BONGA UNIVERSITY

FACTOR AFFECTING FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICE IN CASE OF WEST DEMBIYA

WOREDA AMHARA REGION ETHIOPIAN

A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRENMENTS OF
BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES

BY:

SHUMET ANBELU

ADVISOR: ANDARGE (M.A)

JULY, 2023

BONGA ETHIOPIA
 BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

FACTORS AFFECTING FAMILY PLANNIG THE CASE OF DEMBIYA

WOREDA.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS SIGNATURE DATE

________________ _______________ __________

EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE

________________ _______________ __________

ADVISOR SIGNATURE DATE

________________ _______________ __________

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Redicetion

I dedicate this research to my beloved family.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank the almighty God for helping me in the successful
accomplishment of this paper and in my personal academic journey. Secondly, I would like to
thank my adviser andarge (M.A) for his valuable advice and constructive comments. Thirdly, I
would like to thanks to my family who supported me financially, materially and morally. Finally,
I would like to thank all respondents who provided me all the information. All of them are very
special, fully dedicated and strongly credible that this research something can change.

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 ACRONYMS

CSA central statistics authority

CSAOEPP central statistical agency of Ethiopia population projection

DWAO Dembiya woreda administration office

IUDS intra uterine devices

STI sexual transmitted infection

TFR total fertility rate

UNFPA united nation family planning association

WHO world health organization

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Table of Contents
Redicetion.............................................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRAC.............................................................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem..............................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study.................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General Objective..............................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objective of the study.............................................................................................................3
1.4 Research Question......................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the study............................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 scope of the study.......................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the Study...................................................................................................................................4
Chapter Two.........................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Definition and concept of family planning................................................................................................5
2.2 Factors affecting family planning...............................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Economic factors.................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Religious factors..................................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Demographic factor.............................................................................................................................7
2.2.4 Cultural factors....................................................................................................................................7
2.2.5 Socio-economic factors........................................................................................................................7
3. Research methodology.....................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Description of the study area.....................................................................................................................9
3.1.1 Geographic location of the study.........................................................................................................9
3.1.2 Climate.......................................................................................................................................................10
3.1.3 Topography........................................................................................................................................10
3.1.4 Vegetation........................................................................................................................................10
3.1.5 Demography......................................................................................................................................10
3.1.6 Economic activity............................................................................................................................10
3.2.2 Research Design................................................................................................................................10

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 3.4 Sample size and Sampling techniques....................................................................................................11
3.5.1 Interview............................................................................................................................................12
3.5.3 Key informant interview (KII).......................................................................................................12
CHPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................................13
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION............................................................................................13
4.1 Demographic and Socio economic characteristics of the respondents......................................................13
4.3 Religion of the respondent........................................................................................................................14
4.4 Marital status of the respondents..............................................................................................................15
4.7 Occupational status of the respondents.....................................................................................................17
4.8 Level of income per a month..................................................................................................................18
4.9 attitude of the respondents regarding to family planning..........................................................................18
4.10 Types of family planning utilize............................................................................................................20
4.11The types of modern family planning utilization.....................................................................................20
4.12 Traditional method of family planning...................................................................................................21
4.13 The respondents attitude on traditional family planning.........................................................................22
4.14 Level of family planning.........................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................................26
5. SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDETION........................................................................26
5.1 SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................26
6 REFERENCE..................................................................................................................................................28
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................................30

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1.2 below shows the educational status of the participants.
4.3 Religion of the respondent
Table 4.1.3 Shows religion status of the respondents
4.4 Marital status of the respondents
4.7 Occupational status of the respondents
The table 4.1.6 below shows the occupation status of the respondents
4.8 Level of income per a month
The table 4.7 below shows the income status of the of the respondent
4.9 attitude of the respondents regarding to family planning
The table 4.2.1 below shows attitude of the respondents about family planning.
Table 4.2.1 shows the respondent usage of family planning
4.10 Types of family planning they utilize
Table 4.2.2 types of family planning
4.11The types of modern family planning utilization
Table 4.2.3 types of modern family planning
4.12 Traditional method of family planning
Table 4.2.4 traditional method of family planning
4.13 The respondents attitude on traditional family planning
Table 4.2.5 the respondent’s attitude on traditional family planning
4.14 Level of family planning
Table 4.3 level of family planning
Table4.3.1 Factors that affect utilization of family planning
Table 4.3.2 the reason for not using family planning
Table 4.3.3 Local Areas of the Equity and Efficiency of Family Planning
Table 4 .3.4 what is the Treed of Family Planning in your Locality

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List of Figure
Figure: 1 Map of the study area (source: Arc GIS)

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 ABSTRAC
The purpose of this study was to assess the family planning in dembiya woreda. Primary data
were obtained through questioner, personal observation, focus group and key in format
interviews while secondary data source are collected from published and unpublished
documents. A simple random sampling was applied to select 86 sample household. The
collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and
percentage.

Key words: family planning, dembiya woreda, bash aye and gorgora kebele.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Family planning has attracted global attention due to its importance in decision-making about
population growth and development issue. The world health organization (WHO, 2001)
defined family planning as the practice that helps individual or couples to attain certain
objectives avoiding unwanted pregnancies, bringing about unwanted babies at the right time.
It is regulating the interval between pregnancies controlling the time at which birth occurs in
relation to age of the patterns and determining the number of children in the family.

Contraception as a method of family planning promotes survivalist as support birth spacing

and reduces high risk pregnancies. It achieving adequate birth spacing could reduce child
mortality by 20 percent more particularly in countries with socioeconomic problem (WHO,
2001). In Africa, fertility and future project population growth are much higher in sub-
Saharan Africa than in any other region of the world, and the decline in birth rates, which is
already modest, has slow led even further over the past decade. Most of the countries with the
lowest rate of contraceptive use, highest maternal, infant and child mortally rates and highest
fertility rate are in Africa.

Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where population issue has become major concern
during last few decades. Demographic and health survey shows some married women having
good awareness by the utilization of contraception (WHO, 2001). However actual
contraceptive practice women reproductive age group remained very low (CSA, 2006). In the
study area, the population has been increasing rapidly from time to time. In addition the rapid
populations a growth has deteriorate the physical environment, decreased the land size and
pollute the environment which is negatively impact the production. Generally the increase in
population caused deforestation because the community use forests for shelter, building and
forests for agricultural production and for different industrialization purposes (WHO,
2001).In the study area the government has attempt to decrease the growth of population
through contraception. However, the effect of government in the study area is limit to
decrease the population by addressing family planning provision for each individual in the

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society. In addition, the attempts made by the residents to decrease their family size are
minimal because they consider their children as an asset rather than a problem (kebele health
office com, 2009). However, the growth of population is a serious issue in the area. This call
for the study of the factors affecting family planning this has importance for control the
number a family. Therefore, this research was examine factor affecting family planning in
West Demebiya woreda in the case of gorgora and bash aye kebele

1.2 Statement of the problem

Family planning is the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the
intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial contraception or voluntary
sterilization (WHO, 2001).Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism
for access to and the use of contraception (Www. Google com, 2009). There are many
reasons as to why women do not use contraceptive.

These reasons include logistical problems, limit access to transportation in order to access
health clinics, lack of education and knowledge and opposition by partners, families or
communities. UNFPA, (2005), says that "efforts to increase access must be sensitive to
cultural and national contexts, and must consider economic, geographic and age disparities
within countries. UNFPA States that “poorer women and those in rural areas often have less
access to family planning services. Certain groups including adolescent, unmarried people,
the urban poor, rural populations, sex workers and people living with HIV also face variety of
barriers to family planning. This can lead to higher rate of unintended pregnancy increased
risk of HIV and other STI, limited choice of contraceptive methods, and higher levels of
unmet need for family planning. "(Www.popsine.org/node, 1933).

The net reproductive rate in under developed area is higher than the other part of the world.
Relatively high level of fertility is observed in Africa countries, have more to do in
combination with culture and socioeconomic factors which determine the attitude and
behavior of people towards the use of family planning (Torero, 2011). Ethiopia is one of the
sub-Saharan Africa, where the practice of contraceptive use does not seem at a stage where it
can affect fertility rate. (Michael.2011) the residents are economically poor because of this
case not able to access some barrier method not only this and on the above-mentioned factors
affecting this rural.

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High fertility and rapid population growth have impact on the overall socio –economic
development of the country (WHO,2020,maternal and child mortality are two of the major
health problem challenging health care organization especially in developing countries due to
low attitude and knowledge of family planning .

The rural part of Ethiopia suffers from health related problem especially due to lack of family
planning practice (WHO, 2012. Dembiya Woreda is also facing the problem due to the
existence of high fertility rate, poor health station, lack of attitude for family planning. So,
that the researcher preferred to focus and study in this area about family planning. The reason
that the researcher preferred Dembiya woreda is easy this kebele manageable and it is the
nearest to the researcher (WHO, 2012).

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General Objective

The objective of this study is to assess factors that affect family planning practice in cause of
West Dembiya Woreda.

1.3.2 Specific objective of the study

Specifically it is to:

 To identify the types of family planning method practiced in the study area.

 To determine the factors that hinder family planning practice in the study area

 To examine the attitude of community towards family planning practices in the study
area.

1.4 Research Question

 Which types of family planning methods are practiced in the study area?

 What are the factors that affect the utilization of family planning practice in the study
area?

 What examine the attitude of community towards family planning practices in the
study area?

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1.5 Significance of the study
This study was benefit to governmental and nongovernmental organizations working in the
family planning and local areas in the West Dembiya Woreda; it would also give a direction
and evidences for the regional bureaus, policy makers, and planners and for those who have
interest to work on issue relevant to family planning. Besides, the study can help those who
have interest to conduct studies in similar areas. Above all, it would benefit the residents and
local community Dembiya Woreda to realize their women productive health right relate to
family planning.

1.6 scope of the study

This study was covering both two kebele in West Dembiya Woreda focusing on identifying
the factors that affect family planning practice. Because of the researcher enable to manage
and indicate the specific site of the study area to understand by other body easily. The target
population include in this study is women which is found in the reproductive age (15-49).

1.7 Limitation of the Study

During the time of the study the researchers faced the following problem. This problem is
lack of available data and information, lack of accessible material, lack of good face and
shortage of time and finance. The researcher were tried to avoid the limitation as much as
possible, some extents

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study would be contains five chapters ,The first chapter is contain background of the
study, The second chapter talks about related literature review, the third chapters contains
research method and description of the study area. The forth chapter would be contains data
analysis and interpretation and the final chapter compose conclusion and recommendation.

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 Chapter Two
2. Review literature

2.1 Definition and concept of family planning

The oxford medical dictionary, (2003) define family planning in two ways. The first
definition is related to family planning as the use of contraception to limit the number of
children born. The second definition of family planning as the use of family planning is
provision of contraceptive service together with information about contraceptive and child
spacing. Rice, (2005) defined family planning as having children by chance. Having the
number of children wanted at planned time by using traditional or modern utilization of
contraception. The Ethiopian minister of health (MOH, 2004) defined family planning as the
voluntary use of natural, modern utilization of contraceptive by individual or couples. The
broad objective of family planning that were set first by world health organization scientific
group in, 2001 include avoiding unwanted pregnancies and bringing about wanted
pregnancies, determining or regulating the interval between children wanted controlling the
time of births in relation to the age of parents (specially mother) and making sure that the
number of wanted is what can be appropriately taken care of (MOH, 2004).

Family planning is an essential component of a broad development of strategy that seeks to

improve the quality of life for individual community. In this regard, family programs in
various countries are based on three improvements consideration (WHO, 2001).From the
point of view of health benefits especially in relation to health of mother and children. From
the point of view of population growth and it’s social, economic consequences. From the
point of view of human right. The contraception methods that are commonly used in the
world are two types. Those are clinical (modern) methods and traditional. The modern
methods include female sterilization, intra uterine device (IUD), hormonal method (oral pills,
inject abele, hormonal realizing implements skiing patches and vagina rings and condom
vagina barriers method). The traditional method includes rhythm, withdrawal, and rotational
amenorrhea, (WHO, 2001).

2.2 Factors affecting family planning

Family planning program are significant affected by several factors and such as demographic
factors, socioeconomic factors, and psychological factors and etc. More than million women
who want to plan their families or protect themselves from unplanned pregnancy still do not
have access to basic family planning service for many women and couples around the world
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religious, cultural, gender and social norms prevent the use of family planning ( WHO, 2001).
Family planning a basic human right endorsed by the united nation allows couples and
individual to decide freely and responsibly the number spacing and time of their children
(WHO, 2001). This lead to fewer complications related to pregnancy and child birth
improving overall health and decreases dependency on health care service also benefits as
women who access family planning can better provide for their existing children from food to
education to housing. They would also better place to access education and work
opportunities making a greater contribution to the economy despite the obvious benefits
family planning policy, poor or no service, lack of information, and education and regular or
no supplies, can all restrict and access to and use of family planning for many women use of
family planning service reflect a variety of outside influence social and cultural influence
may that not be socially accessible, (Dang, 2000). According to Koraa, the social factors
have influence on the use of birth control methods family planning provides need to client in
broader context as number of couples expanded families information, social network and
larger community, the economic pressure, social issue and local beliefs that shape their
direction. Generally there are number of socio cultural factors that affect the family planning
such as religious factors, traditional cultural beliefs and etc.,(Koraa,2002).

2.2.1 Economic factors

The economic factors influence family planning method in Ethiopia economic opportunity
with in community plan an important role in fertility decision. Economy of Africa again a
number of economic benefits from production children are important source of labor during
their childhood a source of support during old age in rural area relevant that young children
are scaring birds and monkey tire duties of children particularly daughters assists their mother
by fetching water, collection of fire wood and relatively older soon assisting their father in
weeding and harvesting activity. (Knife, 2000).

2.2.2 Religious factors

Family planning choice depends on the religion of the couple. It may be slam or Christianity
that calls for rising and bearing of more children in the society some religion such as catholic
have restriction on contraception based on the belief that it is gods would to bring children to
world religious believers or observers might choice to avoid certain methods of family
planning such as birth control peel in an effort to live their lives according to teaching of their
religion (Dixon Muller, 2000).

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2.2.3 Demographic factor
Different studies have identified such demographic factors as age of women number of living
children desired family size and experience of child death as major factors that influence
contraceptive(Robey,etal,2003).This is indicative of a high desire for childbearing among
young women and a high growing interest of spacing births among women in their thirties.
Percentage of uses declines at older age reproduction. Probably this may because they are not
at a risk of pregnancy. Studies have shown that the uses of family planning increase with
party of women up to the third or fourth child and then decline after (Dang, 2002, Mamdani
etal, 2003). Survival status of women is likely to affect the practice of contraception parents
who have experienced a death of child may be less likely to use contraceptive than others of
the same party this may arise from the desire to replace a dead child or to ensure against
childless contributes to high fertility (shah, etal, 1999).

2.2.4 Cultural factors

This is the most important factors influencing of family planning among the couples. The
cultures of the community are its own impact by the utilization of contraception. This
includes community norms, religious beliefs and gender role (Dange, 2002).

2.2.5 Socio-economic factors

It has hypothesized there is a positive correlation between contraceptive use and level of
education. Other things equal the higher level of education the higher contraceptive use is
expected to be although both wife and husband education is important there appears to be a
continues that the farmer is more important than latter.(Fayisatan, 2000, Haile Mariam
etal,1999,Towiah,1995,Saleem and Martin
2005,St,ephonson ,etal,2007,Rutherford ,etal,1999).Use of family planning is higher in urban
than rural areas different in the adoption of contraception is the highest. Where the rate is
more than twice as high as among urban than rural in all surveyed countries observed place of
residence variation in practice of contraception or family may be attributed to difference in
the availability of social service such as education, information about utilization and access to
family planning and health care service which are among the important one (Courts and
Ketherine, 199

2.2.6 Attitude of the Society

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The attitude of the society more or less the practice of family planning program since people
want to have large number of children people can see children`s as a weather asset and source
of power As a result. The give birth trinity without considering what child need Regards to
this reason people cannot use family planning (Daniel. 2014).

2.3 Benefits of family planning

The decision of when or even of whether to have children is a basic human right. Clearly
endorse this right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standards of physical, mental
health. States should take all appropriate measures to ensure on bases of equality of man and
women (Dilayehu etal, 2003). Universal access to health care services includes those related
to reproductive health which includes family planning, several health’s and couples
individual have the basic right to decide freely responsibility the number and spacing of their
children and have the information, education and means to do so. With this right came both
benefits and risks. Family planning programs provide service that Help people to achieve the
number of children the desire. Reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI), and
improve the health of women and children Family planning also helps improve the future by
the following parents to better their live. Poverty and lack of education limit opportunity for
individual can obtain greater prosperity and security for the family because they can have a
better chance at resaving an education and better fulfill the many roles for which they are
ultimately capable mother, wife wage earner and community member in turn a men can better
expand his roles as father, husband family caregiver and his family members potential
(Dilayehu teal, 2003).

2.4 Family planning and its benefits to developments

Family planning can play a vital role in checking the global population crises according
united nation family planning account for two, third of the decline in total fertility rate(TFR)
in developing country from 1960 to 65 to 1985 (Todero ,2011).Family planning is
considered as one of the strategies for reducing the population growth rate as well as
maternal and child mortality rate. High population growth is mentioned as a major challenge
of country developments and could slowdown efforts of alleviate poverty. So that to enhance
the development of the one country family planning plays a significant role. Because the aim
of family planning is to reduce high population growth in the World especially in the less
developed countries (WHO, 2001).
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 CHAPTER THREE

3. Research methodology

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Geographic location of the study

Dembiya Woreda is found in north Gonder zone of Amhara regional state.So the
Dembiya Weredo is 615km far from the capital of Addis Ababa. Astronomically
West,Dembiya wereda has 12°16'60''N and 37°27'00.0''E Latitude and longitude respectively
with an elevation of 2240 meter above sea level(M.s.a.l). And also it is the administrative
center of semen Gonder zone of Amhara regional state. According to present agent in the
study site reports that Dembiya Woreda bounded by in north lay armachiho in east Gonder
Zuria, andWest in chilga and south in lake Tana.

Figure: 1 Map of the study area (source: Arc GIS)

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3.1.2 Climate
The climate condition of West Dembiya Woreda is locally known by temperate, which is
suitable for agriculture as well as human settlement. This Kebele is generally by woinedega
climatic zone that is between warm and cold climate. (DWAO, 2010)

3.1.3 Topography
The major relief feature of the study area includes river, small stream, and plateau. The
plateau is covered by grass and shrubs. The study area is manly characterized by flat area and
steep slop. As a result high soil erosion. (DWAO, 2010)

3.1.4 Vegetation
Both tow kebele is characterized by poor cover of natural vegetation because of the high
population growth and expansion of agricultural lands. The most dominant natural vegetation
is eucalyptus (baharzaf), grass and shrubs. (DWAO, 2010)

3.1.5 Demography
According to housing and population census of 2023 Dembiya woreda has the total
population of 155699 whom 77740 are male and 77959 are female’s inhabitants. The total
households found in both two Kebele were 7087 women the largest ethnic group is Amhara
(97.35percent) and ethnic group Qemant (2.15) percent. According to the religion of most
of the population of this Kebele are orthodox and covers 85 percent while 15 percent of
population is Muslims religion. Sours (CSAOEPP 2023)

3.1.6 Economic activity

The main economic activity of this Kebele is agriculture. This Kebele predominantly
produces crops such as teff, maize, wheat, barley etc. The farmer if this Kebele are using
traditional and modern farming system because, the land is comfortable to plough by
advanced machinery like tractor. The farmer produce one per year through modern system,
the farmer used to increase their production by chemicals like, pesticide, herbicides,

10
insecticides and fertilizers as well as local manner (combos) frequently (Kebele leader
office,2017)

3.2.2 Research Design

.this study would be assess factors that affect family planning practice

For this study the researcher would be apply cross- sectional research design because to
practical and attitude of the researcher. So Cross-sectional research design would be better to
consider the research problem, because this study would be apply based on the collect data at
one point in time limited time length so the researcher would be use a descriptive survey by
qualitative

3.3 Source of data

This study used both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data would be
gathered from the respondents, through questionnaires, interview, and observation, while the
secondary data would be gathered from books, article, and document of health organization.

3.4 Sample size and Sampling techniques

There are 22 Kebele in West Demebiya woreda. Among those Kebele purpose, gorgora and
bash aye this research select both two Kebele. The sampling technique of this research used
to carry out the study is simple random sampling. From the total women 1600 reproductive
age (15-49), of the number of households is 660 from those household 86 respondents were
selected randomly. Because of simple random sampling is provides an equal chance of being
selected for the participations among sampling techniques, the researcher used simple random
sampling. The sample size is calculated as follows by using Slovene’s formula (1960);
Sample size=N/1+N (e) 2

Where;-

n=sample size

N=Total household

e=error of tolerance

Total household= 660

Error of tolerance= 0.1 Source: Slovene’s1960 (As cited by Meseret M.2018)

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Then n=N/1+N (e) 2
n= N/1+N (0.1)2
n=660/1+660(0.01)
n=86

3.5 instruments Data collection tools

3.5.1 Interview
Most of the women and man in the Kebele are illiterate. However, the key respondent will
select randomly that have awareness and knowledge about the question.

3.5.2 Questionnaires

The questionnaires would be the method of data collection clear and well defined question
would be distributed household respondent. The questioner will be both open and close
questions from 86 respond ant of household.

3.5.3 Key informant interview (KII)

Among important source of data collections, Key informant interview is use in the study. Key
informant interviews use in order to understand the perceptions of different stakeholders who
is directly or indirectly affect the program. For this purpose, semi-structured questions are
used because it allows the researcher to go beyond systematically prepared questions. The
questionnaire would be prepared in English language and latter it is translate into Amharic
language.
3.5.4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Focus groups are often using to collect qualitative data. A method offers the researcher the
opportunity to study the ways in which individuals collectively make sense of a phenomenon
and construct meanings around it (Patton 2002). Focus group discussion would conduct in
Dembiya woreda and one group would select from Kebele.

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3.5.5. Field observation

This method of data collecting tools for primary data and interview, observation would used
to collect data how and why an event or activity is occurring and does not rely on people
willingness to provide information but, we were directly seen what happen and happening.
3.6 Methods of Data Analysis

The data collected by the questionnaire would be analyzed by descriptive static’s. The simple
descriptive statistical methods such as, mean, tables and percentages frequency are the best
instruments to interpret the collected data. The data obtained from interview is qualitatively
analyzed, organize and cluster.

CHPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Demographic and Socio economic characteristics of the respondents

This chapter deals with presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data collected from
respondents through questionnaire and observation. The result and discussion in this chapter
depends on the structure of questionnaire which administered 86 respondents in west
dembiya Woreda and presented in the following sections by the use of table and paragraph.
The data in the table and paragraph are represented by frequency, percentage and the number
of respondents

Table 4.1 Ages of the Respondents

Age structure Frequency Percentage

20-30 30 34.8

31-40 46 53.5

41-50 10 11.7

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

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The above table 4.1 shows that most of the respondents are ranges from the category of 31-40
which accounted 53.5%, 34.8% of participants with age ranges 20-30, and rest of them 11.7%
of the respondents are grouped under the age category of 41-50.

Age structure is the important determinants in utilization of family planning.

4.2 Education level

Educational especially formal schooling is significant contribution to inducing family

planning utilization in society. Formal education has its own impact on the attitude about
utilization of family planning in a given community.

Table 4.1.2 below shows the educational status of the participants.

Education Level Number of Percentage (%)
respondents

Illiterate 10 11.6

only read and write 16 18.6

Primary (1-8) ------------ ------------

secondary (9-10) 20 23.3

12 and above 40 46.5

Total 86 100

Source: sample survey, 2023

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From the above table we can understand that informants that read and write accounts 20
percent. Table 4.2 indicates that most of our 86 of respondent are high educational status
most of 46.5 percent of participants this latter group has better educational status and have
more training and skill. However, only respondents (11.6 percent) are illiterate. This
implies that no knowledge, no reading, and no listening radio, not present health
assembling, no enable to listening family planning education given by health professionals.

4.3 Religion of the respondent

Religion is one of the determining factors of family planning choice of the couple. Some
religions such as catholic have restriction on contraceptive based on the belief that it is God
that brings children in to the World.

Table 4.1.3 Shows religion status of the respondents

religion Number of Percentage (%)

respondent

Orthodox 50 58.1

Protestant 20 23.3

catholic ---- ---

Muslim 16 18.6

Total 86 100

Source: sample surely, 2023

As we can see the data presented in table 4.3 the religion of majority of the population in
study area was orthodox, which accounts 58.1 percent of the respondents. There is 23.3
percent of protestant and no catholic followers included in the respondents. The remaining
18.6percent of the participants are muslin followers. The effect of orthodox on the use of
contraception was the reproductive potential is given by GOD for each human being. So, we
cannot use any barrier method.

15
4.4 Marital status of the respondents
Marital status has significant contribution to increasing and decreasing the family size in
certain community. The single person has more children and married person have raising the
number of population by bearing more children.

Table 4.1.4 marital status of the respondents

marital status No of respondent Percentage (%)

married 44 51.1

Single 32 37.3

Divorced 10 11.6

Widowed ------ -----

Total 86 100

Source: Sample survey,

2023

On the bases of the table 4.4 it is possible to say that the majority of the respondent in the
study area were married which accounts 51.1 percent, 37.3 percent of the informants were
single and the rest 11.6 percent of the participants are divorce and no widowed.

4.6 Family size of the respondents

16
Family size is one of the demographic factors that affecting the family planning. In country
like Ethiopia where most children bearing occurs within marital union and use of modern
contraception is minimal and affect economy of the households

The table below shows the family size of the respondents

Table 4.1.5 Family size of the respondents

Family size No respondent Percentage (%)

1-2 14 16.2

3-4 36 41.8

5-6 26 30.4

7-8 10 11.6

Total 86 100

Source: Sample survey, 2023

The data table shows that most of the respondents are small family size. Based on the
information in the table, a small proportion 40 percent of the in format comes from a small
family size (3-4), 27.5 percent of participants comes from family size (5-6), 17.5 percent of
the households from large family size when compare to the other. So, when the small the
family size match with the household resource and the large the family size increase demand
on the resource.

4.7 Occupational status of the respondents

The occupational status determines utilization of family planning and family size. If the work
status of one household is good also the livelihood improved and they gain better income so
they plan the family size. And also in work place they share idea with their college about
family planning.

17
 The table 4.1.6 below shows the occupation status of the respondents

occupational status No of respondent Percentage (%)

daily lab our 12 13.9

Farmer 38 44.2

Trader 26 30.3

Civil servants 10 11.6

Total 86 100

Source: Sample survey, 2023

As the table above indicates that the occupational status of the respondents are categorized in
four groups. This was daily labor, farmer, trader, and civil servants. From those percentages
of participants are occupied by farmer which accounts 12 percent, 13.9 percent of the
respondent are daily labor, 11.6 percent of the informants are civil servants and the remains
26 percent household was trader. Generally this data shows the occupational status is large
except the 13.9 daily lab our and can identify that as the civil servants in the study area has
highest population than other.

4.8 Level of income per a month

The level of income is significant contribution in family planning utilization and also positive
impact in utilization of family planning in the given community. When increasing the level of
income also increased level of utilization and decrease income decline the use of family
planning.

The table 4.7 below shows the income status of the of the respondent
level of income (in a month) No of Respondents Percentage (%)

less than 1000 20 23.3

1000-2000 18 20.9

2000-4000 36 18 41.8

5000 and above 12 14

Total 86 100
 Source: Field surely, 2023

As we can see from the table 4.7 about 41.8 percent of the respondents are monthly income
level more than 2000 birr, 20.9 of the informants monthly income level from 1000-2000 birr,
on the other hands 14 percent of the total households are found to have an income greater
than 5000 birr per month. It is possible to generalize that respondents are engaged in medium
income level.

4.9 attitude of the respondents regarding to family planning

Majority of the respondents get information about family planning through media, from
health extension and some small percentage of households lack of information about
utilization because of those people knows need modern utilization of family planning and
lack of awareness .

The table 4.2.1 below shows attitude of the respondents about family
planning.
Do you obtain information No of respondent Percentage (%)
about family planning?

Yes 64 74.4

No 22 25.6

Total 86 100

Source ፡Field survey, 2023

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The table above shows that about 74.4 percent of respondents obtain information about
family planning through media, health extension (WHO, 2001). But, only 25.6 percent of the
respondents lack information about family planning. The latter group thus had limited
knowledge about family planning.

Table 4.2.1 shows the respondent usage of family planning

Usage of family No of respondents percentage
planning

Yes 74 83.7

No 14 16.3

20
 Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

Table 4.2.1 indicated that most of the respondents 83.7 percent of respondents use family
planning and the only 16.3 percent of the respondent said not use of family planning ,
because of some reasons here government servants and accesses to education by any way
have full information about family planning and the remaining are lack of information.

4.10 Types of family planning utilize

The table below shows the respondents who say "yes" in table 4.10 or who used family
planning and form two types of family planning which one the implement. The type they
choose is depends on its comfort and easily utilized.

This table shows which type of family planning in the households are implement.

Table 4.2.2 types of family planning

Types of family planning No of respondents Percentage (%)

Use modern or traditional 78 90.7

family planning

No use traditional or modern 8 9.3

family planning

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

On the bases of the table 4.10 above it is possible to say the majority of households using
modern or traditional family planning. From the participants who use family planning in this
survey 90.7 percent where implement modern family planning ,because regarding too the
data modern family planning is comfortable to implement , easy to obtained, modern family
planning is surveys control family size as they want and because many such reason they
choose the modern type one . The rest 9.3 percent of respondents no use traditional or modern
way of family planning, as started above by many reason the modern one is much better than
traditional one.
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4.11The types of modern family planning utilization
The type is related with the choice of couples. There are five types of modern family
planning and it has its own strong and weak side similarly the utilization method also
different. The couples choose appropriate type as they interest. The below table indicates the
type of method of modern family planning the households in the study area implement.

Table 4.2.3 types of modern family planning

Types of modern family planning No of respondents Percentage (%)

Pill 18 20.9

Inject able 30 34.8

Norplant 8 9.3

Loop 16 18.6

Condom 14 16.4

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

The above table 4.2.3 shows that majority of the respondents 34.8 percent were utilized
inject able regarding to these data inject is suitable method, because it serve for long period
of time more than 6 month the second method of modern family planning is pill,20.9percent
the pill advantage it is easily access and easily utilized . The rest loop 18.6 percent, condom
16.4 percent and Norplant each account 9.3 percent, respectively because of suitability and
the way of implementation a few household can use them.

4.12 Traditional method of family planning

Because of cultural, religion influence and negative awareness about modern family
planning, some peoples use traditional family planning method yet. Traditional method is not

22
guaranty mostly traditional method is practiced by social experience this method is so easily
for practice while, its time specific or time limited it practiced a given time interval

Table 4.2.4 traditional method of family planning

Traditional method of family planning No of respondents Percentage (%)

Breast feeding 39 44.2

Abstinence 48 55.8

Total 86 100

Source: sample survey 2023

Based on the sample survey of household in study area apply two types of traditional
methods of family planning. These are breast feeding and abstinences. From these two
methods abstinence is more practicable. From 86 respondents abstinence method using
55.8percent were utilizing this type method and the rest 44.2 percent, utilized breast feeding
method.

4.13 The respondents attitude on traditional family planning

A positive or negative attitude about one thing rises from its benefits or impact. Traditional
family planning method more or less weakness compare to modern method by its utilization
method, guaranty and applicability. The next table shows the household attitude on
traditional family planning method

Table 4.2.5 the respondent’s attitude on traditional family planning

Attitude of the No of respondents Percentage (%)
respondents

Positive 50 58.2

Negative 36 41.8

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023.

23
As result from the table 4.13 shows about 58.2 percent, of the respondent’s positive attitude
about traditional or modern family planning and the minimum 41.8 percent of the informants
say negative attitude about traditional or modern family planning.

4.14 Level of family planning

In developing country like Ethiopia the utilization of family planning is less than100. This is
due to reasons such as absence of sufficient clinic, health workers, cultural beliefs, and in
some cause due to side effect of contraception (WHO, 2001).

Table 4.3 level of family planning

Level of family planning No respondents Percentage (%)

High 40 46.5

Low 16 18.6

Medium 26 30.3

Non-user 4 4.6

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

The above table 4.14 shows the most of the respondents said that family planning utilization
are high , 46.5 percent of the informants respond the utilization were high ,18.6 percent of the
participants respond the utilization are low, 30.3 percent of the informant say that utilization
level are medium, and 4.6 percent of the informants respond the utilization were non user.

Table4.3.1 Factors that affect utilization of family planning

No Item Response Frequency Percentage

1 What factors hindered Cultural factors 15 17.4

your adoption to family
Sexual problems 6 6.9
planning?

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 Religion 55 63.9

Health problem 10 11.6

Total 86 100

Source: Filed Survey, 2023

The adoption and accessibility of family planning in developing country are not known
issues. Because of prohibition of cultural, religion factor, socio-economic factors, status of
women legal situation which hinder the accessibility of developing family planning
utilization.

The above table 4.15 shows that 63.9% of respondents were faced religious factors affecting
of family planning, 17.4% of the respondents were faced socio- cultural factors can belief
that family planning service have its own side effect and low level of economic development.
6.9% were faced sex problem. There for the majority population numbers of respondents
were religious factors about family planning.

Table 4.3.2 the reason for not using family planning

Reason No of respondents Percentage (%)

Health problems 26 30.2

Need more children 40 46.5

Disagreement 20 23.3
between couple

Other --- ---

Total 86 100

Source: field survey 2023

The above table shows that the majority of the respondents account 46.5 percent house
responds need to more children, 30.2 percent participants that the reason for health problem

25
of the contraception method and the only 23.3 percent of the informants the reason
disagreement of couples.

Table 4.3.3 Local Areas of the Equity and Efficiency of Family Planning
No Item Response Frequency Percentage

1 In your local area what is the status Good 44 51.1

of family in equity and
Less 25 29
efficiency
Not information 9 10.4

Very high 8 9.3

Total 86 100

Source: Field Survey, 2023

As indicated in the Table 5.17. 51.1 % of respondents were replied as good ,while that
remaining 29%, 10.4% and 9.3% of the respondents were replied as less, no information,
and very high respectively . Therefore, the majority of respondents were gave response as
good. So, in local area the equity and efficiency of family planning status is good.

Table 4 .3.4 what is the Treed of Family Planning in your Locality

Response Frequency Percentage

Highest(very good) 15 17.5

medium 45 52.3

Low 26 30.2

Total 86 100

Source: Field Survey, 2023

Table 5.20, indicates that most of the (52.3%) replied the answer by saying medium level,
30.2% of replied that low, and some of the participants said that highest very good accounts
17.5%

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5. SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDETION

5.1 SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION

The objective of this study to achieve or explore the factors that affects the practice and
family planning in west dembiya Woreda. The role of family planning ,problem of family
planning ,factors that affecting use of family planning of households towards family
planning, discussed in this study depending up on the data being collected . Data were
collected both from primary and secondary sources .By using different documents and
internet, review literature parts was prepared.

The Study area was described interns of location, size topography, soil and climate. The data
was presented by considering the objective of the study depending on the data collected from
different sources. Based on the field data discussion made so far, conclusions were down and
potential suggestion was forwarded to address the issue.

The majority of the respondents are the users of family planning in the study area .But some
percentage of households have not satisfactory presentation of family planning service in the
study area that the basic reason for non-user such as the socio-economic status of the
respondents like education level, occupation ,level of income and health problems by using
contraception.

Couples may think them avoiding problems row easing tensions that they are exerting control
over their lives person.

And new human being with his or his own life involves profound relationships affects our
relationship with God who created us complete with this powerful gift it involves whether
spouses will truly love and accept each other as they are including their gift fertility socio-
cultural, religious, socio-economic and cultural tradition were the main factors that hinder the
people to adopt the practice and knowledge of family planning in the study area.

27
As the study indicates or investigates that 67% of the households are users of family planning
and the rest 33 % of the households are not user of family planning practices and knowledge.
This indicates as there is more usage of family planning practice and knowledge in the study
area, the use of family planning in the study area respondents.

2.1. Recommendation
The majority problem of the Kebele was the lack of using properly family planning.
Regarding to this the researcher recommended as:

 Concerned institution such as governmental authority the family guidance

association of Ethiopian and other non-government organization should use all
available channels to distribute basic information about family planning that
provides people’s awareness and leads them to actual practice and knowledge of
family planning.
 It is important to help people especially women to make them understand about the
benefits of small size families. The feed that having more children requires more
resource such as, more food, health care etc.
 Special attention should be given for the empowerment of women specially the
illiterate family planning should get access at least to secondary education either
formally or informally.
 Women power in decision making about family planning is low at family level in
the study area. There for, the government should give special attention to women in
social affairs through information and education.
 Generally, the problem can be solved in two ways: first, by using top-down
approach, the government should create different strategies and techniques and then
address it to the people through different representatives.
 The people of the study area should receive and apply properly that new strategies
and technologies for their effectiveness. On the other hand. Secondly ,by using
bottom-top approach, the society should discuss their problem for their
representative at local level and their representative addressed the issue to the
government or other responsible body than fairly the government should avoid
those problems that stand or raise from the households to the context.

28
-The government should enhance women participation in decision making about family
planning utilization in the study area.

- The government should address birth control method for the society by reducing their side
effect on the health.

6 REFERENCE
-Central statistical agency, (2007), population census in Ethiopia.

-Curt’s and .Katharine, (2002), contraceptive knowledge use and sources demographic and
health survey comparative studies number 19.calverton, Mary land; international
INC.

-Dang, (2002), differently in contraceptive use and method choice in Vietnam international
family planning perspective, 2(1)2-5.

-Dange, (2000), family planning utilization program in Africa.

-Dilayehu etal, (2003), benefits of family planning Hawassa University, Ethiopia.

-Dixon molar, (2000), gender inequality and productivity health; changing priorities in an era
of social transformation and globalization. Belgium, international union for the
scientific study of population policy and research paper number (19).

-Fyisetan ,( 2000), Haile Maria metal,(1999),Towiah,(1995),Saleem and Martin,

(2005),St,Ephonson,etal, (2007), Rutherford etal, (1999), spousal communication
and contraceptive use among the Yoruba of Nigeria population research and policy
review.

-Guardian, (2011), socio-cultural barriers to family planning in Africa.

-Knife, (1999), women status, health and the use of family planning service in Ethiopia.

-Koraa, (2002), factor affecting family planning in Ethiopia.

29
-Michael, (2011), family planning program to address all over the World.

-Rice, (2005), defines family planning in broad way in the world.

-Robey etal, (2003), the productive revolution, new survey finding population report series
number (11).
-Shah etal, (2000), factor affecting family planning in Africa.
-Susheela etal, (2003), woman autonomy education and contraception used in Pakistan,
national study, reproductive health.
-The Ethiopian minister of health, (MOH, 2004), define family planning as voluntary use of
contraceptive
by individual or couples.
-The oxford medical dictionary, (2003), define family planning in Britain.
-Todero, (2011), the culture and socioeconomic factors which determine the attitude of
people towards the use of family planning in the world.
-UNFPA, (2005), reproductive health fact sheet, world population report.
-www. Google com. (2009), factor affecting family planning utilization in Ethiopia.
-WHO, (2001),
-World health organization, (Who, 2001), reproductive health of the young people. Challenge
and promise.

(Www.popsine.org/node,193312), the obstacle that affect the access of contraception in

Africa.

30
 APPENDIX
BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SIENCS

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

This questionnaire is intended to collect reliable information about the factors affecting the
practice and knowledge of family planning in west dembiya Woreda.

Dear Respondents requested to choose the best answers from the given alternatives and
write an appropriate response of responded Questionnaires.

 Do not write Your name

 Fill in the blank space by using thick ma
Social Background

1. Age: A. 20-30 ( B. 31-40 ( C. 41-50 ( 51-60 (

2. Sex: A. Male ( B. Female (
3. Marital Status: A. Married ( B, Single ( C. Divorced (
4. Family size: A.1-3 ( B. 4-6 ( C. 7-9 ( D. above 10(
5. Educational status: A, Read and write B, illiterate C, primary and
secondary
6. Type of work: A. Governmental employee ( B. House wife ( C. un employee (
7. Religion: An Orthodox ( B. protestant ( C. catholic ( D. Muslim (
8. Level of income: A. less than 1000 ( B. 1000-2000 ( C.2000-4000 ( D. above
4000 (
9. Before this time does you obtain information about family planning?
A. yes ( B. No (

31
10. If your answer for question number 9 yes from where do you get?
A. from media ( B. from health center ( C. from friends (

11. Have you use family planning? A. yes ( B. No(

12. If your answer for question number “11” yes which type of family planning you use?
A. modern family planning ( B. Traditional family planning (
13. What factors hindered your adoption to family planning?
A. cultural factors ( B. sex problems ( C. Religion ( D. health problem (

14. Do you think that family planning utilization is affected by religious beliefs
A. yes ( B. No (
15. What is your religious Doctrine say? (
A. No use family planning because kills new birth (
B. You can use family planning because limit children (
C. No define (
D. other specify (
16. Which of house hold responsible for using family planning you think?
A. male ( B. female ( C, both Male and Female(
17. In local area the equity and efficiency family planning is in what status
A. Good ( B. Less ( C. Not information ( D. very high (
18. What kind of modern family planning used?
A. Injection ( B. Condom ( C. Pill ( D. loop (

Part Two
Asking the interview questions by selecting the respondents have awareness and knowledge
about the question.

1. What are the benefits of family planning to the society and to the family?

2. What are the roles of health service organization of the kebele on family planning?

3. What are the factors that affect the utilization of family planning?
4. What is the trend and importance of family planning?

32
33