÷ (3 × 365) =26.7 human days = 1 rat day; and
365 ÷ 26.7 = 13.8 rat days = 1 human year.
Thus, one human year almost equals two rat weeks (13.8 rat days) while correlating
their entire life span.
However, while considering the different phases of rat life, including the weaning to
aged phase, it could be easily noticed that rats have a brief and accelerated childhood in
respect of humans. Rats develop rapidly during infancy and become sexually mature at about
6 weeks of age. Humans, on the other hand, develop slowly and do not hit puberty until about
the age of 11-12 years. Social maturity is obtained at 5-6 months of age. (Int J Prev Med.
2013 Jun 4)
O. Wound Healing Process in Rattus norvegicus
Skin, the largest organ of the human body, plays a crucial role in the protection
against microorganisms, maintenance of body temperature and detection of sensory
information about the external environment. Acute trauma, chronic wounds or surgical

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25
intervention can result in skin loss. Full-thickness injuries are characterized by the complete
destruction of epithelial-regenerative elements. The healing occurs mainly by contraction
from the edge of the wound, which may lead to cosmetic and functional defects.
The healing process involves three overlapping phases (inflammation, tissue
formation, and tissue remodeling) to achieve the tissue integrity and homeostasis. In the
inflammation phase, the granulation tissue is composed predominantly of inflammatory cells,
mainly neutrophils that are recruited to the wound site and removed during the progression of
the repair process. In the tissue formation phase, however, it consists of endothelial cells,
macrophage and fibroblasts that begin to fill the wound area to restore tissue integrity.
Moreover, full-thickness skin wounds of more than 1 cm in diameter require skin grafting as
they cannot epithelialize on their own and may result in extensive scarring with limitations in
mobility and severe deformities
Surgical procedures were aseptically performed in the animal facility operating rooms
as previously described with minor modifications. Briefly, after shaving, a full-thickness skin
wound (10mm x 10 mm) was excised from the dorsum of C57BL/6 mice. Segments of the
dermal substitutes Integra (Integra LifeSciences Corporation, Plainsboro, NJ) or Pelnac
(Pelnac Standart type, Gunze Limited, Kyoto, Japan) were sutured to the adjoining skin and
underlying muscle with 6.0 nylon suture. No dressing was applied. Animals were randomly
divided into two groups, with 15 mice per group. The first group received Integra and the
second group was treated with Pelnac. Three, six and nine days after the surgery, five mice
from each group were euthanized, the transplant area was excised, halved, fixed and
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embedded in paraffin for histological procedures as described below. (Schultz GS, Chin GA,
Moldawer L, et al. University of Adelaide Press; 2011.)
P. Usefulness of Rat Skin as a Substitute for Human Skin in the in Vitro Skin
Permeation Study
In vitro permeation studies of the three model drugs, nicorandil, isosorbide dinitrate,
and flurbiprofen, through human skin and SD rat skin were performed using Franz-type
diffusion cells. The permeation rates of the three model drugs through human skin and SD rat
skin were determined, and their variations were evaluated. The inter-individual variations in
SD rat skin permeability of the three model drugs were much lower than that in human skin
permeability, although the permeation rates of the three model drugs through the SD rat skin
were about twice those through human skin. In addition, no difference in the skin
permeability coefficients of the three model drugs was obtained between fresh SD rat skin
and frozen SD rat skin. The markedly smaller variation in the permeability through SD rat
skin compared with that through human skin indicated that in vitro permeation studies using
SD rat skin would be especially useful for evaluating differences in the skin permeability of
the three model drugs as well as for predicting human skin permeability. (Hiroyuki Takeuchi
et al. Exp Anim. 2011.)
Q. Incision Wounds in Humans

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Wound healing is a dynamic process consisting of four continuous, overlapping, and
precisely programmed phases. The events of each phase must happen in a precise and
regulated manner. Interruptions, aberrancies, or prolongation in the process can lead to
delayed wound healing or a non-healing chronic wound.
In adult humans, optimal wound healing involves the following the events: (1) rapid
hemostasis; (2) appropriate inflammation; (3) mesenchymal cell differentiation, proliferation,
and migration to the wound site; (4) suitable angiogenesis; (5) prompt re-epithelialization (re-
growth of epithelial tissue over the wound surface); and (6) proper synthesis, cross-linking,
and alignment of collagen to provide strength to the healing tissue (Gosain and DiPietro,
2004; Mathieu et al., 2006). The first phase of hemostasis begins immediately after
wounding, with vascular constriction and fibrin clot formation. The clot and surrounding
wound tissue release pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors such as transforming
growth factor (TGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor
(FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Once bleeding is controlled, inflammatory cells
migrate into the wound (chemotaxis) and promote the inflammatory phase, which is
characterized by the sequential infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes
(Gosain and DiPietro, 2004; Broughton et al., 2006; Campos et al., 2008). A critical function
of neutrophils is the clearance of invading microbes and cellular debris in the wound area,
although these cells also produce substances such as proteases and reactive oxygen species
(ROS), which cause some additional bystander damage.
R. Incision Wounds in Rattus norvegicus

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The results of the K (-) group observation or without treatment showed a fairly slow
progress, namely on the last observation day on the 14th day the percentage was only
73.88%. On K (+) or by giving Oxyfresh Soothing Pet Gel® on day 14, the healing progress
was good with a wound healing percentage of 90.28%. On the 14th day of observation with
the treatment of ginger extract ointment 10% (SEJ 10%) had a wound healing percentage of
92.70%, while ginger extract ointment of 20% (SEJ 20%) had a wound healing percentage of
80.78%. From the observation of the percentage of wound healing, it can be seen that giving
SEJ 10% has a higher percentage of wound healing compared to K (+), SEJ 20% and the
lowest is for K (-) that is not given treatment, it is hoped that it will take longer. natural
wound healing process.
Based on the results of the observation on the percentage and morphology of wound
healing, it can be seen that at a SEJ concentration of 10% it has a significant effect compared
to K (+). This is because SEJ contains active compounds that play an important role in
helping the wound healing process. However, when compared to the provision of SEJ 20%,
SEJ 20% is much slower than SEJ 10% because the higher the concentration used, the higher
the active compounds contained (Asih, 2014). The side effect of the 20% SEJ gingerol
content which is much more than the 10% SEJ causes a higher antiplatelet effect, where this
effect can cause blood clotting to block so that it slows down the wound healing process and
the use of ginger extract applied to the skin in large quantities as well can cause irritation
(Marx et al., 2015; Webmd, 2020). So that the morphological observations and the

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percentage of wound healing in the treatment of 20% SEJ and K (-) were almost similar / not
significantly different.
Oxyfresh Soothing Pet Gel® was used as K (+) in this treatment. Oxyfresh Soothing
Pet Gel® as a gel to help the wound healing process, which contains Oxygen, Aloe Vera and
Chamomile. Chamomile is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, relaxing, and sedating. Aloe Vera
is anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, skin protection, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-viral,
antiseptic, and healing of open wounds on the skin. Whereas Oxygene helps increase the
potency of antibiotics that use oxygen as transportation to cross cell membranes (Ferreira et
al., 2015; Hekmatpour et al., 2019; Bhutani and Vishwanath, 2012). With these ingredients it
is able to soothe by giving a cool feeling to the wound, is analgesic, minimizes secondary
infection, so that after giving it to an open wound on the skin it can improve the wound
healing process. Although Oxyfresh Soothing Pet Gel® is an animal toothpaste that can clean
and deodorize, provide fresh breath, and fight diseases such as gum disease but this gel is also
able to heal open wounds and abrasions on the skin due to Maynard and Downes (2019) Oral
mucosa also resembles skin because it is composed of a flattened layered epithelial layer.
According to the research of Mohamed and Osman, (2017) in giving 12% ethanol
extract of ginger given in Vivo to Wistar rats which was observed on day 8 there was a
reduction in inflammatory cells, neutrophils, and macrophages due to antibacterial activity
and the number of epitalization. In the observation of collagen formation on day 4, it can be
observed significantly as well as the administration of fusiderm ointment, but on day 8 the
ginger extract treatment showed more collagen formation than the control (+).
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S. Healing of Incised Wounds
Normal surgical incision healing will proceed through several phases. The first phase
involves the management of bleeding and begins in the operating room. Platelets in the blood
cluster together making a type of plug, while proteins such as collagen and fibrin work
together to firmly hold it in place to stop the bleeding. During the next phase which can take
up to 6 days after surgery, you may notice some pain, swelling, and slight redness. This is a
normal response of the body to an injury. During this phase, the body focuses on destroying
bacteria and removing debris with the influx of oxygen, nutrients, and white blood cells. The
white blood cells help to keep the wound clean and protect the wound by fighting off bacteria
that may try to invade the wound.The rebuilding phase is one in which the body can start
reparative activities to the damaged area. This phase lasts from about 4 days to a month after
surgery. It includes the normal development of a thickening area along the incisional line
indicating deposition of new collagen in the wound, often referred to as a healing ridge. This
firmness will cover the entire incision line and begin to soften and flatten about 2-3 weeks
following surgery. The last phase is often referred to as the remodeling phase. This phase
lasts from 21 days up to 2 years. In this final and longest phase, collagen synthesis is ongoing
in order to strengthen the tissue. Remodeling occurs as the wound continues to contract and
fibers are being reorganized, with a reduction in capillaries and scar formation. The scar will
change in color as it matures from red to a lighter color. (S. Guo and L.A. DiPietro, J Dent
Res. 2010 Mar)

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31
T. Formulation and Evaluation of Multipurpose Herbal Cream
Now a days the demand of herbal cosmetics are increasing day by day. Herbal
formulations are receiving more concentration in public because of their high-quality
properties and less side effects. Additionally, it also provides the skin with necessary
nutrients. The poly herbal cosmetic formulations are receiving recognition all over the world,
as they give the enhanced feeling of purity, protection and effectiveness. A large quantity of
creams is existing in the market under the make of natural, protected, organic, and herbal.
Most of the creams at present existing in the bazaar use the synthetic polymers, emulsifiers,
perfuming agents, pigments, surfactants and thickeners to form the base. There is wide need
to substitute toxic synthetic agent from base using natural agents. The natural ingredients
chosen for preparation of herbal cream are Neem, Turmeric, Aloe-vera and Amla. The choice
of these ingredients is based on their individual properties. Aloe-vera is used as a moisturizer
and anti-acne agent. Aloe creams have a soothing effect on the skin and have been shown to
aid decrease skin complaints and irritation. Turmeric is an Asian cosmetic useful to impart a
golden radiance to the complexion. It also provides anti-inflammatory and antiseptic
properties. Neem is helpful against a wide range of skin diseases including eczema, psoriasis,
dry skin, wrinkles and rashes.
The cream was prepared by melting beeswax and stearic acid on a water bath. Add
liquid paraffin and heat the mixture to 700C. Add Aloe-Vera, Turmeric, Neem, powder and

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Amla in it with continuous stirring. Cool the mixture with stirring to 40 °C. (Mehta R.M,
2018)
Evaluation parameters of herbal cream
1. pH test: The pH meter was calibrated using standard buffer solution. About 0.5g of the
cream was weighed and dissolved in 50.0 ml of distilled water and its pH was measured.
2. Color and odor: Physical parameters like color and odor were examined by visual
examination.
3. Homogenity: The formulations were tested for the homogeneity by visual appearance and
by touch.
4. Type of emulsion under dye test: The scarlet red dye is mixed with the cream. A drop of
the cream was sited on a microscopic slide, then it was enclosed with a cover slip and
examined under a microscope. If the disperse globules appear red and the ground is colorless,
the cream is O/W type. The reverse condition occurs in W/O type cream i.e. the disperse
globules appear colorless in the red ground.

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5. Viscosity: Viscosity measurements of the formulations were determined using rotational-
type viscometer (Brookfield DVII). Measurements were taken in 3 replications in 100 rpm.
Viscosity values were recorded in centipoise (cP).
6. Type of smear: After application of cream, the type of film or smear formed on the skin
was checked.
7. Irritancy test: Mark an area (1sq.cm) on the left hand dorsal surface. The cream was
applied to the specified area and time was noted. Irritancy, erythema, edema, was checked if
any for regular intervals up to 24 hrs and reported.
U. Impact of Commercial Cream in Cesarean Scar
Comparison of wound healing scores in this study indicates that the speed of wound
healing with the drug in the first seven days was twice more than the placebo group and
thrice more than the control group. In other words, the rate of wound healing in the group
using turmeric ointment is more than the two other groups. This finding is consistent with the
study of Sidhu et al. In their study on an animal model, they showed that wounds treated with
curcumin healed faster than the wounds from animals that were not treated with curcumin.
Jagetia et al and Kundu et al also found similar results.
Treatment with curcumin reduces the duration of wound healing, improves collagen
replacement, and increases vascular density and fibroblasts in wounds for overall

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34
improvement in wound healing. Curcumin has also been shown to have beneficial effect as a
pro-angiogenic agent in wound healing by inducing TGFβ, which induces both angiogenesis
and accumulation of extracellular matrix, which continues through the remodeling phase of
wound repair.
Evaluation of the criteria of the REEDA tool on the scar location of the C-section
showed that the score for wound oedema in the intervention group was significantly less than
the wound oedema score of the placebo group on the 7th day after surgery (p = 0.066).
Significant differences were observed between the intervention and placebo groups.
Moreover, the difference between the intervention group and the control group was
statistically significant on the 7th and 14th days. Similarly, in a study conducted by
Golmakani et al, it was found that there was a significant difference between the intervention
and placebo groups on the 7th and 14th days after the C-section. The results of the study also
showed there was no exudation from the wound of the participants in any of the groups on
the 14th day after the Cesarean section.
Kundu et al, in a study conducted on animals, observed on the 14th day after the
injury that the surface of the wound in the intervention group (using turmeric on the wound)
was pink, wet and without exudates and the surface was not covered with floccule, but the
control group had moist exudative wound and the surface was covered with dense floccule.
Microscopy of the wound sample revealed that the mean score of vessel formation –
epithelialization and the formation of collagen, elastin and reticulum – in the control group
was less than the intervention group on the 14th day.

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Research has shown that within two days after C-section, 20 mediators were
identified including IL- 12, 10, 6, 4, 2, 1, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 from the wound
exudate that can be effective in inflammation and wound pain. Turmeric inhibits the activity
of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2), lipoxygenase, and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
enzyme. It also reduces the production of IL- 12, 10, 6, 4, 2, 1, TNF-α and the inflammatory
cytokines. It has been reported that the anti-inflammatory effects of oral administration of
turmeric is similar to the effect of hydrocortisone in the short term.
According to the study results, the total score of the REEDA scale of the intervention
group was significantly lower when compared with the total scores of the placebo and control
groups (Tukey test for comparison between two groups). This finding was consistent with the
result of Golmakani et al. Also, in their study, Ungphaiboon et al showed that the use of
turmeric soap solution in patients with AIDS ulcers increased the wound healing process. In
contrast, López-Jornet et al conducted a study to investigate the effect of turmeric cream on
wound healing caused by laser (carbon dioxide) in an animal model. In terms of wound
recovery, the intervention group had a significant favorable difference with the two other
groups on the 7th day, but on the 14th day, there were no statistically significant differences
between the groups. This result is not consistent with the present study.
The curcumin in turmeric has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties
and is effective in wound healing. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ) increases the
rate of appearance of fibronectin and collagen, leading to an increase in the rate of the
formation of granulation tissue. The curcumin in alcoholic extract of turmeric regulates TGFβ

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36
and nitric oxide levels in damaged tissue and also leads to better regulation of the formation
of granulation tissue and better guidance of growth factors in the wound. (S. Guo and L.A.
DiPietro, J Dent Res. 2010 Mar)
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the procedures and methodology used in the study. The research
design, research environment, discussion of treatments, materials, research gathering
procedure, and treatment of data which were employed by the researchers were included in
the discussion of this topic.
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
In this study, the researchers used One Time One Shot Post-test Design to determine
the feasibility of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as a wound healing ointment in Rattus

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norvegicus using the Experimental and Control groups namely the Curcumin extract of
Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Turmeric with honey and Commercial Ointment.
In this figure, the Treatments underwent a Completely Randomized Block Design
(CRBD) experiment in order to determine the group of rats that will undergo the certain
treatment.
The experimentation was conducted in the laboratory with the supervision of a
laboratory personnel. Monitoring of the rats were done at home.
B. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
The gathering of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) was conducted at the Department of
Agriculture. The extraction of Turmeric was done at the Central Analytical Laboratory of
Cagayan State University. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) wound healing ointment
manufacturing was conducted at home. The Rattus norvegicus were incised at Urban Fur Vet
Clinic. The treatment of Rattus norvegicus was administered at home under the supervision
of a veterinarian.
C. DISCUSSION OF TREATMENTS
Treatment Type Of Wound Healing Time Mean Healing Time

R1
T1 Incision R2 X̄

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R3
R4
T2 Incision R5 X̄
R6
R7
T3 Incision R8 X̄
R9
Fig 1. Treatment of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Type of Wound, Healing Time and Mean
Healing Time
The following are the legend of the table above:
T1: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric and Petroleum Jelly
T2: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric, Honey, and Petroleum Jelly
T3: Commercial Ointment
D. RESEARCH MATERIALS
Type of laboratory equipment Laboratory apparatus
Physics equipment Vernier Caliper
Glassware Thermometer, test tubes and beakers
Devices Soxhlet extractor

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Safety equipment Lab gown and latex gloves
Chemicals Ethanol
Sharps Scalpel
Laboratory filters Strainer
Laboratory utensils Spoons
During the data gathering process, a laboratory chemical called ethanol was used.
There was also laboratory equipment used during the formulation of the final project, such as
the Soxhlet extractor. The following laboratory materials were used during the experiment:
test tube, gloves, beaker, lab gown, Vernier Caliper, scalpel, blender, spoons, strainer, and
thermometer.
E. RESEARCH GATHERING PROCEDURE
E.1 PRELIMINARY
One kg of freshly harvested Turmeric rhizome was gathered at the Department of
Agriculture and was weighed and washed thoroughly using distilled water to remove any
adhering foreign materials or soil particles. The Turmeric rhizome were dried under the sun
for about five days. Each dried Turmeric rhizome was approximately weighed 150 grams.
The test subjects which was monitored at home was given 75 grams of GMP1 feeds and
200ml of distilled water for their standard diet. For the disposal of rats, the researchers with
the assistance of a veterinarian burial the carcasses of the rats.

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E.2 EXPERIMENTAL STAGE
A. Preparation of the Curcumin extract of Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
One kg of freshly harvested Turmeric rhizome was gathered at the Department of
Agriculture and was weighed and washed thoroughly using distilled water to remove any
adhering foreign materials or soil particles. The Turmeric rhizome were dried under the sun
for about five days. Each dried Turmeric rhizome was approximately weighed 150 grams
then the process was continued by grinding the turmeric rhizome into powder using a
blender. The weight of the powdered Turmeric rhizome was then weighed approximately 100
grams. A mixture was made by mixing 500 ml of 95% ethanol with 300 grams of pulverized
Turmeric rhizome to get its ethanolic extract. To be able to separate the solid component
from the liquid components, filtration was done via filter paper. Subsequently, the extraction
and cooling of Turmeric was conducted at the Central Analytical Laboratory of Cagayan
State University.
B. Preparation of the Ethanolic Turmeric wound healing ointment
The ointment was prepared by melting 5g petroleum jelly in a 500mL water bath. The
researchers added 5g of liquid paraffin to the mixture, heated it to 70°C. The temperature was

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measured using a thermometer. Moreover, the researchers poured the 5g Curcumin extract in
while continuously stirring. Lastly, the mixture was cooled to 40°C while stirring.
C. Preparation of the ointment that contains the mixture of Turmeric and Honey
The ointment was prepared by melting 5g of petroleum in a 500mL water bath. The
researchers added 5g of honey and heated the mixture to 70°C. The temperature was
measured using a thermometer. Moreover, the researchers poured the 5g Curcumin extract in
it with continuous stirring. Lastly, the mixture was cooled to 40°C while stirring.
D. Randomization of Experimental Animals
All of the 9 rats were randomly chosen to fill 3 cage with three rats each treatment
using the Randomized Complete Block Design.
TREATMENT/CAGE TEST SUBJECTS

R1
T1 R2
R3
R4
T2 R5
R6
R7
T3 R8
R9
Fig. 2 Randomize Test Subjects in each Treatment/Cage
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T1: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric and Petroleum Jelly
T2: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric, Honey, and Petroleum Jelly
T3: Commercial Ointment
E. Administration of the Treatments
Before the administration of treatment each test subject was cleaned using disinfectant
solution. Zero point five (0.5) mL of each treatment was smeared on their trunk area near
their tail which is the affected area of the rat, accordingly to their labeled treatment. Proper
diet and water was strictly followed.
F. Evaluation parameters of herbal ointment
1. pH Testing: The pH meter was calibrated using the standard buffer solution. About
0.5g of the ointment was weighed and dissolved in 50.0 ml of distilled water and its
pH was measured at .7
2. Color and odor: Physical parameters like color and odor were examined through
visual examination.
3. Homogeneity: The formulations were tested for the homogeneity by visual
appearance and through touch.
4. Type of smear: After application of ointment, the type of film or smear formed on
the skin was checked.

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5. Irritancy test: Mark an area (1sq.cm) on the left hand dorsal surface. The ointment
was applied to the specified area and time was noted. Irritancy, erythema, edema, was
checked if any for regular intervals up to 24 hours and reported.
CHAPTER IV
Results And Discussions

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This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the statistical analysis done and
interpretation of findings. These are presented in tables following the sequence of the specific
research problem regarding the Effectiveness of Turmeric Ointment as a wound healing agent
in Incised Rattus norvegicus.
Ingredients Formulation (1) Formulation (2)
Turmeric 5g 5g
Petroleum Jelly 10g 10g
Honey 0g 5g
Liquid Paraffin 5g 5g
Table 1. Turmeric Wound Healing Ointment Formulations
Formulation 1:Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric and Petroleum Jelly
Formulation 2: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric, Honey, and Petroleum Jelly
Table 1 presents the ratios in gram of the different ingredients used in the formulation
of the ointments. In both formulations, the same amount of Turmeric, Petroleum Jelly and
Liquid Paraffin are added. But for formulation 2, 5g of Honey is added.
Parameters Formulation 1 Formulation 2

pH level 6.8 7.7

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Color Yellowish Orange-like

Homogeneity Well-mixed Well-mixed
Type of Smear Non-greasy Non-greasy
Irritancy Non-irritant Non-irritant
Table 2. Evaluation Parameters of the Wound Healing Ointment
Formulation 1:Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric, and Petroleum Jelly
Formulation 2: Mixture of Ethanolic extract of Turmeric, Honey and Petroleum Jelly
Table 2 presents the properties of the wound healing ointment using the evaluation
parameters. During the experimental stage process pH level was tested for the validation of
ointment to our skin, it must be in the range of 6-7 to be acceptable for to our skin.
Formulation 1 resulted to 6.8 pH level which is exemplary for our skin and Formulation 2
which resulted to 7.7 pH level means that it ranges more on the base scale and means that it
can cause irritation to our skin. The color of the formulations are due to the presence of
Turmeric. The homogeneity of each product shows that it is well-mixed during the
observation process and there are no signs of heterogeneity. After the application of ointment,
the type of smear created is non-greasy. During the 24 hour observation for the irritancy test,
there were no signs of edema, redness and irritancy.

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Days Treatments
R(+) TC THC
1 0% 0% 0%
5 25.00% 33.63% 66.67%
10 33.33% 42.86% 75.44%
14 42.86% 66.67% 81.82%
Table 3. Wound Healing Percentage
Information:
R (+) : Positive Control / Commercial Ointment
TC : Turmeric Ointment
THC : Turmeric + Honey Ointment
Wound Healing Percentage
Wound healing percentage is performed during 14 days of observation and
Morton Formula is used to calculate:
Wound Healing Percentage (WH %) = gjdjdjgfsg bsgsgds
Note:
WH% = Wound Healing Percentage

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L1 = Average Wound Area on Day 1
Lx = Average Wound Area on Day x
The Percentage of Wound Healing in Table 3 was observed on day 1 to day 14. The
results from Table 3 show the average wound healing time in control and treatments were all
different, even though the wound has not yet fully recovered after 14 days, the progress is
shown to be quite good.
On R (+) treatment or the Commercial Ointment (Mupirocin) day 14, the healing
process showed an adequate result with 42.86% in the Wound Healing Percentage. The other
two treatments also showed a significant effect in the improvement of healing a wound faster
with TC (Turmeric Ointment) having a percentage of 66.67% and THC (Turmeric + Honey
Ointment) 81.82% on their 14th day. Derived from these observations of the percentage of
wound healing, it can be clearly seen that THC (Turmeric + Honey Ointment) has a higher
percentage of wound healing than TC (Turmeric Honey Ointment) and the lowest is R (+)
Treatment. It is expected to take longer. The natural wound healing process.

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Pairwise Comparison HSD.05 = 4.6891 Q.05 = 4.2319

HSD.01 = 5.8651 Q.01 = 5.2933
T1:T M1: 2.10 1.34 Q = 1.21
2
M2: 3.44 p = .90970
T1:T M1: 2.10 2.40 Q = 2.17
3
M3: 4.50 p = .55511
T2:T M2: 3.44 1.06 Q = 0.96
3
M3: 4.50 p = .95929
Table 4. Pairwise Comparison
Information:
T1 : Turmeric Ointment
T2 : Turmeric + Honey Ointment
T3 : Commercial Ointment
Table 4 represents the pairwise comparison of the mathematical data of the
experimentation process. Looking at the column 3, you can notice that it shows no significant
differences and therefore concluded that it is not significant (p < .01). The f-ratio value of the
following data is 3.32594. The T-testing showed that there is no significant difference
between all of the treatments and the commercial incision wound ointment. Hence, the
treatments with Turmeric Ointment, Turmeric + Honey Ointment and Commercial Ointment

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have the same effect on the experimental animals. It is therefore concluded that Curcumin
Extract have the wound healing property and the ability to heal the wound faster than natural
wound healing. As a result, the researchers conclude that they all have the same property for
healing incision wounds.
Summary of Treatments
Data
T1 T2 T3 Total
N 5 5 5 15
∑X 10.5 17.2 22.5 50.2

Mean 2.1 3.44 4.5 2.0008
∑X2 37.25 98.74 169.25 305.24
Std.Dev. 1.9494 3.1453 4.1231 2.9186
Table 5. Summary of Data
Information:
T1 : Turmeric Ointment
T2 : Turmeric + Honey Ointment
T3 : Commercial Ointment
Table 5 presents the Summary of Data. To determine which treatment is the most
effective, we have to look at the mean. The average wound healing time of the Commercial
ointment (T3) is 4.5 days, TC (Turmeric Ointment) (T1) is 2.1days and lastly THC (Turmeric

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+ Honey Ointment) (T2) is 3.44 days. Therefore, we can conclude that TC (Turmeric
Ointment) (2) is the most effective among all the treatments that was performed because it
heals the wound faster than the two other treatment.
CHAPTER V
Conclusions And Recommendations
This Chapter presents the summary and conclusions derived in the conduct of the
study which is to determine the effectiveness of Turmeric ointment formulas as a wound
healing factor in incised Rattus norvegicus. It also provides recommendations that can be
pursued by the medical industries.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results, the presence of the component Curcumin has the ability to heal
incision wounds. However, the efficacy of Turmeric Ointments as a Wound Healing Agent in
Incised Rattus norvegicus reveals no significant difference with the commercial product. The
researchers conclude that curcumin extract has good potential as a wound healing ointment
for incision wounds.
RECOMMENDATIONS

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Based upon the findings and discussions of this study, the researchers recommend to
the future researchers to try to further expand the study’s capacity by experimentation in
Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa (ZDF) rats.
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extract improves abrasion wound healing in corticosteroid-impaired hairless rat skin”.
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475X.2009.00483.x
Dhyani, Archana, Chander Vikas, & Singh Nardev. “Formulation and evaluation of
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fbclid=IwAR3v_C4tJNwJuu91hD0YP6VrpDZaEMwqDn7E0ELh_98oPeLCl2CWMJ
Tfpz0#:~:text=The%20skin%20is%20the%20largest,bacteria%2C%20chemicals%2C
%20and%20temperature
Eske. Jamie. 2019. “What to know about open wound care”. Medical News Today. Medically
reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D.
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fbclid=IwAR1o_UmpkpoPlCwwjqXu81RwaPdAoF4pgvDKQtE3nmLxz9CO4dZ4a4
0X0aI
Hemant Kumar Nagar. 2016 “Pharmacological Investigation of the Wound Healing Activity
of Cestrum nocturnum (L.) Ointment in Wistar Albino Rats” Journal of
Pharmaceutics. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jphar/2016/9249040/?
fbclid=IwAR0iW6rhv8ZV-jK2laa-
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Hewlings, Susan & Kalman, Douglas. 2017. “Curcumin: A Review of Its’ Effects on Human
Health”. National Library of Medicine, Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 6(10), 92.
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Jamaluddin, Abdul Wahid, Ayu Lestari, and Wa Ode Santa Monica. 2021. “Effectiveness of
Ginger Ointment (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) on Incision Wound Healing in White
Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)”. Jurnal Riset Veteriner Indonesia (Journal of The
Indonesian Veterinary Research) 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.20956/jrvi.v5i1.13060
Kent Scientific Corporation. 2022. “Why are Rats Used in Research?”.

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fbclid=IwAR0ouLk7KidT1N2bCGA8JSfPYOqSshh_lF6tGqeqq2WM_qkdy_I8Ro4lj

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wg#:~:text=The%20Wistar%20outbred%20albino%20rat,albino%20preferred%20for
%20behavioral%20studies
Mahmudi, G., et al. 2016. “The Impact of Turmeric Cream on Healing of Caesarean Scar”
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Masson-Meyer, Daniela, et al. 2020. “Experimental models and methods for cutaneous
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MS, Susan Dieter, RN, & CWS. 2020. “How Long Does It Take for a Surgical Incision to
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Pawar, Rajesh Singh, et al. 2015. “Exploring the role of curcumin containing ethanolic
extract obtained from Curcuma longa (rhizomes) against retardation of wound healing
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fbclid=IwAR1DOqKTQ3Cxykn31kuuwdhOD_0Ld5nBuJ2w3_bzTSuwE4Mbh9WB
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Sood, Aditya, Granick, Mark & Tomaselli N. 2014 “Wound Dressings and Comparative
Effectiveness Data”. The national library of Medicine; Advances in wound care, 3(8),
511–529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121107/?
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3odAX8#!po=77.4691
SU, Zaman & N, Akhtar. 2013. “Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae) Extract
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Takeuchi, Hiroyuki, et al. 2011. “Usefulness of Rat Skin as a

Substitute for Human Skin in the in Vitro Skin Permeation
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https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/expanim/60/4/60_4_373/_article/-char/ja/?
fbclid=IwAR1BU7bLXUycy6eOwWq2JFNK7F8LWmhbaFJKnomT12tnEMnXIbPw
sAEzYfE

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APPENDICES
Appendix A.
Gathering of Materials Extraction of Turmeric
Preparation of Treatment Incision of Rats

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Application of the Treatments

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Appendix B
Costing

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Project Data Logbook
Date Activity Person/s Involved Comments
Nov. 25, 2022 Inquiring for the Department of The researchers were
gathering of Turmeric Agriculture Officer able to secure
Rhizome Turmeric rhizome and
the officer in the front
desk helped and
recommended other
government facilities
to help in the
completion of the
study.
Nov. 25, 2022 Inquiring for the DOST front desk DOST equipment are
Ethanolic Extraction officer not available.
of Turmeric
Nov. 29, 2022 Gathering of the Department of They assisted the
Turmeric rhizome Agriculture Officer researchers throughout
the harvesting of
Turmeric rhizome.
Nov. 29, 2022 Inquiring for the CSU central analytical CSU laboratory was
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Ethanolic Extraction laboratory personnel able to assist the
of Turmeric researchers.
Dec. 05, 2022 Claiming of the CSU central analytical CSU laboratory was
Extracted Turmeric laboratory personnel able to provide the
rhizome service that the
researchers needed.
Feb. 20, 2023 Gathering of other The researchers It was carried out with
materials for the the assistance of an
creation of Treatments adult sponsor.
Feb. 23, 2023 Creation of Turmeric The researchers It was carried out with
Ointmens the assistance of an
adult sponsor.
Mar. 06, 2023 Gathering of test The researchers It was carried out with
subjects the assistance of an
adult sponsor.
Mar. 07 ,2023 Incision of test The researchers and a The rats are incised
subjects veterinarian. and monitored before
applying the
treatment.
Mar. 08-15, Monitoring of Rats The researchers and a Monitored the rats
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2023 and application of veterinarian. diligently and was
treatments carried out with the
assistance of a
veterinarian.
Mar. 18, 2023 Disposal of Rats The researchers and a Strictly followed the
veterinarian. ethics and regulations
of the research.
Mar. 20-31, Finalizing of The researchers and Lots of editing and
2023 Manuscripts Research II Adviser computation take
place to get the result
or their level of
significance.

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Republic of the Philippines

In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject Practical Research I

Hypoglycemic, Hypocholesterolemic, and Hypouricemic Activity of Asistasia (Asystasia

Gangetica) Ethanolic Extract on Albino Mice

BARCELLANO, MARIA ANGELA M.

BANGAYAN, PRECIOUS JEWEL M.

BUNCAD. ACAYA FRANCHETTE M.

DATUL, TRISHA MAE C.

ENRIQUEZ, DONNA MAE A.

PETINEZ, TRAVIS MICHAEL C.

SORIANO, GINTOR JR. Y.

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

studies on the impact of curcumin on skin wound healing.

norvegicus normal reactions to incised wounds. Curcumin's capacity to promote granulation

essential to ensure the maximum therapeutic effects of curcumin on skin wounds.

ointment. As a conclusion, the curcumin extract produces comparable results with

as a wound healing ointment for incised wounds.

journey to complete this research.

love the completion of this research would not be done.

financial and physical support to the researchers.

of the research study.

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

C. SCOPE AND LIMITATION....…………………………………….............…....pg 3

D. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………................…...................pg 4

E. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY…………………………................…………...pg 4

F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………………................pg 5

A. Definition and Cultivation of Curcuma longa……….……..……..……………...pg 8

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

C. Characterization of Curcuma longa………………….........................……….....pg 10

D. Spices Related to Curcuma longa………………………....…………………….pg 11

E. Curcumin’s Effects on Human Health…………………………………….…….pg 12

F. Wound Healing Property of Honey………………………...................…………pg 15

G. The Use of Medicinal Plants………………………..…...........................……….pg 15

H. Pharmaceutical Ointments and their Use in Wound Healing………….............…pg 16

I. Process of Wound Healing……….........………...................................….............pg 17

J. Self-Healing Process in Humans……………………………………………........pg 18

K. Self-Healing Process (Rattus norvegicus)…………................................……......pg 19

L. Wound Healing Property of Curcuma longa…………………....……...………..pg 20

M. Effects of Hypoproteic Diet in Rattus norvegicus…………………….….....…...pg 21

N. Maturity of the Rattus norvegicus……………………......................….………..pg 22

O. Wound Healing Process in Rattus norvegicus..................................................….pg 23

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Q. Incision Wounds in Humans….............................................................………..pg 25

R. Incision Wounds in Rattus Norvegicus………..…….........................................pg 26

S. Healing of Incision Wounds……....................................................................…pg 28

T. Formulation and Evaluation of Multipurpose Herbal Cream………………….pg 29

U. Impact of Commercial Ointment in Cesarean Scar……….................................pg 32

E. RESEARCH GATHERING PROCEDURE………………………......….…..pg 37

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

B. Table 2: Evaluation Parameters of the Wound Healing Cream..........................pg 44

C. Table 3: Wound Healing Percentage…………………………….………….….pg 46

D. Table 4: Pairwise Comparison…………………………………………..….….pg 47

E. Table 5: Summary of Data……………………………..…………….………..pg 48

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Hypercholesterolemia is a disorder known for an excess of low-density lipoprotein

hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are associated with a significantly increased

risk of gout. Gouty patients have high levels of hyper‐cholesterolemia and

levels, including conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia, have

Fang, January 2024)

Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic disorder caused by excessive uric acid

dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Among these, dyslipidemia is a common

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500