COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTEMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSING THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF URBAN HOUSING

PROLEM IN ARBAYA SAMLL TOWN

BY : ENDALKACHEW TSEGA ID ; 0703/12

ADVISOR: TEWODEROS GIZAW (MA)

BONGA, ETHIOPIA

Feburary.2023
DECLARATION

I, Endalkachew Tsega, declare that this senior essay entitled ASSESSING THE CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF URBAN HOUSING PROLEM IN ARBAYA SAMLL TOWN is my own original
work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any
other degree award.

Signature _______________________________

APROVED BY BOARED EXAMINERS

Course chair Shumi Adenew……………………………………… ………/17/ 10 /2015……E.C

Signature Data

Advisor Tewoderos Gizaw…………………………………………. …17/10 /2015……E.C

Signature Data

Examiner…………………………………………. ……./……./……..E.C

Signature Data

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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
First and for most I would like to my almighty GOD and his mother saint Mary, who gave me the ability,
willingness and opportunity in my success of life. I do not have sufficient words to express my heartfelt
gratitude and indebtedness to my adviser Tewoderos Gizaw. Fourth is professional assistances are constructive
and valuable comments.

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Acronym

ATAO............................. Arbaya Town Administration Office

CSA.................................Central Statistics Agency
E.C................................. Ethiopia Colander
LDCs................................Least Development Country
MOFED...................... Ministry Of Finance and Economic Development
NGOs.........................Non-governmental Organization
UB..............................University Botsvana
UK.............................. United Kingdom
UN.............................. United Nations
UNFPA........................United Nation population Fund
WBARDO.................... West Belessa Woreda Agricultural Rural Development Office

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 Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the cause and consequence of urban housing problem in Arbaya
small town. The study was made by having three specific objectives which, are, to assess the housing problem
in the study area, to identify the cause and consequences of urban housing problem and, to explain mechanism
to prevent urban housing problem of the study area. And to achieve the objective of this study the researcher
employed both primary and secondary data sources. The primary source of data were obtained from the
respondents was through questionnaires, interview and field observations. As the secondary data were
obtained from published and unpublished materials. The researchers were used 44 respondents from 2524
household’s respondents. The data was analyzed by table, figure and percentages the researcher were used
probability sampling. The serious problem is aggravated by the high rate of growth of urban population
according to the information obtained from the households the problem is aggravated by the urban population
growth, be sides the high birth rate of natural increases and growing is rural urban population in the town. On
the basis of findings and conclusions drawn, some recommendations were made about urban housing problem
in the study area for the concerned body.

Key words: Urbanization, Urban.

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 Table of Contents

Declaration..........................................................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDMENTS ...................................................................................................................................ii

Acronym............................................................................................................................................................iii

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................iv

List of tables......................................................................................................................................................ix

List of figures......................................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODACTI........................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Back Ground of the study.............................................................................................................................1

1. 2 statement of the problem...........................................................................................................................3

1. 3 objective of the study..................................................................................................................................4

1. 3. 1 General Objective....................................................................................................................................4

1. 3. 2 Specific objectives...................................................................................................................................4

1.4 Research Question........................................................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................................4

1.6 The scope of the study area.........................................................................................................................5

1.7 Limitation of the study.................................................................................................................................5

1.8 Organization of the paper............................................................................................................................5

1.9 Definition of key terms.................................................................................................................................5

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 CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................................................................6

2 REVIEWSOFRELATEDLITERATURE....................................................................................................................7

2.1 Operational Definition of Urban and Urbanization......................................................................................7

2.2 Concept of poor urban housing in the world...............................................................................................7

2.3. Concep of poor urban housing in Africa......................................................................................................7

2.4 Concept of poor urban housing in Ethiopia.................................................................................................8

2.5 Cause of poor urban housing.......................................................................................................................9

2.5.1 Low Income and Consumption..................................................................................................................9

2.5.2Lack of access to land...............................................................................................................................10

2.5.3Unemployment........................................................................................................................................11

2.5.4. Population Growth.................................................................................................................................12

2 .5.5 Lack of job opportunity..........................................................................................................................14

2.5.6 Expansion of Shanty areas.......................................................................................................................14

2.6 consequences of poor urban housing........................................................................................................14

2.6.1 Sewage.....................................................................................................................................................14

2.6.2 Slum.........................................................................................................................................................15

2.6.3 Water sanitation problem.......................................................................................................................16

2.6.4 Traffic congestion....................................................................................................................................16

2.6.5 Crime.......................................................................................................................................................16

2.6.6 Pollution..................................................................................................................................................17

2.6.7 Disease.....................................................................................................................................................17

2.7 Pssible solution of poor urban housing......................................................................................................17

CAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................................24
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 3 Research Methodology.................................................................................................................................24

3.1 Description of the study area.....................................................................................................................24

3.1.2 Location...................................................................................................................................................24

3.1.3 Absolute Location of the study area.......................................................................................................24

3.1.4 Population Distribution...........................................................................................................................24

3.1.5 Topography..............................................................................................................................................25

3.1.6 Climate.....................................................................................................................................................25

3.1.7 Economical Activities of the study area..................................................................................................25

3.1.8 Research Design......................................................................................................................................26

3.1.9 Source of data.........................................................................................................................................26

3.2.1 sample size and sampling Technique......................................................................................................26

3.2.2 Data Collection Instruments....................................................................................................................27

3.2.3 Questionnaire..........................................................................................................................................27

3.2.4 Interview..................................................................................................................................................27

3.2.5 Observation.............................................................................................................................................27

3.2.6 Methods of data analysis and presentation............................................................................................28

CAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................................28

4 Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................................28

4.1 Back ground information............................................................................................................................28

4.1.2 Age structure of house hold heads.........................................................................................................29

4.1.3 The marital status family head................................................................................................................30

4.2.1 Cause of housing problem.......................................................................................................................30

3.4. Quality of the house..................................................................................................................................31

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 4.3 Material constitute the wall of house........................................................................................................31

4.5.2Material constitute of roof of house........................................................................................................32

4.5.3 Materials that constitute the floor of the house built............................................................................32

4.6 number of rooms shared by individual household....................................................................................33

4.7 Types and distribution of latrine facility for house hold............................................................................34

4.8 source of drinking water............................................................................................................................34

4.9 participation of private sectors in housing construction...........................................................................35

4.9 Types of residence......................................................................................................................................35

4.10 Housing of shortage.................................................................................................................................36

4.11 Immigration as problem of housing shortage..........................................................................................37

4.12 Consequence of housing problem...........................................................................................................37

CAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................................38

5 Conclusions and Recommendation...............................................................................................................38

5.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................38

5.2 Recommendations......................................................................................................................................39

REFRENCES.......................................................................................................................................................41

Appendix-1.......................................................................................................................................................46

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List of tables pages

Table 4.1 percentage distribution of house hold heads based on age structure...................................................29
Table 4.2 head shop patterns of households by marital status.............................................................................30
Table 4.3 Material out of which the house walls are built...................................................................................31
Table 4.4 showing material out of which roof of the house built Source: survey data 2018...............................32
Table 4.5 materials that constitute the floor of the house..................................................................................33
Table 4.6 Number of rooms per family (sharing of housing unit by house hold)................................................33
Table 4.7 kind of latrine facility is available for the family.................................................................................34
Table 4.8 Distribution of drinking water for households.....................................................................................35
Table 4.10 types of residence in the study area....................................................................................................36

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List of figures pages

Figure 1: causes of urban poor variables..............................................................................................................23

Figure 2: Map of the study area.......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 4.5 most vulnerable part of the population to shortage of housing unties................................................37
Figure 4.6 Agreement to household towards the existence of new immigrates...................................................38

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODACTI

1.1 Back Ground of the study

According to the world urban population will grow from 3.3 billion people in 2008 to
almost 5 billion by the year 2030 (UNFPA 2001,). This urban expansion is not a
phenomenon of wealthy countries. Almost all of the growth would occur in unplanned and
undeserved city slums in parts of the world that are least able to cope with added demands.
The pace of urbanization far exceeds the rate at which basic infrastructure and services
could be provided, and the consequences for the urban poor have been high. Failure to
prepare for this unprecedented and inevitable urban explosion carries serious implications
for global security and environmental sustainability. Coincident with the above fact one
billion people one-third of the world’s urban population currently live in poverty without
access to adequate shelter, clean water,and basic sanitation. In the year 2002, 746 million
people in urban areas were living on less than $2.00 a day (Ravallion 2007:16). The
absolute number of urban poor has increased in the last fifteen to twenty years at a rate
faster than in rural areas. However, efforts to address the unique problems of urban
poverty lag far behind the growth of the problems themselves. The urban population in
developing countries was growing three times faster than the rural population (UN, 1998).

Urban populations in Africa were growing rapidly, and inequality was increasing.
Ethiopian urbanization rate (16.9%) is lower than the sub - saharan average of 30%.
However, recently due to high rural-urban migrations and population growth of nearly
3.8%, remarkable urban expansions are observed. If managed pro-actively, the expansion
of urban areas presents a huge opportunity to shift the structure and location of economic
activity from rural agriculture to the larger and more diversified urban industrial and
service sectors. However, poor management and planning in urban Ethiopia results in
rising unemployment, challenges in the provision of infrastructures, services, and housing.

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 Hence, low quality of life, low life expectancy, food shortages and high incidence of
poverty characterize most of the urban areas (WB, 2015).

Ethiopia with only 16-9% people living in towns and cities, is among the least urbanized countries and yet one
of the rapidly urbanizing nations of the sub-Saharan Africa. The rate of urbanization for the country is
estimated at 4.7% per annum (CSA, 2006). The multi-dimensional character of poverty in Ethiopia is reflected
in many respects, such as destitution of assets, vulnerability and human development. The government has
understood the multi-dimensional impacts of poverty and put poverty alleviation and reduction as major socio-
economic and political issue in the country. The existence of large number of poor people and the prevalence
of economic inequality may bring about social tensions which would induce various criminal acts if situations
go beyond the limits of social tolerance. Poverty alleviation would, therefore, enhance economic development
and result in improved incomes and better well-being of the people which is a pre-requisite for peace and
further development (Asmamaw, 2004).

In cities across the globe even in Ethiopia, hundreds of millions of people exist in desperate poverty without
access to adequate shelter, clean water, and basic sanitation. Overcrowding and environmental degradation
make the urban poor particularly vulnerable to the spread of disease. Insecurity permeates all aspects of life for
slum dwellers. Without land title or tenure, they face the constant threat of eviction. Crime and violence are
concentrated in city slum. Disproportionately affecting the urban poor. Most slum dwellers depend upon
precarious employment in the informal sector, characterized by low pay and poor working conditions. Illegal
settlements are often located on hazardous land in the urban periphery. Perhaps most alienated in city slums
are growing youth populations whose unmet needs for space, education, health, and jobs can lead to social
problems, further undermining security in urban areas (UN, 2006).

Urban poor live in an irregular settlements where there are lack of schools access or health clinics, and
transportation to jobs is inadequate and costly. They are forced to pay considerably more to private vendors for
services and infrastructure that are not provided by the government. Statistics often mask the severity of
conditions for the urban poor. While demographic indicators for quality of life of urban dwellers can be higher
than for their rural counterparts, disaggregated data reveals differences within levels of access to services and
stark inequalities, for example in child malnutrition and mortality rates. Highly visible disparities, spatial
segregation, and exclusion create the breeding grounds for social tensions, crime and violence (Melese, 2017).

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However, efforts to address the unique problems of urban poverty lag far behind the growth of the problems
themselves. Anti poverty initiatives have traditionally targeted to rural areas, which were presumed to have
been worse off than urban areas. But the problems of poor city dwellers have become more pressing including
the issues of how the urban poor earn their livelihood and the ways in which this affects key indicators of
human welfare, such as food security and nutrition (Ahimed, 2008).Tesfaye, (2006) urban poverty in Ethiopia
using the 1994 and 2000 household survey data obtained from the Ethiopian Urban Household survey (EUHS),
reveals that urban-specific poverty indices had decreased in three of the urban centres surveyed (Addis Ababa,
Awassa and Mekelle) while it increased in the rest of the cities (Bahir dar, Dessie, Dire dawa, Jimma). The
growth effect contributed significantly to changes in poverty in some urban centres (Addis Ababa,
Awassa,Jimma and Mekelle) while the re-distribution effect was dominant in others (Bahir Dar, Dessie, and
Dire Dawa). Ethiopia is country with favorable climate endowed with water and vast land resources combined
with a high population growth meaning that the country also has a has strong labor force at the very
least .These resources should be able to give the country what It needs to meet the subsistence needs of the
people despite this however Ethiopia is now recognized as the second poorest country in the world just a head
of Niger (Undid 2010: oxford poverty and human).

Arbaya is a small town with various aspects of urban problem which include sever housing shortage and poor
housing highly skewed income disparity deepening poverty a concentration of low income over crowded
conditions high rate of un employment transport and infrastructure problems and problems of environmental
degradation squatter settlements and other related urban problem (kameteietal 2001 un-habitual -2007).

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1. 2 statement of the problem

Around the world over one billion urban residents live in inadequate housing where living conditions are poor
and services are insufficient. Thus, increasing the supply of homes is a key priority for government through the
later part of the 20thc. A growing population coupled with an increasing tendency of people to live alone has
resulted in continuous rising demand for homes, but the supply of new housing feel dramatically over the same
period. This gap between supply and demand has resulted in problems of housing affordability, with rising
prices creating particular pressure for first time buyers (http://WWW.communities.gov.uk).The reason why
many people in the cities of developing countries live in housing and urban settlements which ignore official
planning regulations, standards, and administrative procedures are because of opportunities for access to legal
shelter are significantly influenced by the social and economic costs of conforming to official
requirements .Therefore, the interaction of house prices, incomes and the cost of mortgage finance, together
with personal savings and deposit assistance, affect the ability of potential first home buyers to access home
ownership(Milligan& Yates ,2007:10).

All African countries, regardless of their social, economic and political conditions, are confronted with an
acute problem of housing, because they all face similar developmental challenges. In Africa, as in most
developing regions, there are large numbers of people without any form of shelter at all or living in
deteriorated or unimprovable shelter conditions. While the situation is felt by the majority of the population,
the most affected are the low-income earners, the unemployed and underemployed.African countries, in many
instances, have adopted highly mechanized and capital-intensive production facilities in an attempt to meet the
ever-increasing demand for building materials. Furthermore, the failure of large-scale production, in many
instances, to meet the rising demand and to operate efficiently, has forced many African countries to import
building materials as a last resort. This unintended dependence on imported building materials and
technologies has led to an excessive drain on foreign exchange and has led to serious shortages, because of the
inability of governments to allocate funds for imported materials and production input (FAO, 2010).

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Ethiopia is one of the poorly developed country which characterized by housing shortage and poor housing
infrastructure, especially for those living in urban areas. These problems are caused by low per capita income,
low investment in housing, rapid growth of population, massive urbanization, rising cost of building materials,
low income of urban dwellers to afford descent and standard housing, low investment or scarcity of financial
resources to increase housing development & low supply of serviced residential plot (Bezawit,2007: 12).
Another recently emerging strategy is provision of readymade collective dwelling units (or condominium
housing units) which aimed of to be affordable for low and middle income groups. However, to what extent
the affordability of the housing units to the urban poor is still questionable. So that the cont the contribution of
assessed the problem was the quality of housing in arbaya small town and the awareness the causes and
consequences of housing problem in the society in the study areas over the the long period of time researcher
was initiate to study because of this reasons the problem of housing in the study area and examine the possible
solution through the researchers like to solve the problem regarding housing in small town of arbaya. There
was not any study made regarding the urban housing problem in the study area. Therefore, the researcher
would be filling this gap because of the increase the awareness of cause and consequence of urban housing
problem in Arbaya Town of the study area.

1. 3 objective of the study

1. 3. 1 General Objective
The general objective of this study was to assess the cause and consequences of housing problem in the study
area.

1. 3. 2 Specific objectives
 To explore the urban housing problem in the study area
 To identify the cause and consequences of urban housing problem in the study area
 To suggest mechanism to prevent poor urban housing in the study area

1.4 Research Question

This study answer the following Question

1, what is the status of housing problem in the study area?

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2, what is the major cause and consequence of urban housing problem?

3, What are the possible solution that to solve poor urban housing in the study area?
1.5 Significance of the study
This study was important to know from the point view of the impact of urban housing problem in the study
area. This study was important for the administrative of the study area, to create awareness, for the people and
the input for other researcher, and also it is important for policy maker.

1.6 The scope of the study area

This study would be conduct in the study area. This study are cover particular in semen gander zone in west
balsa part curly arbaya town .due to time and financial constraints the study are delaminate arbaya town in
term of spatial extents were the diagnostic variable investigate consists on the study of urban housing problem
west belesa worda arbaya town in with a time trends to 20010 Ethiopian Colander (E.C) Generally the study
are delimit only in arbaya town.

1.7 Limitation of the study

west balsa woreda there are 23 small town and from those small town the research was focus in only one small
town namely arbaya with research topic of assessment of urban housing problem this was due to existing
constraints Like money time etc- to study all small towns. The solution to financial problems is often to reduce
expenses, increase income, or do some combination of both Identify the problem Very few people would be
able to buy a house or a car otherwise Increase your income Lower your expenses Preventing Future Financial
Challenges.

1.8 Organization of the paper

This paper have contains five chapter, Chapter One is including background of the study, Statement of the
problem, Objective of the study, Research Questions, Significance of the study, scope of the study. Limitation
of the study and Chapter two is Literature review and related notes and Chapter Three is description of the
study area and research design, Data type and sources, target population, sample size and sampling techniques
.data collection method or instrument. Method of data analysis Chapter four, Contains the result and
discussion, finally chapter five focuses on the conclusion and recommendation.

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1.9 Definition of key terms
Urbanization is the process of urban expansion, may involve both horizontal and vertical expansion of the
physical structure of urban areas. And it can result in loss of agricultural land, natural beauties, range lands,
parks and sceneries (AM Melesse 2022).
Urban (as opposite to rural) refers to areas characterized by denser population settlement per-unit of land,
higher heterogeneity of in habitants (in terms of ethnic background, religious adhere- ship, livelihood strategies
and sources, educational levels etc.…), greater organizational complexities as well as higher formal social
control (Bekele, 2010).

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 CHAPTER TWO

2 REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Operational Definition of Urban and Urbanization

Urban (as opposite to rural) refers to areas characterized by denser population settlement per-unit
of land, higher heterogeneity of in habitants (in terms of ethnic background, religious adhere-
ship, livelihood strategies and sources, educational levels etc.…), greater organizational
complexities as well as higher formal social control (Bekele, 2010).

Urbanization is the process of urban expansion, may involve both horizontal and vertical
expansion of the physical structure of urban areas. And it can result in loss of agricultural land,
natural beauties, range lands, parks and sceneries (AM Melesse 2022).
Urban expansions synonymous with urban sprawl, is the extension of the attentiveness of people
of urban settlement to the surrounding area whose function are non-agricultural. Urban
expansion is a common phenomenon in both developed and developing countries. However, in
developing countries urban expansions are known with negative effect. (Vanum 2012).
2.2 Concept of poor urban housing in the world

Housing has become a growing concern across the globe and, with the growing number of the
urban poor, particularly in Africa, the situation has worsened to unprecedented levels and it
seems that the trend is persisting (Chirisa & Matamanda, 2016: 41). Aribigbola (2011: 26)
reiterated that housing is crucial to the welfare, survival, and health of individuals. Erguden
(2001: 5) opined that housing, apart from being a treasured asset, has much broader economic,
social, cultural, and personal connotations.

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2.3. Concep of poor urban housing in Africa

Rapid urbanisation has led to overcrowding in most of the African countries and the rising urban
population is not able, in most instances, to access decent housing, thus leading to slums and
informal settlements that often do not meet formal benchmarks. According to UN-Habitat (2008:
13), at least 860 million people were living in slums in 2013, an increase of 725 million since the
year 2000. The situation in Ghana is no different. According to the GSS (2005c: 24), the urban
population has experienced a steady increase of 23.1% in 1960 and 43.8% in 2000. This
situationhas led to high levels of unsafe homes. Houses constructed in an open space without a
lavatory, water, light and sometimes a bathroom are common in most of the rural areas in Ghana
(Habitat for Humanity, 2009: 2).Africa is swiftly urbanising and will lead the world’s urban
growth in the coming decades (World Bank, 2015: 11). Presently, Africa is the leasturbanised
continent, with 11.3% of the world’s urban population. The sub Saharan region is the continent’s
least-urbanised area. The region’s cities are growing rapidly, and Africa’s urban population is
projected to reach 1.2 billion by 2050, with an urbanisation rate of 58% (UN-Habitat, 2014a: 23).
With this growth rate, Africa will overtake Asia as the world’s most rapidly urbanising region
by 2025 (UN, 2014: 6). Although the nature and pace of urbanisation varies among countries,
Africa, with over a quarter of the world’s fastest growing cities, is undergoing a massive urban
transition. The urbanisation progression in Africa is linked to an increasing demand for
affordable housing and other subsidiary urban services, which most of the countries fail to
provide (UN-Habitat, 2012: 5; Mugumbate, Maushe & Nyoni, 2013: 25a). As such, both
academics and experts have acknowledged the need to reduce the rate of housing scarcity and
poverty in developing cities (Riley, Fiori & Ramirez, 2001: 521-531; Sivam & Kuruppannan,
2002: 71). The key test for African cities, however, has been the moderately low growth in per-
capita income, which limits the resources that households invest in housing. Recent studies have

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 found that, in Africa, investment in formal housing (based on national current accounts data) lags
behind urbanisation (Arvanitis, 2013: 2).

2.4 Concept of poor urban housing in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the second most populous and the fifth least urbanised country in Africa. Just 21% of
the population lives in cities, well below the sub-Saharan Africa average of 40.4%, although
Ethiopia’s urban population is projected to grow between 3.8% to 5.4% per year. From 2000 to
2015, Addis Ababa’s population grew by 37% (from 2.8 million to 3.8 million) and its built-up
area by 32% (from 85km2 to 113km2). Matsumoto, T. and Crook, J., 2021. Sustainable and
inclusivehousinginEthiopia:apolicyassessment.CoalitionforUrbanTransitions.LondonandWashin
gton,DC.Availableat:https://urbantransitions.global/publications.Urbanization is increasing in
both developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth
of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor
sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many
developing countries. Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic
growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities,
principally on human health, livelihoods and the environment (E Jerone 2022).
2.5 Cause of poor urban housing
Population growth, rural- urban migration, lack of access land, low income level, unemployment,
expansion shanty area, lack of job opportunity and informal sector like petty trading are major
cause of poor housing According to grid (2005), the growth of cities is made up of both
migration and natural increase with cities .
2.5.1 Low Income and Consumption
Income is amongst the categories of physical capital which is dependent on human
capital.Human capital which consists of people’s abilities, acknow ledgment skills are built

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 through education and good health. Likewise poor health and low level of education affect the
capabilities to improve income. Low income, therefore, is the inability to earn a certain
minimum income, enough to meet the basic needs of life. This is a relative indicator of poverty
based on the wealth of the nation involved. The World Bank established an international poverty
line of US$1.25 and US$2.00 purchasing power parity per person a day for extremely poor
countries, and middle-income countries respectively. The inability to earn income above the
United Nations specified Poverty Line classifies one as being income poor. This is in view of the
fact that income below the stipulated poverty line cannot provide consumptions enough to meet
the minimum calorie requirement in addition to meeting other needs. However, both the average
per-capita household income and the purchasing power parity of dollar has been eroded by
inflation and unstable exchange rate such that people who earn much above it, still cannot meet
the required minimum nutritional need. This is based on realities on the ground in most
developing countries in general, and Ethiopia in particular (Ravallion, 2008).
Sivam and Kuruppannan (2002) commented that targeting is one of the problems encountered by
low- income housing projects, where in most cases the urban poor fail to benefit from
projectstargeted to them. According to Makoni et al. (2004), infrastructure provision is a big
stumbling block in housing schemes for urban poor and is a major cause of high prevalence of
diseases in such neighbourhoods. Makoni, et al (2004).

Impacts of waste disposal on health of poor neighbourhood community in Zimbabwe, East.

African Medical Journal, 81(8), 422–429.

2.5.2Lack of access to land

Legal access to land is a strategic prerequisite for the provision of adequate and affordable
housing for all. In contrast, lack of access to land is the cause for increased living costs, the
proliferation of slums and informal settlements, environmental degradation, and the increased
vulnerability of urban poor and women-headed households, and other marginalized and
disadvantaged groups (UN-Habitat, 2011).

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 Further, the land is a public property and an individual can enjoy only the user right of land
under his/her possession. The means to acquire legally (formally) a plot of land for housing
development and for investment purpose is dependent on the efficiency of lease policy
application. This discussion paper encompasses the land accessibility issues in urban settings in
sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on Ethiopia. According to Ethiopia’s Ministry of
Economic Development and Cooperation, even though the urban centers housed a small
proportion of the total population in Ethiopia, most of these places are characterized by acute
shortage of housing and overcrowding. The problem may be aggravated by difficulties of
individuals in obtaining access to land for housing. However, urban 2 land issues and housing
are claimed to have been neglected by scholars, while extensive rural land studies were carried
out (Solomon, 1994). Yet, this article explores the issue from policy perspectives. A lack of
financial power to access the land through the market is one of the most common obstacles
particularly for the poor. Rigidity, and sometimes ambiguity, in policies governing land
generally exclude the poor from accessing land. According to Transparency International (2011),
corruption in the land sector can be generally characterized as pervasive and without effective
means of control. It can be found in statutory as well as in customary systems. It can vary from
small-scale bribes and fraud (e.g. administrative corruption), to high-level abuse of government
power and political positions (e.g. political corruption). Corruption, whether administrative or
political, does not favour the establishment of long-term national or local land strategies. When

corruption is present in the land sector, related actions and decisions are driven by distorted
interests and policies that favour the few (Palmer, et al 2009).
2.5.3Unemployment
According to Getinet (2003); ILO,(2008); CSA, (2010) High level of unemployment generally
signifies the failure of an economy to put to use its scarce resources. Such has been the feature of
most developing countries. Poor to modest macroeconomic performance, low level of
employment creation and a rapid increase in the workforce are some of the most important
reasons behind the high level of unemployment the developing world is associate. The
widespread underemployment and informality have become structural Characteristics of the
developing countries’ economies, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Today the problem of

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 unemployment has emerged as the most striking symptom of lack of development in almost all
developing countries and the problem has reportedly concentrated among the educated youth. In
part, this concentration of unemployment among the younger age groups reflects the
disproportionate number of younger persons within a population, which is, in turn, a result of the
rapid rate of population growth and hence, the labour force. The unemployed population in urban
areas of the country registered 1,116,512 persons with unemployment rate of 18.9%.
The corresponding unemployment rate for females, which was 27.4%, is more than double as
compared to that of males, 11%. The cost of youth unemployment to economic and social
development is extremely high. It perpetuates the inter-generational cycle of poverty and is
associated with high levels of crime, violence, substance abuse and the rise of political
extremism. In the United States, it was these connections that in part led to the Moving to
Opportunities program, which facilitated recipients of subsidies for housing to move into
neighborhoods with lower rates of unemployment (Feins and Shroder, 2005).
2.5.4. Population Growth
Over the past decades the share of the urban population in the total population, as well as the
share of the non-agricultural labour force in the total labor has persistently increased in the
African LDCs. The growth of the urban population and labor force, relative to the rural
population and labor force, has two potential reasons, namely differences in birth and mortality
rates between rural and urban areas and/ or an increase of migration from rural to urban areas
(Michael, et al., 2008).Rural-urban migration is the main cause of the urbanization process. Rural
and urban areas are strongly related to each other by this migration and the nature of their
productions. Rural-urban migration represents both costs and benefits regarding both economic
and financial aspects. A movement towards increasing productivity and economic efficiency
reflects the beneficial results for the urbanization process. Another necessary and crucial
component of the development is the cost of urban growth because there are the financial
burdens for a government to invest in infrastructure to meet the rapidly changing basic needs
such as Sanitation and electricity (Panudulkitti, 2007). Manpower mobility is considered to be a
positive factor as long as there is a shortage of labor in one area and surplus in the
other .According to Todaro (2003); UNFPA (2005); CSA (2010) rural-urban migration was once

13 | P a g e
 viewed favorably in the economic development literature. Internal migration was thought to be a
natural process in which surplus labor was gradually withdrawn from the rural sector to provide
the needed manpower for urban industrial growth. In contrast to this view, it is now abundantly
clear from recent LDC experience that rates of rural-urban migration continue to exceed rates of
urban job creation and surpass greatly the absorption capacity of both industry and urban social
services. Rural-urban migration poses several problems including poor urban management, lack
of infrastructure and inadequate service delivery. The heavy population in urban areas has
contributed to the deterioration of urban infrastructure and services. The low levels of income
and low levels of investment have alsoresultedinhighunemployment.

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 The total size of the population in Addis Ababa in 2007 was 2,739,551 of which 1.302,996 were
migrants, which is 47.6% of the total population in Addis Ababa have migrated from the other
parts of the country. By rural standards, urban areas are probably better off. Recently,
however, there are clear indications that urban poverty is rapidly on the rise and quickly
building up to crisis proportions. This is largely due to the influx of migrants from rural areas
and small towns to large urban centers. Most of these migrants are rural destitute moving in
search of better life or households dislocated by war civil conflict and social unrest.Other
important factors, which encourage migration, include land shortages in rural areas and the
perception that food, health services, and jobs will be more easily available in

urban centers. Drought and war have also contributed to the high population influx into cities and
towns, which in turn contributed growth to the deterioration of infrastructure and services. Slow
economic growth and the low level of investment in urban centers

combined with high population have resulted

in high rates of unemployment and the inaccessibility and inadequacyof existing services for low
income groups, which further exacerbates urban poverty (Kedir, 2005); (MOFED, 2002).
2 .5.5 Lack of job opportunity
sentially no jobs available within reasonable distance of the participant residence. The problem
of joblessness is highest in urban areas and it is even higher among educated people. It is
estimated that more than half of unemployed youths around the globe live in metropolitan cities.
And, as much as inc Lake of job opportunity: if state employment service information indicates
that there are es ome in urban areas is high, the costs of living make the incomes seem horribly
low. The increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas to urban areas is the
leading cause of urban unemployment, (wouDe Blij,1996).

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2.5.6 Expansion of Shanty areas
Shanty towns are commonly referred to as squat-ter settlements, slums, inappropriate housing,
informal settlements, and/or unplanned settlements. UN-Habitat ( 2016) defines shanty town as
an illegal or unauthorized settlement character-ized by substandard housing made up of plastic
sheets, corrugated metal or cardboard boxes, owned by impoverished people without tenure
security.
Burra ( 2005) noted that squatter settlements are to a large extent similar with slums as both are
characterized by squalor and cheaper.
2.6 consequences of poor urban housing

The major consequences of poor urban housing are, development of slum, water sanitation
problems, poor health and shortage, diseases, traffic congestion, urban crime, pollution, flood
and sewage .the environment will be pollute that affect the health and quality of life in urban
population, who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in
rural areas (Andale, 2008).
2.6.1 Sewage
Sewage is water-carried wastes, in either solution or suspension that flow away from a
community. It is also known as waste water flows or used water supply of the community. It is
more than 99.9% pure water characterized by its volume or rate of flow, its physical
condition,its chemical constituents, and the bacteriological organisms that it contains. Depending
on their origin, wastewater can be classed as sanitary, commercial, industrial, or surface runoff.
The spent water from residences and institutions, carrying body wastes, washing water, food
preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living, are classed as
domestic or sanitary sewage. Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments
serving the immediate community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary or
domestic sewage category if their characteristics are similar to household flows.Wastes that
result from an industrial process or the production or manufacture of goods are classed as
industrial wastes. Their flows and strengths are usually more varied, intense, and concentrated
than those of sanitary sewage. Surface runoff, also known as storm flow or overland flow, is that
portion of precipitation that runs rapidly over the ground surface to a defined channel.
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 Precipitation absorbs gases and particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials
from vegetation and soil/ suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban
streets and highways, and carries all these pollutants as wastes in its flow to a collection point.
Wastewater from all of these sources may carry pathogenic organisms that can transmit disease
to humans and other animals; contain organic matter that can cause odor and nuisance problems;
hold nutrients that may cause eutrophication of receiving water bodies; and can lead to eco-
toxicology. Proper collection and safe, nuisance-free disposal of the liquid wastes of a
community are legally recognized as a necessity in an urbanized, industrialized society.
(International research journal of biotechnology ,2012).
2.6.2 Slum

Slums are urban areas that are heavily populated and have sub-standard housing with very poor
living conditions, creating several problems. In developing countries, about a third of urban
inhabitants live in impoverished slums and squatter settlements (UN-Habitat, 2012).In Addis
Ababa, a report in 2008 found that 80% of the houses in the city were classed as slums due to the
physical deterioration of its housing, overcrowding, high density, poor access and lack of
infrastructure services (Tolon, 2008). According to UN-Habitat (2008: 13), at least 860 million
people were living in slums in 2013, an increase of 725 million since the year 2000.
2.6.3 Water sanitation problem

This is another characteristic of urban poverty. Water is a basic necessity of life in the absence of
which life ceases to exist. Poor quality water resources are responsible for waterborne diseases
affecting the people. These diseases impoverish the people as the acquired income is spent in
treatment, while the victims are incapacitated during the period of sickness. Access to improved
water resources entails both good quality water and proximity of the water resources to the
people. The inability of people to access good quality water regularly within their immediate
environment is an indicator of poverty. Limited access to water affects the general sanitary
condition of a neighborhood in an urban setup (Jhingan, 2007).
2.6.4 Traffic congestion
Put simply, traffic congestion means there are more vehicles trying to use a given road facility
than it can handle- without exceeding acceptable levels of delay or inconvenience. In Colombo
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 and other major cities, this occurs mostly during certain times of the day- we call peak periods
or rush hours. There are two clear parameters within a single equation that causes congestion,
which is the balance between the demand and the supply of road space. ( Amal S. Kumar, 2016).

2.6.5 Crime

Crime and violence are concentrated in city slum. Disproportionately affecting the urban poor.
Most slum dwellers depend upon precarious employment in the informal sector, characterized by
low pay and poor working conditions. Illegal settlements are often located on hazardous land in
the urban periphery. Perhaps most alienated in city slums are growing youth populations whose
unmet needs for space, education, health, and jobs can lead to social problems, further
undermining security in urban areas (UN, 2006).
2.6.6 Pollution
pollution, flood and sewages are affect the health and quality of life in urban population, who
live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas (Andale,
2008).According to Section 1(3) of the U.K. Environment protectionAct,1990, the Term
“pollution “means;- release (into any environmental medium) from any process of substances
which are capable of causing harm to man or any other living organisms supported by the
environment.(Ramamohana R eddy Reddy Appannag ari,2017).
2.6.7 Disease
Overcrowding and environmental degradation make the urban poor particularly vulnerable to the
spread of disease. The major cause of city population makes un wanted dirty and this high
prevalence of diseases in such neighborhoods Wastewater from all of these sources may carry
pathogenic organisms that can transmit disease to humans and other animals; contain organic
matter that can cause odor and nuisance problems; hold nutrients that may cause eutrophication
of receiving water bodies; and can lead to eco-toxicology. Makoni, et ,al, (2004). Impacts of
waste disposal on health of poor neighborhood community in Zimbabwe, ea st. African Medical
Journal, 81(8), 422–4.

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2.7 Pssible solution of poor urban housing
The possible solution of poor urban housing would provided as follows:
Housing stability

Stable and affordable housing reduces economic stress, improves people’s health, and supports children’s
educational success. Urban researchers develop and evaluate evidence-based solutions to ensure people with
low incomes can avoid frequent and disruptive moves through financial assistance and community services.
(maryK.Cunningham,2016).

Housing affordability

Urban provides data about our country’s affordable housing supply and demand and offers evidence-informed
solutions for preserving and expanding affordable housing for those with limited incomes, both through the
private market and government assistance.(maryK.Cunningham,2016).

Economic well-being
Urban assesses the financial security of older adults, focusing on racial and other inequities and the
outlook for future generations of retires, and provides evidence-informed solutions for improving older
adults’ economic well-being.(maryK.Cunningham,2016).

Revising house development program

According to the result of the study ,the current housing development program /project namely
condominiums and cost saving housing] do not match their predefined targets. Therefore,
attention should be given to development projects [namely of housing] in such a way that it
benefits the poorer segment of the population. Besides, the upcoming housing development
programs and projects should incorporate the interest of the poor as much as possible.(tesfaye
Admasu,2020).

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Monitoring and evaluation

The result of the study revealed that powers has been decentralized from the main
municipality to the kifle ketemas and then to the kebeles. The study has also shown that
there are some attempts of good governance in the study area [say, the municipalities
have at least developed a preliminary information system about informal settlement
areas, farmers have got their legitimate title-deed and so on]. But field survey has also
confirmed that there are mismanagements and signs of corruption. Therefore, power
decentralization has to be coupled with monitoring and evaluation of local
administrators both at the respective municipalities and at the kebele level. Otherwise,
if the current situation continues, things will be worse than ever. Monitoring and
evaluation can be done either by Hawassa city’s administration or by the municipality.
(tesfaye Admasu,2020).
Implementing preventive measure

According to the results of the study ,the concerned body [the city’s administration and
the municipal-ity have kept silent for long years [5-10 years], even at least for
developing information systems about informal settlement areas. But, currently,
beginning from June 2011, they began bulldozing of some houses [about 500 houses
were bulldozed in main informal settlement areas of the city]; some officials were
jailed; almost all informal households in the study area have been put under threats of
insecurity. Though negligible, deaths are also witnessed in the process of demolition.
All these social complexi-ties/costs happened in spite of the fact that the concerned
bodies are taking reactive measures. Hence, there should always be preventive
measures so that the above discussed social costs will be minimized.(tesfaye
Admasu,2020).
Promoting Housing Finance

In the country, Ethiopia, housing is mostly financed by either the government [least cost
housing, ke-bele rental housing, condominium housing can be evidenced] or by people
themselves. Of course, there are evidences of housing finance by voluntary associations
like idir and ikub in Addis Ababa (Elias, 2008). In this regard, therefore, considering
housing of the urban poor as one of the poverty reduction strategies, it is better if the
18 | P a g e
concerned bodies invite local and international organizations so that they construct
[some] highly subsidized houses for the poor and in return they are given with a plot of
land for investment. This, however, also requires need assessment at the grassroots
level.(tesfaye Admasu,2020).
Supporting the tenacity of groups representing the urban poor:
These are similar to points made above about supporting processes - but with a slightly
different perspective. If many of the deprivations associated with poverty are the result
of local authority policies and of such authorities’ attitudes towards low-income groups
(which have been shaped by wider societal attitudes), then these are not easily
changed. Sometimes, sudden political events help change these attitudes - for example,
the return to democracy in Argentina and Brazil and the ending of the apartheid state in
South Africa - but even here, real progress in redefining the relationship between the
poor and the local authorities still requires an endless struggle by low-income groups. It
would be naïve to think that this is a struggle that can easily and rapidly achieve its goal
of reducing or eradicating poverty. In addition, many powerful groups will lose out if
the approach outlined in this paper is followed - including many NGOs, consultants and
contractors who benefit from the existing system. Many of the initiatives now judged to
have been relatively successful in improving conditions for low-income.(Jorge A,Joel B,
et, al, 2014).

Seek a balance between social and physical capital:

One particular difficulty in any project evaluation is assessing the intangible or

unmeasurable benefits. All projects must seek a balance between the formation of social
and physical capital. To become too results oriented can mean trampling on social
capital but to be too process oriented can mean that not enough gets done to really
make a difference to the poor. Most agencies, when evaluating a project, look at the
physical improvements and forget to evaluate the expansion in social capital which in-
cludes the extent and quality of the capacity left when the project is finished. But many
physical improvements do not extend beyond the life of the programme. What these
groups have dem-onstrated is that it is possible to have a lasting impact if devel -

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opment interventions are strongly rooted in community action, assisted by professionals
willing and able to support commu-nity processes.(Jorge A,Joel B, et, al, 2014).
Support new initiatives by urban poor groups:
Many com-munity based initiatives for reducing poverty began with a relatively small
amount of funding from some international agency. This external funding helped start
an initiative for which there was no support from local government. But once the
initiative was established and had demonstrable achievements, there were increased
possibilities for negotiating support from national or local sources. (Jorge A, Joel B, et,
al, 2014).
Ensure interventions recognize difference and diversity:
As noted earlier, there is considerable diversity within any low-income population with
regard to needs and priorities influenced by (among other things) levels of income, age,
gender, household structure and ethnicity.(Jorge A, Joel B, et, al,2014).
Keeping down the costs of infrastructure and services.
In some cases, costs were kept down by the people organizing and managing
construction themselves - for example, in the design and construction of sewers/drains
in Orangi, with technical and organizational support from the local NGO. The same is
true for the installation of piped water and sewers in Barrio San Jorge, with additional
cost savings through the use of small-bore, shal-low sewers. Professional knowledge
was used to redefine stand-ards so that improvements could be more easily afforded and
still effectively meet needs.(Jorge A,Joel B, et, al,2014).

Increasing Incomes

Many of the problems associated with urban poverty are related to a lack of income.
The urban poor do not have the income they need to meet their immediate basic needs
for food, fuel and journeys to and from work, water, shelter and essential health care
services. Lack of income means that their diet is insufficient for good health and that it
is difficult to pay for families to invest in the education and training which might enable
them to obtain higher wages. Lack of income also means it is difficult to save and
secure assets, rendering households particularly vulnerable to crises. Having to pay
medical bills, for example, may mean that families become indebted to a local money

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lender. Box 1 describes one study exploring some of the causes and consequences of a
lack of income.( Pryer, Jane, 1993).

Loan finance.
NGOs have sought to provide credit for investment in employment generation and
micro- enterprises. In 1990, Oxfam published a book drawing together their experience
of income generation schemes for the urban poor (Hurley 1990) and, since then,
experience has widened considerably, supported by increasing recognition of the
importance of micro-finance. Papers for a recent INTRAC workshop reviewing the
work of NGOs in four cities in Africa and Asia found that a high proportion of NGOs
were supporting savings and loan activities for income generation in the settlements in
which they were working.
Training and technical support.
Training helps to increase the capacity of unskilled workers, thereby enabling them to
earn higher wages, and helps micro-enterpreneurs to secure higher rates of return. Many
NGOs have provided training both for workers and for micro-entrepreneurs (Cruz
1994).
Buyers cooperatives.
Some projects encourage workers or entrepreneurs to work collaboratively to make a
component of their activity more efficient. In Indore (assisted by a project within the
British government's city based Slum Improvement Programme), small-scale vegetable
vendors started to make collective purchases, thereby obtaining larger discounts.
TheCarvajal Foundation are among the many agencies that have sought to develop
such purchase unions (Cruz 1994).
New production technologies.

Assistance may also be offered to entrepreneurs to improve the quality of their products.
For example, the Orangi Pilot Project (concerned about the quality of housing
construction) developed a brick-making machine which produces bricks that are four
times stronger than those previously available. As a result of the introduction of this
technology, production is much greater than before and the brick making entrepreneurs
in the settlement now export bricks throughout Karachi.

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Policy context.

Links may be developed with the local authority and other state agencies to ensure that
the policies and practices are more favorable to micro- enterprises. For example, in
Manila, scavengers are being organised collectively through one church based NGO in
order to work more closely with the local authority and ensure that their needs are
being effectively addressed. Mitullah (1991) emphasises the importance of regulations
and bye-laws in a study of the constraints facing hawkers in Nairobi, and taking up
such issues is another area of work for NGOs .This section has briefly introduced some
of the ways in which development organizations seek to support increased incomes.
Whilst many development interventions focus primarily on income generation, some
income generation programmes have extended their work into the broad area of
housing and neighbourhood development. Among these are development organisations
such as SEWA in Ahmedabad (India) and the Carvajal Foundation in Colombia
(Anzorena 1993, Cruz 1994).Other development assistance agencies, primarily NGOs,
have focused their work in this area experimenting with a number of approaches to
improve housing and provide basic services and infrastructure. The following section
examines this alternative and complementary approach to reducing urban poverty.

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 Figure 1: causes of urban poor variables
.

23 | P a g e
 CAPTER THREE
3 Research Methodologies
3.1 Description of the study area
3.1.2 Location
The study was conducted at West Belesa woreda in north Gondar Zone of Amhara national’s
state. The reason behind the selection of this place as a study area would be due to the level of
the problem find the availability of necessary information to show and analysis the level of the
problems. Relatively the study area is located in the North Phota River. In the west, kalay Keble,
in the south, menti Kebele, andEast shura chiw arkan Kebele.

3.1.3 Absolute Location of the study area

The absolute location of the study area is located in Arbaya Town North Gondar Zone in Amhara
region. Its absolute or geographical coordinate system is 12° 0" North, 37° 50' 0" Eas.

Figure 2: Map of the study area Source: GIS application 2023

24 | P a g e
3.1.4 Population Distribution
The total population of the study area according to the central statistical authority of Ethiopia
(2007). Said to 2524 among those 3030 are males and the reaming 2194 are female who living in
the study area. When we see the population distribution in the study area it distribution is no
uniform in all place. Some place is evenly it’s distributed and others are distributed. The is
population distribution in any area is determined by the climatic condition and the topographic
nature of the study area. Which enable them for the production of different kinds of crops
Arbaya small town Administrative Office (ATAO.2007).The population for this study were the
community who lived in arbaya small town.the population in arbaya small town are 25243.

3.1.5 Topography
Arbaya has temperat climatic region and the study area is characterized by plateaus hills, Valleys
and several continue watershed and plains .Regarding the Climatic conduction, it is conducive
for all activities which is “Weina dega”. The highest average temperature is 86 ͦF in February, the
lowest is 70 ͦ C in July, the medium is 78˚F, west Balesa Agriculture Rural Development office
(WBARDO, 20016).

3.1.6 Climate
The climate of the study area according to the traditional classification is grouped under woina
degas (moderate climate) and Degas. 36.6℅. 63.4℅ respectively. According to the information
obtained from woreda Agriculture Office. The maximum and minimum annual average
temperature was 15 degrees and10 degrees respectively. Its annual rainfall is 800mm_1050mm
west Belessa woreda Agricultural Rural Development Office (WBWARDO.20 16).

3.1.7 Economical Activities of the study area

The economy of Arbaya is dominated by employment and small business and services income
poverty is the major change of the small town administration urban areas are the engines of
economic growth as they are the locations for complex networks of activities essential to basic
human functions of living and working. The actual and perceived economic opportunities
available in urban areas attract migrants from rural areas in search ofwork and give a chance to
improve their lives. The job opportunities available for the urpoor depend on their skills.
(Mattingly, 1995; Meikle, 2002).

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3.1.8 Research Design
Discribitiv research design because of the researches are use stastical method such as percentage
frequency chart and structural interview quationary and assessing the urban housing problem.
3.1.9 Source of data
In this study area the research are use both primary and secondary data. The primary sources are
generating through the questionnaire from sample respondent and personal
observation .Secondary data source are from writing material published and unpublished source
of data with different books.All the necessary data required for the study would be obtained from
both primary and secondary sources by using multiple tools of data collection. Both primary,
secondary data and even personal observation was used to carry out the study. The primary data
would be obtained through structured questionnaires. The structured questionnaires were posed
to the heads of the households with the support of the enumerators. A secondary source was
written documents from the previous working pieces of literature, statistical facts and figures.
Having this two-source the writer would draw a conclusion with observation and experience.

3.2.1 Sample size and sampling Technique

The total population of the study area is about 5224 from those total population about 2524 were
households. So, the study would be selecting a sample size from those total household by using
simple random sampling techniques. because of equal chance how to stratify no equal chance
loss points are many point are needed to get so in each loss very representative. Respondent and
the relevant information in Arbaya small town from the total 5224 population constrains. These
of the respective area 44 person where select because of time and financial constraint. The target
population samples are both male and female head of house hold in Arbaya small town. . From
these household 44% of would be taken mathematically the sample would determined as follow.
Yamane Formula;

n=N\1+N [e2]

n=2524/1+2524(0.15)2 n=sample size

n=2524/1+2524(0.0225) N=Total household or Total population
n=2524/1+56.79 e=error
n=2524/57.79

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n=44
3.2.2 Data Collection Instruments
The researcher would select different information both by primary and secondary data source
from the source. The researcher would gather information by distribution questionnaire to local
community. The researcher would also collecting the information by making interview with city
administration housing administration and urban pro administration in Arbaya small town. For
secondary source the researcher gather information by reading magazine and news letter
regarding small town.

3.2.3 Questionnaire
This method of data collection is clear and defined question would be distributed to the town
Administrative office and house holder live in the town. The researcher selected
questionnairebecausethismethodasassumedtogivefreedomrespondenttoprovidevariousreliableinfo
rmationwithinlimitedtime.Thequestionnaireistobeclosedandopenendedanddichotomousitemfor 44
sample households.
3.2.4 Interview
The interview is the method of data collection through the researcher interviewing people
engage informing development agency, official who lead to control and administration the
interview is prepared to supplement they will be given respondent the question. The interview is
prepared to the kebele chairman conserving its cause of poor housing in particularly in 32 kebele.

3.2.5 Observation
It is the method of data collection of the people, according to this method the researcher is
observes to the difference aspects of the wored a suchas settlement of the people ,the amount of
the population and the result of population pressure. The observation is use to cross check the
information obtains from household community and expert through.

27 | P a g e
3.2.6 Methods of data analysis and presentation
The researcher are analysis the data by using both qualitative and quantities method by
quantitative the researcher analyzed that data by using Table graph and pie charts. Qualitative
method the researcher are analyze the data by using sentence.

28 | P a g e
 CAPTER FOUR
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Back ground information
This chapter present and discusses the result of this field survey in two parts, the first section
provides a description of personal information about respondent. Such as headship patterns,
structure percentage distribution ,marital status of family ,communication ,while the second parts
deal with urban housing problem in arbaya small town in this section so sample of the
respondent drew for analysis and interpretation of the study or result and discussion to the study.
The random selection of households, result in most of the households are males because in the
most case especially in the case of married life, males (house bands) are considered to be the
head of the house hold by the family members as a result of the members of the female house
hold heads is less than male house hold heads. As it is shown in the above pie chart only 56% are
the female headed households same of them are divorced, widowed and others are single

4.1.2 Age structure of house hold heads

Table 4.1 percentage distribution of house hold heads based on age structure
Age group Frequency Percentage

20-30 15 34%

31-40 10 22%

41-50 12 28%

51-60 4 10%

61and above 3 6%

Total 44 100%

Source: survey data, 2018

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According to the above table the age structure of the house hold heads of the arbaya small town a
typical of a society with adulthood (population nearly of 34%of house hold head are aged
between 20 to 30 of the house hold 22%are at age of 31 to 40 years, 28% of the house hold heads
are at age of 41 to 50 years, 10% of the house hold heads are aged between 51-60years and 6%
have attained age 61 and above from the above data it can be observed that as the age of house
hold heads increases their number decreases. Especially the number of old age group is very
small as the arbaya small town is a part of which are characterized by low old age group.
negative impact, lack of money, family problems, health problems, not using time properly, etc..

4.1.3 The marital status family head

Table 4.2 head shop patterns of households by marital status
Marital status Frequency Percentage (%)

Single 17 39%

Windowed 5 11%

Married 16 36%

Divorced 6 13%

Total 44 100%

Source: survey data (2018).

As the above table depicts the classification of the house hold by marital status is a great
significance for many analysis. Among other them study of age at marriage and frequency of
celibacy widow hood and divorce or the factor affecting population growth through their
influence on fertility and requirement for housing and other consumer goods through its
influence on family formation and composition. As represented the above table the distribution
of heads of households by marital status show at the process of head ship status differs by marital
status. As it is shown 38% the house hold heads as a single due to the tendency to marry at older
ages. And 11% are windowed. As observation was made the proportion of windowed steadily
rise with increasing age and older age becomes common 50% are married 13% are divorce,
generally , 64% of the house hold heads have dissolved their marriage by divorced and

30 | P a g e
widowhood.People who have always been single exercise more than married people do.
Divorced people exercise more than married people, too, but not as much as the people who have
always been single People who get married become less connected to their friends and their
parents than they were when they were single.

4.2.1 Cause of housing problem

Population growth, rural urban migration, industrialization ,social factors modernization and
employment opportunity are major cause of housing According to grid (2005), the growth of
cities is made up of both migration and natural increase with cities .The other cause of housing
is commercialization, drought and adoption of modern living style in one place to follow
globalization.

3.4. Quality of the house

Quality of house is an imp for residential housing, but the study area the quality of house in
question.

4.3 Material constitute the wall of house

The house is made various material ranges from cheap locally available to very expensive
industrial output of the house modern house materials.

Table 4.3 Material out of which the house walls are built
Frequency Percentage

Material

Bricks and cement 10 22%

Stone and cement 7 18%

Locket and cement 10 22%

Wood and mud 12 27%

Others 5 11%

Total 44 100%

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Source; survey data 2018

It should be that the material used construction of walls may consist of one or more material
However, the material that is most used for the construction of walls is considered as main
material of construction. The predominant material for construction of wall in the arbaya small
town was stone and cement which constitute above 44% of all housing units. The was followed
by brick and cement, which constitute about 24%, housing unit with bricks and cement
constituted 24% and both wood and mud the others which are like stone only constructed holds
12%.Reducing Construction Costs Urbanization often results in deforestation, habitat loss, and
the extraction of freshwater from the environment, which can decrease biodiversity and alter
species ranges and interactions.

4.5.2Material constitute of roof of house

Table 4.4 showing material out of which roof of the house built Source: survey data 2018

Type Number Percentage

According to
Corrugated iron sheets 24 54% the above table
the most
Concrete and cement 6 13%
prevalent type
Thatched 14 31%

Total 44 100%

Source: survey data 2018

According to the above table the most prevalent type of material (54%) used for the construction
of roof was a corrugated iron sheet. Concrete and cement and thatched roofs constituted 13%
respectively. As it can be observed from the table, the variation in materials of constitution of
roof among the dwelling units of the Arbaya is not significant, because most of the dwelling
units are cover by corrugated iron sheet. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage is the corrosion
problem that many commercial and residential building owners face.

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4.5.3 Materials that constitute the floor of the house built
Table 4.5 materials that constitute the floor of the house
Type Number Percentage

Earth (mud) 25 69%

Wood tiles 4 7%

Cement concrete 9 15%

Cement tiles 6 9%

Total 44 100%

Source: survey data 2018

The distribution of housing units by type of materials used for the constitution of floor is shown
in the above table. About 69% of the housing units in the Arabia hove mud floor and about 7%.
From this, it is possible to conclude that, most of the housing units in the Arabia have mud floor
and this indicated that housing condition of the Arbaya is not as such well-built hese negative
impacts include, among others, air pollution resulting from automobile dependency, water
pollution caused in part by increases in impervious surfaces, the loss or disruption of
environmentally sensitive areas, such as critical natural habitats (e.g., wetlands, wildlife
corridors), reductions.

4.6 number of rooms shared by individual household

Table 4.6 Number of rooms per family (sharing of housing unit by house hold)
Description Number Percentage

One 24 70%

Two 14 18%

Three and data 6 12%

Total 44 100%

Source; survey data 2018

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The information concerning the number of rooms and shearing of housing units by house hold
was collected. The data which represented in the above table indicates only to the individual
persons who have one or more than one rooms or dwelling unit’s .But the housing units shared
by more one person are not included. This is only to show what percentage of the individual
households share one and above dwelling units of one per house hold is 70% of the remaining
18% and 12% of the individual persons own low and three and above rooms per house hold
respectively .Here it is obvious that most of house hold is over crowed from the sample which
were taken for the study. 24(70 %) of the dwelling units are shared by more than one person. In
others words, the ratio of house hold per rooms is greater than one this 70% indicates with most
of the haushold are more than one romes in the study are thouse more than on romes indicates
that the house problem of the respondant or sample size because of this there are different
impacts.

4.7 Types and distribution of latrine facility for house hold

Table 4.7 kind of latrine facility is available for the family
Type Number Percentage

Pit 18 40.9%

Water carriage 4 9.09%

Have no latrine facility 2 4.5%

Owner ship 3 6.8%

Common 8 18.18%

Private 9 20.45%

Total 44 100%

Source; survey data 2018

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The above shows that considerable proportion (9.09%) of housing units has no toilet facility.
Furthermore, the data reveals that 18.18% on the housing unit have water carriage toilet and
40.9% have dry pit toilet. 40.9% the housing unit have private toilet and 6.8% of the housing
have shared toilet.The main disadvantage is that they are often polluting groundwater if they are
not placed carefully.

4.8 source of drinking water

According to 2007census 32.5% of the center housing gets water with in their house or in their
shared compound, while 49.7% get tap water from outside the compound 11.2% has no access to
tap water 11.25% has no access to tap water.

Table 4.8 Distribution of drinking water for households

Description Number Percentage

Tap/well protected water 36 81.81%

Private or share 8 18.18%

River or lake ------- --------

Other ------ --------

Total 44 100%

Source: survey data 2018

The above table shows, the majority of the householders (about 81.81% in the Arabia small town
water from (public) water supply. While (18.18%) gat from private and share supply. Most of the
household specially the women spend their time and energy to patch water but if the water
service is near to their house they spend this time to another economical purpose so. There must
be private or shared water supply to the poor in the economical purpose.Tap water can also pick
up pesticides which have been washed into streams and rivers. Chlorine is added to tap water to
help disinfect it, but it can react with fallen leaves to form a toxic byproduct. Even your own
pipes can contaminate tap water with lead. Some contaminants in well water, like bacteria and
nitrates, can cause short-term illnesses (such as stomach problems, diarrhea, nausea.

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4.9 participation of private sectors in housing construction
The respondent said that the private sectors are not fully participation in the construction of
house in the town generally and this policy affect to Arabia small town. Due to lack of
confidence and support form municipal administration and the other cause of urban housing
problem of Arabia is lack of income. The construction is not satisfactory so, the private sectors
must be facilitates. In their factor is due to lack of comprehensive urban policy.

4.9 Types of residence

Table 4.10 types of residence in the study area
Type Number Percentage

Conventional 18 40.9%

Hotel and resident 18 40.9%

Homeless 3 6.8%

Non convention 5 11.36%

Total 44 100%

Source: Survey data, 2018

The above table reveals that 40.9% of the populations are residing convention housing units,
whereas 40.9% of the population is not residing or livings which are homeless people and
11.36% residents have non-conventional house which house. The owners hold the house that
does not recognized by the municipals office and have not areaThe hotel industry not only
produces large amounts of waste and carbon dioxide, which contribute to climate change but also
consumes a lot of energy and wate

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4.10 Housing of shortage
Economic status of new immigrants

50
40
30
20
10
0
vulnerable medium high income

Figure 4.5 most vulnerable part of the population to shortage of housing unties.
As it is depend in the above bar graph all low income groups (84%). Are highly affected by
shortage of housing, Housing construction and acquiring housing facilities are too difficult for
the low income groups. As the household‘s respondent 12% of medium income group and 4% of
highly income group are affected by shortage of housing. As the people said that even if the
problem of income is eliminated. There are other factors, which hider housing construction.The
relationship between population and housing is two-sided. On the one hand, population change
leads to a changing demand for housing. Population growth, and particularly a growth in the
number of households, leads to a growth in housing demand. Population decline might lead to a
decrease in housing demand

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4.11 Immigration as problem of housing shortage

new immigrants
in arbaya town

Figure 4.6 Agreement to household towards the existence of new immigrates

Source: survey data (2018).As its shows in the pie chart. Most (70%) of the households for
warded there idea as there are new immigration the Arabia small town who come for many
reason their reason is many for job opportunity to obtain educational and health service and
facilities. As the people responded this is one of the root causes for housing problem in the
Arabia. However, 24% of household’s respondent as there is no new immigrant. Because some
of the household are Mobil. To mean that they cannot know the current situation of the town
very well and others have not know the Arabia small town vary well and other have lack of
information Migrants may run out of money Issues communicating due to language
barriers.Migrants may experience racism he.

4.12 Consequence of housing problem

The major consequences of housing problem, unemployment, development of slum, water
sanitation problems, poor health and shortage, diseases, traffic congestion, urban crime,
globalization, land shortage, pollution and flood etc and also the environment was polluted that
affect the health and quality of life in urban population, who live in urban areas have very
different consumption patterns than residents in rural.

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 CAPTER FIVE

5 Conclusions and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
Urban housing problem in Arabia small town is aggravated day to day with in town housing
problem. According to the information obtained from households the problem is aggravated by
urban population growth. There are serious the problem is aggravated by the high rate of growth
of urban population. Besides are high rate of natural increase and growing rural urban population
in Arabia small town. Rural urban migration is also another impact of housing. Because the
relationship between rural and urban population are cannot expected to be normal. Their material
differences are accentuated by sharp difference of altitude and values. Private sector housing
policy are not fully participating in housing project the other causes of urban housing problem of
the Arabia small town are lack of income the household is low income groups are highly affected
by shortage of housing. The availability and distribution of power like fuel, charcoal
hydroelectric power and dung fuel is still a problem for urban dwellers. Thus, households forced
to use fuel wood and charcoal which harm environment. The high growth of urban population
crate demand for more natural resource this widening gap between housing needs and housing
supply. Moreover, most of the households forwarded their idea by saying that housing sector of
the Arabia small town lack comprehensive urban policy, which promote favorable condition for
the housing facility. As a result there is little improvement in the construction of residential
house of the Arabia from this the physical infrastructure facilities literally associated with the
proper functioning of the dwelling unit are incomplete or unsatisfactory. Similarly , the privet
sectors are not participating in construction and housing facilities moreover, the privet sectors are
do not participate due to lack of comprehensive urban policy and lack of support from municipal
administration. Finally, the other housing problem of the poor on the Arabia small town is credit
service shortage. This is due to lack of developed financial market in the town where there is less
bank that providing credit for housing sector in the target people. The other regulatory problem
of the housing sector in the town as well in the Arabia small town list as follows, poor
performance of the urban development or upgrading programmer to improve the quality existing
house. No effort has been taken to clear slum dwellers. Problem to have access to land though
tender procedures and land lease rate and lack of separately designed housing policy.

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5.2 Recommendations
Based on finding of the study and the conclusion part of the paper the researcher tries to
recommendation which help to improve the housing condition of the urban house of Arabia
small town and great help to reduce the current urban housing problems.

 Expand micro lending for low income groups by encouraging medium term (3-5 years).
Lending appropriate for housing by negotiating with existing micro lenders to modify
current programs. Create incentive for new private micro lenders to start up.
 AS it staring now, the cooperative house (condominium ‘’) the government and the local
administration should be continues to build more house in order to solve the shortage of
housing in the Arabia small town
 The local administration should assist those currently in sub standard housing condition by
helping upgrade basic water, Sanitation, road infrastructure, and access of toilet service.
 The government should create conductive urban housing policy that would initiate for the
construction all housing market
 Municipal administration should give motivation for private sector to participate fully in
the construction of residential house.
 The community should implement the national population polices in order to reduce the
high natural increase which outnumber the limited supply of housing units.
 The government should support and create sustainable job opportunity for the jobless and
low group who are highly vulnerable to housing problems.
 Conducting anther further detailed study that dig up all urban housing problems in the
arbaya small town.
 Facilitate moderate cost housing development by creating better access to bank financing
for working class government possibly can provide supplementary public subsidy.
 Municipal administration and the arbaya small town administration should be ensuring the
land which is illegal or non-conventional house that is to be conventional house.

40 | P a g e
 REFRENCES

Andale.L (2008). Urban area have very different consumption pattern than resident in
rural areas.

(Asmamaw, 2004).Poverty alleviation would, therefore, enhance economic development and

result in improved incomes and better well-being of the people which is a pre-requisite for peace
and further development.

(AM Melesse 2022).And it can result in loss of agricultural land, natural beauties, range lands,
parks and sceneries

(Arvanitis, 2013: 2Recent studies have found that, in Africa, investment in formal housing (based on
national current accounts data) lags behind urbanization.

( Amal S. Kumar 2016).There are two clear parameters within a single equation that
causes congestion, which is the balance between the demand and the supply of road
space.

(Bekele, 2010). greater organizational complexities as well as higher formal social

control.
(Bezawit,2007: 12). These problems are caused by low per capita income, low
investment in housing, rapid growth of population, massive urbanization, rising cost of
building materials, low income of urban dwellers to afford descent.
(Cruz 1994). Many NGOs have provided training both for workers and for micro-
entrepreneurs
(Cruz 1994). TheCarvajal Foundation are among the many agencies that have sought to
develop such purchase unions.
CSA (2010). (Cense statically authority), house defined as senate and independent pace
of bode either intended for habitation.
(E Jeronen 2022).Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization,
economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of
expanding cities, principally on human health, livelihoods and the environment.

41 | P a g e
Grid, F. (2005). The growth of city is made of both migration and national increase with
cites.

(FAO, 2010).This unintended dependence on imported building materials.

Holden. (2003). Rather it varies from country in its nature historical back ground and its
consequence.

Howled cater. (2008). In Ethiopia is every serious most of urban housing unit in Ethiopia
also temporary structure of how second some of them are do not
conform to building regulated.

(Kedir, 2005); (MOFED, 2002). the inaccessibility and inadequacyof existing services
for low income groups, which further exacerbates urban poverty.
Lewin, AD. (2014). Citied by, Rapid population growth especially in the center of less
developing resulted many interactions problem.

(Melese, 2017).Highly visible disparities, spatial segregation, and exclusion create the breeding
grounds for social tensions, crime and violence.

Mommen,j. (2006).In developing countries urbanization is mainly function of rural urban

migration.

Murisor and le ,a, (2007). In the housing sector by providing sub seized housing public
employs.

Makoni, et ,al, (2004). Impacts of waste disposal on health of poor neighbourhood community
in Zimbabwe, East. African Medical Journal, 81(8), 422–429.

(maryK.Cunningham,2016).Urban researchers develop and evaluate evidence-based solutions to

ensure people with low incomes can avoid frequent and disruptive moves through financial
assistance.

(maryK.Cunningham,2016).Urban provides data about our country’s affordable housing supply

and demand.

42 | P a g e
(maryK.Cunningham,2016).Urban assesses the financial security of older adults, focusing on
racial and other inequities.
(Mattingly, 1995; Meikle, 2002). The job opportunities available for the urpoor depend on their
skills.

(Milligan& Yates ,2007:10).Therefore, the interaction of house prices, incomes and the cost of
mortgage finance, together with personal savings.

(Jhingan, 2007). Limited access to water affects the general sanitary condition of a neighborhood
in an urban setup.

(Jorge A,Joel B, et, al, 2014).Many of the initiatives now judged to have been relatively
successful in improving conditions for low-income.

(Jorge A,Joel B, et, al, 2014).What these groups have dem-onstrated is that it is
possible to have a lasting impact if devel -opment interventions are strongly rooted in
community action, assisted by professionals willing and able to support commu-nity
processes.
(Jorge A, Joel B, et, al, 2014).But once the initiative was established and had
demonstrable achievements, there were increased possibilities for negotiating support
from national or local sources.
(Jorge A, Joel B, et, al,2014).As noted earlier, there is considerable diversity within any
low-income population with regard to needs
(Jorge A,Joel B, et, al,2014).Professional knowledge was used to redefine stand-ards so
that improvements could be more easily afforded and still effectively meet needs.

(Palmer, et al 2009). When corruption is present in the land sector, related actions and
decisions are driven by distorted interests and policies that favour the few.

( Pryer, Jane, 1993). Box 1 describes one study exploring some of the causes and
consequences of a lack of income.
Remark no lmark (2005): especially in the center of less in third countries use public private and
Popular sector the private.

43 | P a g e
(Ravallion 2007:16).In the year 2002, 746 million people in urban areas were living on less than
$2.00 a day.

(Ramamohana R eddy Reddy Appannag ari,2017). the Term “pollution “means;-

release (into any environmental medium) from any process of substances which are
capable of causing harm to man or any other living organisms supported by the
environment.
Samson. (2008).Cause of housing is commerlziation drought, adoption of modern globalization

(tesfaye Admasu,2020).Besides, the upcoming housing development programs and projects

should incorporate the interest of the poor as much as possible.

(Tesfaye Admasu,2020).Monitoring and evaluation can be done either by Hawassa

city’s administration or by the municipality.

(tesfaye Admasu, 2020).Hence, there should always be preventive measures so that the
above discussed social costs will be minimized.
(tesfaye Admasu,2020).This, however, also requires need assessment at the grassroots
level.
Tuner (2008, Leal 2009). Both liberal and neo Marxist scholars have attempted to provide
panaceas for the urban housing problem.

(UN, 2006).Perhaps most alienated in city slums are growing youth populations whose unmet
needs for space, education, health, and jobs can lead to social problems, further undermining
security in urban areas.

UNDP. (2010 oxfords) Ethiopia is fabrable climate and water vast land resource but high
Population growth labor force so the second product countries in the world.

(UN, 1998).The urban population in developing countries was growing three

times faster than the rural population.

(Vanum 2012).However, in developing countries urban expansions are known with

negative effect.

44 | P a g e
World net protection lebwn (2002). The other definition house is structure connectivity in which
people.

(wouDe Blij,1996). The increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas to urban
areas is the leading cause of urban unemployment

Whiten, (2007); the concentration of high level of commercial activates in the city would leads to
rural urban migration.

World Bank, (2009); spending for housing like that of most commodities increase in house hold
income in urban society.

We like the considered stroke sit entry (2006): rapid population growth especially in the center
of less developing.

(WB, 2015).Hence, low quality of life, low life expectancy, food shortages and
high incidence of poverty characterize most of the urban areas.

45 | P a g e
 BONGA UNIVERSTY
COLLEAGEOFSOCIALSCIENCEAND
HUMANITIESDEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
ANDENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Appendix-1
The main purpose of the questionnaires is to collect the information about urban housing
problem in arbaya small town. Response that you will be provided will be used only for
academic purpose your genuine response is very vital for the success of the study, therefore, I
kindly request you to provide me all the necessary information. Do not write your name and put.

46 | P a g e
1. Sex A. male B female

2. Age A.0-15 B.15-65 C. Above 65

3. Marital status A. single B .windowed C .Married D. divorced

4. Does the productive availability of power resource

A. Fuel wood B. hydroelectric power C. kerosene D. charcoal

5. What is the material which constitutes the wall of the house?

A .Bricks and cement C .locket and cement D. Wood and mud

B. Stone and cement E. others

6. What are the causes of housing problem?

A. Population growth B. Rural-urban migration C. employment opportunities

7. What are the materials that constitute the floor of the house?

A. Earth (mud) C. Cement concrete

B. wood tiles D. Cement tiles

8. Number of rooms per family

A. One B. Two C. Three and above

9. What were the consequences of housing problem?

A. increase crime activity B. increase unemployment rate C. poverty

10. What are the types of electric machine used?

A. Iron B. Boiler C. Stove D. Tape recorder E. have other

11. Distribution of drinking water for house holders

A. Tap (well protected water C. River or Lake

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B. Private or share D. Other

12. What are the types of residence in the study area?

A. Conventional B .Hotel and resident C. Homeless D. Non Convention

13. Economic status of new immigrants

A. vulnerable B. Medium C. High income

FOR ADMINITER OFFICE

14. What are the major causes of housing problem in the arbaya town? ------------------

15. What was the consequence of housing problem in town? --------------------------

16. Type of tenure in arbaya small town? ----------------------------------------------------------------

17. What is the material which constitutes the wall of the house? --------------------------------

THANKS FOR SACRIFY YOUR TIME!!!

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