CHAPTER ONE

1INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFFINATION CAR JACK

A jack is a mechanical device which uses a screw thread or a hydraulic cylinder to lift heavy loads or
apply great linear forces. The most common forms of jacks available in the market are Scissor car jacks,
House jacks, Hydraulic jacks, Pneumatic jacks and Strand jacks that are extensively used in Construction,
Industrial, Automobile and Engineering segments. A bottle jack is a hydraulic jack which resembles a
bottle in shape, having a cylindrical body and a neck, from which the hydraulic ram emerges. In a bottle
jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted. With a
single action piston, the lift is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the jack, making it
suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. For lifting structures such as houses the
hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables the even distribution of
forces while enabling close control of the lift. Hydraulic bottle jack pushes against a piston, pressure built
in the jack container up to 22in.Large hydraulic jack may be provided with two pumps. In other word is a
device used invariably in the in the machinery and equipment. The device itself is light and portable but
the device is capable of exerting great force. Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than
as an emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle
requires more than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on the vehicle, and to
ensure stability when the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and
medium rise buildings.

1.1.1 Classification of car jack

Classification Jacks can be categorized based on the type of force

1. Mechanical Jacks

2. Hydraulic jack there are also some electrical jacks but the working principle of them is the same as
that of either Mechanical or Hydraulic jacks.

1. Mechanical Jacks

Mechanical Jacks is a devise used to lift a heavy equipment, this type of jack usually rated for a
Maximum lifting capacity ranging from 1.5 tons to 3 tons. There are some types of Mechanical jacks,
some of them are: -

1.1 Scissor jack

Scissor car jacks usually use mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force
alone. The jack shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle and the notch fits into a hard point on a
anybody. Earlier versions have a platform to lift on a vehicle's frame or axle. Electrically operated car
scissor jacks are powered by 12volt electricity supplied directly from the car's cigarette lighter
receptacle.

The electrical energy is used to power these car jacks to raise and lower automatically. Electric jacks
require less effort from the motorist for operation.

1.2 House jack

A house jack, also called a screw jack, is a mechanical device primarily used to lift buildings from their
foundations for repairs or relocation. A series of jacks is used and then wood cribbing temporarily
supports the structure. This process is repeated until the desired height is reached. The house jack can
be used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for installing new structural beams. On the top of
the jack is a cast iron circular pad that the jacking post rests on. This pad moves independently of the
house jack so that it does not turn as the acme-threaded rod is turned with a metal rod. This piece tilts
very slightly, but not enough to render the post dangerously out of plumb.

2. Hydraulic jacks

HYDRAULICS: The word hydraulics is based on the Greek word for water, and originally covered the
study of the physical behavior of water at rest and in motion. Use has broadened its meaning to include
the behavior of all liquids. Although it is primarily concerned with the motion of liquids. Hydraulics
includes the manner in which liquids act in tanks and pipes, deals with their properties, and explores
ways to take advantage of these properties. Although the modern development of hydraulics is
comparatively recent, the ancients were familiar with many hydraulic principles and their applications..
Hydraulic jack is based on the Pascal’s law which states that increase in pressure on the surface of a
confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the confined vessel or system. Hydraulic jacks are
mechanical devices used to lift heavy loads, vehicles, weight equipment or apply great forces using
hydraulic fluid as the main source of power. These are widely used in automotive, industrial and
construction industries. These are sturdy in construction, compact in size, portable and capable of
exerting great forces. It consists of two cylinders of different sizes which are connected together by a
pipe and a hydraulic fluid or oil. The hydraulic fluid is incompressible and using a pump plunger is forced
into the cylinder of the jack. Oil is used because of its stable and self-lubricating nature. When the
plunger pulls back, oil is drawn out of the reservoir and it goes inside the pump chamber. When the
plunger moves forward, the oil is pushed back into the cylinder. This oil movement builds up pressure in
the cylinder. And it is this pressure which leads to the working of the hydraulic jack. It also finds usage in
workshops and also lifts elevators in low and medium rise buildings.

1. Classification of Hydraulic Jacks

A. According to the source of power

 Power operated jacks

 Manually operated jacks (hand or pedal operated)
B. According to lift of dram

 Medium lift
 High lift
 Low lift

C. According to the arrangement of cylinder

 Vertical
 Horizontal
 Inclined

D. According to the number of cylinder

 Single cylinder
 Multi cylinder

E. According to the construction

 Floor mounted
 Bottle jack
 Trolley jack

Two common type of hydraulic jacks include BOTTLE JACK AND FLOOR JACK

1. Hydraulic Bottle jack

Bottle jack became popular in the early 1900s when the automobile industry began to take off. Also
called hand jacks, bottle jacks provided an easy way for an individual to lift up a vehicle for roadside
inspection or service. Their resemblance to milk bottles earned bottle jacks their name—today, they
range in size and weight to offer a lifting capability ranging from one hundred to several tons. Bottle
jacks feature a vertical shaft, which supports a platform (called a bearing pad) that directly bears the
weight of the object as it is lifted. Although they are most commonly used in the automobile industry
(1.5 to 5 ton jacks are frequently used to lift cars), bottle jacks have other uses as well. In the medical
industry they can be used in hydraulic stretchers and patient lifts. In industrial applications, they can be
found as pipe benders used in plumbing, as cable slicers for electrical projects, and as material lifts
within warehouses. Their ability to lift heavy loads plays a big role in enabling the repair of large
agricultural machinery and in many construction operations. Bottle jacks can be secured within a frame,
mounted on a beam, or simply used as they are for easier jack transportation. A bottle jack is a hydraulic
jack which resembles a bottle in shape, having a cylindrical body and a neck. From which the hydraulic
ram emerges. In a bottle jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the
object being lifted. With a single action piston, the lift is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height
of the jack, making it suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. For lifting structures such
as houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables the even
distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift. The bottle hydraulic jack as consists of a
cylinder, a piston and lever operated pump and their capacities is to up to 50 tones and lifting height is
e. The device pushes against a piston, pressure built in the jack container up to 22in.Large hydraulic jack
may be provided with two pumps. In other word is a device used invariably in the in the machinery and
equipment. The device itself is light and portable but the device is capable of exerting great force.

2. Floor jacks

Unlike bottle jack shafts, the shaft in a floor jacks is horizontal—the shaft pushes on a crank that
connects to a lifting pad, which is then lifted horizontally. Floor jacks typically provide a greater range of
vertical lift than bottle jacks, and are available in two sizes. The original jack is about four feet long, a
foot wide and weights around 200 pounds—they can lift 4-10 tons. A more compact model was later
made which is about three feet in length, and can lift 11/2 tons. Although mini jacks are also produced,
they are not a recognized standard type of floor jack.

1.2 Components of Hydraulic Bottle Jack

1.2.1 The major components of hydraulic Bottle jacks are;-

1. Reservoir or buffer tank

2. Pump with piston or plunger

3. Pump lever or handle

4. Check valve

5. Main cylinder or ram

6. Release valve

7. Handle

8. Extension screw

1. A reservoir or buffer tank – is a vessel that holds the hydraulic fluid or pumps oil which will be used
to transfer applied pressure from the pump to the ram.

2. Piston pump – is a part that is mechanically activated by moving the pump lever or handle up and
down.

3. Pump lever or handle – the movement of the pump lever builds up pressure in the hydraulic fluid
which transfers that pressurized fluid through a check valve and into the main cylinder.

4. Check valve- when the release valve is partially opened, it allows pressure to be released, causing the
oil to run back into the reservoir inside the bottle jack. This enables the jack to be lowered. When the
release valve is closed, it is ready to be raised.
5. The main cylinder – is also referred to as ram, when drive upwards, it extends out of the hydraulic
jack body by the pressure of the hydraulic fluid, creating the required lifting force and lifting the load

6. Release valve – is a part that helps to release the pressure so that the ram can retract and the load
can be lowered.

7. Pump liver or Handle- Bottle jacks usually have a two piece handle that extends from a socket, and
can be retracted again for easy storage. The jack handle will either contain a spring clip or a bayonet
connector to enable it to slot together. Spring clip with a spring clip connector, the clip needs to be
pushed in to slot the two pieces handle together. The spring clip will sit in an opening to lock both parts
of the handle.

8. Extension screw- the extension screw can be extended for extra reach up to its maximum lift height.

Turn the extension screw anti-clockwise to rise, and clockwise to lower.

1.2.2 The sub component of Hydraulic bottle jack

1. O-ring (sealing)
O-ring are torus-shaped seals of circular cross-section made from a variety of elastomeric and are used
in static and dynamic condition. O-ring (seal) also known as a packing, or a tonic joint, is a mechanical
gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated
in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a sealant the
interface.
Valves: - the simplest type of valve are used in hydraulic jack which are used to control the transfer of
hydraulic energy through the system by controlling the fluid flow direction by moving the valve stem
( ball ) against or away from valve seat.
Used to control the pressure requirement of the system. The jack consists of the following type of
valves: -
 Intake valve
 Disc rag valve
 Pressure release valve

Rams (Actuating Pistons):- rams are used to converts hydraulic energy in to mechanical energy in the
form of linear motion. This mechanical energy is used to perform the lifting work
(mechanism).Therefore, the rams are used as a force multiplying device.

2. Solid rams iii. Spring for safety valve

3. Hollow rams extends when the jack is pumped, pushing the saddle against the underside of the

vehicle to lift it.