Use of Algebra in Arithmetic multiplicationand division

We have already studied about the various properties of addition, subtraction,

generalised using variables.
of natural numbers, whole numbers, etc. These properties can also be

Commutative Property of Multiplication are multiplied

x 2, i.e., the order in which twO numbers
We know that 2x 3=6and3x2 =6 or 2x 3 = 3
commutative property of multiplícation.
willnot change their product. This is known as the
if we consider two variables a and b,which can take any value, then the above resultcan be
Thus,
anyvalues of aand b.
written as (a x b)= (bxa).We can verify the same by taking
is generalised.
Hence, by usingthe variables, the property satisfied by the numbers
Associative Propertyof Addition
adding three or more
We knowthat (4 + 3) +6=7 +6=13 and 4 + (3 +6) =4 +9=13, i.e., while the associative
numbers, the sum is always the same regardless of their grouping. This is known as
property of addition.
can be
If we consider three variables a, b andG, which can take any value, then the above result
written as (a + b) +c= a + (b+c).
By using the variables, the property satisfied by the numbers isgeneralised.

Let's Try
1. Find arule for finding the perimeter of an equilateraltriangle.
2. Find a generalised rule for distributive property of subtraction and verify the same.

Practice 7.2
1 Find a generalrule to find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length and
breadth are /and b, respectively.
2 The side of a regular pentagon is denoted by l. Find a rule for calculating the
perimeter of a pentagon using .
3. The equalsides of an isosceles triangle is a and that of the unequal side is b.
Express the generalrule for finding out the perimeter of the isosceles triangle.
4 In the given figure, DE is the diameter of a circle. Express the diameter of the
circle in terms of its radius.
5. The order in which two numbers are added will not change their sum. This
property is known as the commutative property of addition. Express this
property in ageneral way by using variables. F

Project
Take the students to a supermarket and ask them to choose any one section of
their
choice. Then ask them to find the cost of that entire section using algebra.

20
Use of Algebra in Arithmetic
subtraction, multiplication and
We have already studied about the various properties of addition, generalised using variables.
of natural numbers, whole numbers, etc. These
properties can also be divisc
Commutative Property of Multiplication
x3=6 and 3x2=60r 2 x 3 =3 x 2, i.e, the order inwhich two numbers are multinlh.
We knowthat 2 commutative property of multiplication.
willnot change their product. This is known as the
ho
we consider two variables a and b, which can take any value, then the above result can
Thus, if
(a x b) = (bxa). We can verify the same by taking any values of aand b.
written as
satisfied by the numbers is generalised.
Hence, by using the variables, the property
Associative Property of Addition
(4 +3) +6=7 +6=13 and 4 +(3 +6) =4+9=13, ie., while adding three or more
We know that
This is known asthe associative
numbers,the sum isalways the same regardless of their grouping.
property of addition.
value, then the above result can be
If weconsider three variables a, b andc, which can take any
written as (a + b)+c=a+ (6+c).
generalised.
By using the variables, the property satisfied by the numbers is

Let's Try
1. Find a rule for finding the perimeter of an equilateral triangle.
2. Findageneralised rule for distributive property of subtraction and verify the same.

Practice 7.2
1 Find ageneral rule to find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length and
breadth are / and b, respectively.
2 The side of a regular pentagon is denoted by l. Find a rule for calculating the
perimeter of apentagon usingl.
3. The equal sides of an isosceles triangle is aand that of the unequal side is b.
Express the general rule for finding out the perimeter of the isosceles triangle.
4. Inthe given figure, DE isthe diameter of a circle. Express the diameter of the
circle in terms of its radius.
5. The order in which two numbers are added will not change their sum, This
property is known as the commutative property of addition. Express this
property in ageneral way by using variables.

Project
Take the students to a supermarket and ask them to choose any one section of their
choice.Then ask them to find the cost of that entire section using algebra.
 Revision Exercise
State true or false.
1. 18 is a
constant andy is a variable but 18y is a variable.
2. 6 is a
constant andq is a variable, so 6 +q is a variable.
3. 34 isa constant and b isa variable,so 34-b is a
constant.
4 O is a variable.
S. a, a+ b, q-2, and 21 are some examples of
variables.
Fill in the blanks.
1. In -7x, is a constant and is a variable.
2. In 67pq, is a constant and . . . evariables.
3. In 3a . . . econstants and
4b . .arevariables.
4. axb=bX
5. (a+b) + =a+(b++c)
Subjective Questions
1. Find the general rule which shows the number of sticks required tomake the
Use avariable to write the rule. followingpatterns.

C d.

2. The side of aregular hexagon ism. Write ageneral rule for finding the perimeter of the hexagon.
3. If zero is added to a number or a number is added to zero, then the result is the
number itself.
Generalise this property of numbers using avariable.
4 The order in which three numbers are multiplied will not change their product. Express the
propertyn
a general way using the variables x, y and z.
8 Chintu and Pintu are brothers. Pintu is 5 years older than Chintu. Write Pintu's age in terms of
Chintu's age?
The initial count of bacteria is x and it becomesy times every hour. What is the total count of bactia
after one day?
The length of a rectangle is xand its breadth is 2y. Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

122
 Example 2: The base of a triangle is xcm. The height of the same triangle is 6times the base.
triangle. What is the height of the triangle? of the
Solution: The base of the triangle =x
Height of the triangle =6 times the base of triangle
=6x

Example 3: Write the algebraic expression for the following statements.

a. Manoj drives a scooter in t hours to cover d km. what would his driving speed bea
b. Saurav works as a daily wager in a petrol pump. The first day he gets x per hours.
phours of work. The next day he gets y per hour for q hours of work. What will bi
total pay be in these two days?
Solution: a. Time taken by Manoj= thours
Distance covered=d km
We know that, speed = distance/time =
t
b. Saurav's first day pay =xp(If pay for 1hour is x, then pay for phours will
bexp)
Saurav's second day pay =yq (If pay for 1hour is y, then pay for q hours will be vol
Total pay of two days = (xp +t yq)
Example 4: In a T-20 cricket match series of four matches, Rohit scored 50 runs in the first match,
60runs in the second match, 70 runs in the third match and x runs in the
fourth match.
Determine the total runs scored by Rohit.
Solution: Inthe 1st match, Rohit scored 50 runs, in the second match, Rohit scored 60
third
runs, in the
match, Rohit scored 70 runs and in the fourth match, Rohit scored x runs.
Therefore, the total runs scored by him in all four matches = 50+60 + 70 + x
Example 5: If the length of a rectangular hall is 4 m more than 2 times the breadth of the
hall, then
what wil be its length, if the breadth is y metre?
Solution: Given, the breadth of the rectangular hall =y metre
Since, the length of a rectangular hall is 4 m more than 2 times the breadth of
the hall,
therefore, length =(2y + 4) m.

Practice 8.1
1. Out of the followinggiven expressions, state which one of
them are arithmetic expressions.X
6. z-9 X 6: 7+(9x8) . 6 d 4x8-9+X
¬. 6+6z 8x 4. 8(21-6) +4 xyX
Frame algebraic expressions for the following statements. hr 3+(12x
5added to q 2multiplied by x qdivided by 3
10added to 3 times x 50 subtracted from 2times y 4 less than quotient ofy by o
. 60multiplied by 3x and the product is added to 4
bxis divided by 30and the quotient is subtracted from 20

126
 Write the following expressions in words.
2m 3y-5 4+ 7)= et (12x x1) +3
m
- 12 X +3 H 5z + 16
5 7

/Write the terms andfactors of each term ofthe following algebraicexpressions.

3xy +4x? Y2x+3x +1 et 4x'y' +3xy³
3x-5y 4xy + 3x + 2y . 2y' +3x
Write the numerical and variable coefficient of the following.
2x+7y -9xy 6xy +2x 5x-3y +1 Sxy-3
Write the coefficient of x in each of the following.
4xy'-5x d. 5x'y+ 2xy -2
5x'y 6 3xyz +1
younger than Rekha,then write Madhusage
Madhu is Rekha's younger sister. If Madhu is five years
in terms of Rekha's age.
colours) to each student. Find the number of pens
I A school teacher distributed 4 pens (of different she is left with zero pens.
with the teacher, if the number of students is n and
sharing x pencils with your friend, you are still left with 7 pencils. Calculate the total number
9 After
of pencils before sharing.
a table and achair is x and y respectively, then find the total cost of 4chairs and
10. If thecost of
atable. scored
double the runs in test match 1 than in test match 2. If in test match 3, he test
M. Sanjay scored in test match 1, then find the total runs he scored in
the sum of
one-third of the runs SCored
match 3.
marks out of x marks. Find out how many marks he lost in
12/ In the English unit test, Hemant got 20
the test?
brother Ram. If Rahul's age is x years, then what will the age of
. Rahul is 8 yearsolder than his
end
add 12 times ofthe number to the
Ram be?
by 4, subtract 4 and
Think ofa number. Divide the same
result. Express this in algebraic form. Suraj bought 2 boxes, then how much does he
increased by 1.50. If
t6. The cost of the pencilbox is
need topay tothe shopkeeper?
16. Arjun is x years old, then determine: 6. Arjun's age 6 years ago.
. Arjun's age 8 years from now. Arjun's grandmother's age who is4I
times his age. d.
K. Arjun's grandfather's age who is 3 years younger than his grandfather.

Value of an Algebraic Expression

expression consists of one or more variables which have Some
We have seen that an algebraic depends upon the value of the variable,
ralues. Since, the value of the expression
nume
replaced bysome numerical value
the get the value of the expression, the variable in it is
expression.
an ecalculation is done as it is donein an arithmetic
the variables by their
f determining the value of an algebraic expression by replacing
values, is known as substitution.
127
 Example: Determine the value of:
1
a. 6x +3y when x=1,y=2 b. 8x- 5y when x =

C. 3m + 2n-5p when m=3, n=2,p=1 d. 5p +4q-2r+ 3pqr when

Solution: a. Substitute x=1 and y= 2 in b.
1
Substitute x= and y p=4,in48x=2,rst
6x + 3y, we get we get
6(1) + 3(2) =6+6=12
C. Substitute m= 3, n =2 andp=1 in
d.
)-) 4 -1=3

Substitute p= 4, q=2,r=5 in 5p +
3m + 2n-5p, we get
4q-2r+ 3pqr, we get
3(3) + 2(2) - 5(1) =9 +4-5=8
5(4) + 4(2) - 2(5) + 3(4)(2)(5)
=20+8-10+ 120= 138
Explain Your Thinking
Are 2px and 2py like terms? Justify your answer.

Practice 8.2
Ifm=3 and n=4, then determine the value of the following expressions.
Br 4m -2n 3m +9n 4mn 8m
1

m 9nm 4m - 3n
5mn -
3 2
. 3nm
n-m
Determine the value of:
E8x- 6y when x=1,y=1 3x+ 2y when x=4, y=9
4m + 6n- 4p when m=4, n=3, p=3 6r +3s- 2t+ 8rst when r=2, s=1,t=2
7p+8q+6r-2pqr when p=1,q=2,r=4 {/ 1.6r +3.2s- 2.5t + 8rst when r= 2, s= 1,t=2I
4x-y+ 3xy when x=1,y=2 - X+ 3yz - 3xy when x= 2, y=4,2=1
4a+ 3b-7ab + abc when a=1,b= 2, C=3 W3xy - 4y + 10y -3x1 when x= 5, y=3

HOTS 1 A frogclimbs x cm and another frogclimbs 4 cm less than 4

times the
distance covered by the first frog. Find the expression for the distance
covered by both the frogs.
2. The breadth of a rectangular hallis 20% less than twice of its
hall is y m,then determine the breadth of the hall.
length. If the length of the
3. Ifa 3-digit number has hundreds digit as x, tens digit asy
the number.
and ones digit as z, then find

128
 Revision Exercise

the correct option.

Choose
and height as 2z is given by:
Volume offthe cuboid with length as 2x, breadth as 2y
d. None of these
1. b. 8xyz C. 2x + 2y + 2z
a. xyz
oftthe expression 1.3a - 2.6ab + 1.5b. are:
Theterms
and 1.5 b. a, -ab and b
a 1.3,-2.6
and 1.56 d. 1.3a, 2.6ab and 1.5b
C 1.34, -2.6ab
yaddedItto 2 divided by 5is expressed as:
3.
a. y+2 b. y+5 C.
d
+2
5
2
5
brother Siddhartha. If the present age of Siddhartha is x years, then
A Arjun is 5years yOunger than his
Arjun's age will be: d. none of
these
C. X-5
a. x+5 b. 5-xX
X+y+1
5. Ifx=3, y =4,then the value of.X+y-3 will be: d. 3.
b. 1 C. 0
a. 2 seated in 10 rows will be:
chairs in a row, then the number of studentsthat can be
6 If there are y d. 10-y
b. 100 +y C. 10y
a. 100
7. 100 deducted from x willbe written as:
100 d. 100-x
C.
b. 100x X
a. x-100
=4 is:
8 The value of theexpression 2y-3, ify C. 3 d. 5
b. 4
a. 6 the length, so the
cuboid is 4 times the height (h) and breadth (b) is 8 cm less than
9. The length (/) of a cuboid in terms of the height will be given as:
length and breadth of a
3h b. =4h, b= 4h-8
a. /=2h, b=
4h d. l=2h, b= 8h -4
. l=3h, b=
per day willbe:
spends 200 per day, then his saving
3
10. If Rihan earns X per day and
200
C. (200- x) d. ?
b. (x- 200) X
a. (x+ 200)

Subjective Questions
expression for the following. Also, write the terms and factors for each.
1. Write the algebraic
b. 2 subtracted from 2 times y.
a. 4 added to 3 times x.
d. yis divided by 5 and the quotient
C x is multiplied by -9 and 4 is is added to 6.
subtracted from the product.
e. 4 less than quotient of x by 3. f. one-fifth of a number m is added to one-twelfth.

131
 he gave a hundred rupee note to the shopkeener
If
bottles costingxeach. algebraic expression for this situation.
2/ Rahul bought 4 juicethat he gets back.Frame an
find out the amount should not
using variables xand yand the number 5. Note that the expression
Frame six expressions operation
subtraction, multiplication and division and every
out of addition,
use more than one
x and y in it.
expression must have both
the present age of Rahul is z years, then determine:
A If
A his age 8 years from now.
his age 5 years ago.
than five times his age.
hisgrandmother's age who is 9 years more
times his age.
his grandfather'sage who is 10years more than five
5. Determine the value of:
a 4x-3y, if x= 1, y= 1 y8a+ 66, if a=2, b= 3
Le 4ab+ 5bc- abc, if a= 2, b=-4, c=4
cIm +8n-3mn, if m= 2, n=3
e 8x + 2y - 2xy, ifx= 1,y=-2 f 3ab + 6a-5b, if a =4, b=3

6. Sahil hasx number of drawingsheets. Rahul has 2 less

than Sahil, while Aryan has 6 more than Sahil.
find the total number of sheets that the
Find out how many sheets Rahul and Aryan have in all. Also,
three of them have altogether?
height and length is 4 cm less than its
7. The height ofa cuboidal box is x cm. Its breadth is two times its
breadth. Write the length and breadth of the box in the terms of the height.
muffin and the cost of cookie is
8. The price of a muffin is y. The price of acake is 10 times the price of
in term of the price of
7 less than 2 times the price of muffin. Express the price of a cake and cookie
the muffin.
9. Write the corresponding expression:
The predecessor of an integer
Sum of an integer and smallest whole number
 Practice 9.1

From the following equations, state which one of them are linear equations with a variable. Al..
identify the variable in the equation.
4x
\3 9x+5=4 6y-2 =3 = 5 d. 8x4-5x2=22 J4s
9b
>5 x 30 = 60 + 4
13n
9r=81 K5m<20
es -6
3
J Convert the following statements intoequations.
a One-twelfth of anumber x is equal to 15.
. The sum of 4y and 4 is equal to 16.
12 more than xis equal to 25.
d. Product of 1.5 and the number xfurther added to 9 equals 7.
e. Six times a number ysubtracted from 12 equals 30.
1more than one-fourth of a number p equals 24.
g/ Two-thirds of a number z added to three-fourth equals 10.
75% multiplied to the product of 4multiplied by xequals 5.
3 Convert the followingequations into statements.
ax-20= 60 . 3p-4=12 \ n-8 = 4 d 4x-6=26
le 4x= 18 v8y-2=13 .=36 6
4= (8xp) +2
Verify if the given value is the solution of the given equation.
. 4x+2=10; x=2 9y-8=l;y=3 = 25;l= 10
2
3 -6 =2;n=12 ng 5z-6=0;z= 1 3x+2=5; X=1
5. Solve each of the following equations by trial and error method.
3x+5=8 12 =4 d 2(3x +1) =8 32-5x=12 e. 5x-8=7
X

Summary
An equation consists of two expressions connected by an 'equal to' sign.
U Amethod of determining the value of an algebraic expression by replacing the
variables of their particular values, is known as substitution.
UAn equation whichconsists of only one variable with the highest power 1 is known as
linear equation in one variable.
The value of the variable in an equation which satisfies the equation is called the solution
of the equation.
 Revision Exercise
Choose the correct option.
1. a=2 is the solution of the egquation:
a. at8=6 b. a+17=-15 C. a-5=7 d. a+7=9
2. The solution of the
equationy+8=-3 is:
a. -11 b. 11 C. 5 d. -5
3. Which one of these is a linear equation?
a. 3x+5>6 b. 2x- 1<5 C. x'=1 d. x=2 +5
4 The power of a variable in asimple linear equation is
a. 0 b. 1 C. 2 d. 3
5. The equation of the statement 'half anumber when added to 10 gives
15' is.
1
+ 10x= 15 1
2 b.
x+10=15 C. 2
+10 =15x d. 5X+15=10
Subjective Questions
1 State which among the following are linear
equations.
a. 2x +5=9 b. 9x+ 4>5 C. 2y+ 7=9 d. 6a+2 <4
2 Convert the following equations into statements. Also, solve the following
error method. equations using trial and
a. x+ 30= 50
3. Complete the table given below.
b. 6x-3=9 C.
244 d. 4(3x+7) =40

S. No. Value of variable

Equation Equation satisfied (Yes/No)
a 3x-5=4 X=1
b. 4y +3= 11 y=2
728 l=4

d. - 12 = 0 n=12
6

2(3z4)=1 z=2

4. If one is multiplied by anumber or a number is multiplied by one, then the result is the number itse.
Generalise this property of numbers using avariable.
5 Find a number which when multiplied by 5 and increased by 20 gives 45.
6. If 10is added to certain number, the result is 26. Find the number.

138