Hiv

DISCUSSION: MARCH 5 and March 7, 2024

Germany and Japan and Italy – lost in WW2  UN
 Russia vs Allied powers
 Allied Powers: “Germany is divided = it will not recover again”

US – during WW2 – invented the A BOMB --- USSR – got the technology also
 Both are trying to improve their military forces

COLD WARS
 Wars that were indirectly fought – fear of nuclear annihilation – everyone dies
 Battle of strength and might and ideologies
 US vs USSR
o Fighting thru their colonies and their ideologies, military, technology

GERMANY Com E
 Divided: West Germany: US – France – Great Britain = capitalism
East Germany: USSR = communism
Cap Wuf G
 Because of the industrial revolution = people should be equal due to the people before MISTREATED
 Why split: US wanted to stop Germany and control Germany – but there are 2 conflicting ideologies

CAPITALISM
 Have rights to get rich + democratic state + govt did not control businesses + right to own properties
 Democratic state/world  there is FREEDOM

COMMUNISM
 Everyone should be equal
 Government will provide needs  believe: everything is owned by the government – no freedom of own property –
things from other places were confiscated
 Powerful people / leaders = abuse people
 Came from capitalism!  child labor, poor working condition, low to no wages – people believed that they
should have a communist government so that everyone will be equal!

DIVIDED GERMANY – WHO HAS BETTER ECONOMY?

 WEST – people have their own businesses – increase monetary/rich
 EAST – communism – have equality – but people like doctors – have fixed salary – no chance to earn more = if that
person go to the west  chance to get rich === this is the reason why people moved to the West to get money/rich
BERLIN WALL:
 Why was it built? To stop people from the East go/migrate to the West
 Capital of Germany = Berlin – was also split

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXzODWlTWgk
BERLIN WALL
 Symbol of ideological division and suppression of human rights during the Cold War
 Represented the iron curtain that separated the Western and Eastern block (1961)
o Communist government of the German Democratic Republic of EAST Germany – began constructing the wall
 Purpose of Berlin Wall:
(1) to stop the Western fascists from entering the socialist state of East Germany
(2) stop defections from east to west

November 9, 1989
 East German regime announced: citizens had the right to cross the border

1945 after WW2

 US and its allies – split Germany into four
o Allied occupied zones :
 East Germany – go to Soviet Union
 Western part – went to US, Great Britain and France
 Berlin was located within the Soviet part of the country
o City will be split into four sectors

BERLIN AIRLIFT
 Soviet attempted blockade so US will have shortage on food and supplies in West Berlin City

BERLIN Wall
 West sector - Capitalism
 East sector – communism
 German refugees flowed from the East to the West – including highly skilled workers (docs, engineers, teachers)  15-20% of East
German population had left to the West
 Nikita Khrushchev – leader of Soviet Union – has had enough – ordered to close Berlin Borders for good
o Difficulty in crossing – will have to apply for visa
o Officials were later on not allowed to cross the border also – to stop access for American officials to East Berlin  standoff
American vs Soviet tanks  JFK called Nikita to back away  almost WW3

BERLIN WALL
 JFK realized – better with wall than war
 Ronald Reagan visited – challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down wall 
thawing and political changes happened
o Citizens can cross the wall – OCTOBER 30, 1990

QUESTIONS BY SIR:
1. What happened to Germany after WW2 = split into west democratic and
east communist
2. Why was there tension between the 2? Ideologies and rise of militarism
and improvement of their technology
3. Why was the Berlin Wall built? To prevent citizens from crossing over –
prevent exchange of ideas - stop people from leaving because it shows
that that territory is failing
4. Communism is not a stable government system
5. North Korea – communist
6. China – communist – but free trade and market – one child policy to
control population

Follow up: Video: The fall of the Berlin wall (sky news)
 people tear down the wall
IDEOLOGY
 System of beliefs or theories
  Politically held by an individual or a group of visionary theorist
 Set of beliefs that affect our attitude on the world

CAPITALISM
 Individual freedom
 Private property
 Everyone has the right to own things
 Right to be rich and richer than others thru
their businesses
US
❊ Believed that war savaged countries should
have their independence and freedom
❊ Grant countries in EAST GERMANY
freedom
❊ Goal: Strengthen economy of West Germany
 contributed to the progress of Europe
❊ Promoted democracy and capitalism
❊ Control the wealth of Europe
COMMUNISM
 Social equality – no rich no poor
 All property should be shared (public
property)
 No one should be rich or poor
USSR
❊ Believed that they need to get the other
countries  Controlled the EAST – made it
as their buffer states/protect against threats
❊ Goal: Get Germany’s resources as war
payments + prevent country from becoming a
threat in the future
❊ Promote communism
❊ Use wealth of countries in Eastern Europe
to restore its economy

EUROPE DIVIDED = IRON CURTAIN (created by USSR)

_ WESTERN bloc vs EASTERN soviet bloc
_ Iron curtain – sharp divide between countries that side with US and USSR

ANTI-COMMUNIST AMERICA (USA hated communism)

(1) Truman Doctrine (2) Domino Theory

o US provides economic, financial,
political, and military support to the
countries that faced the threat of
communism
o South Korea and South Vietnam – US
supported
o If one country falls under communism
– the rest of its surrounding will
follow
o Protect or prevent a country from
communism

(3) Containment Policy (4) Marshall Plan (in Europe)

o Goal: limit the influence of USSR o Distribution of $13B in aid from US
and the spread of communism to European countries that were
devastated by wars

US Presidents: John F Kennedy (assassinated)  Ronald Reagan

RUSSIANS – paraded their weapons – militarism
USA – a lot of techs – military weapons – technology leaked – went to USSR = example: Atomic bomb –
USSR was able to get the ingredients  there was a spy in the creation of the Atomic bomb

IRON CURTAIN
 Western Bloc vs Eastern Soviet Bloc
 Symbolizes the sharp divide between the countries that sided with US and USSR
 The divide in Europe = BORDER: called Iron Curtain of the Soviet controlled countries - border starts from GERMANY
o Germany divided into two – EAST: Communist USSR + WEST: Capitalism France, Great Britain and USA
o Capital of Germany : BERLIN = inside the East Germany
IF YOU LIVE IN RUSSIA == you cannot get anything outside Russia!
 If you are caught = imprisoned

USSR = SOVIET RESPONSE

 USSR did not allow (forbade) the Allies from accepting US aid (USSR got your back!)
 COMECON – Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
o USSR’s version of the Marshall plan
o Aim: integrate / incorporate the Russian economy to the member countries thru FREE TRADE
 Condition: cannot open their borders to US
o USSR Urges the East Germany = build the Berlin Wall – reason: to stop people from going to the West (West –
better life)

ALLIANCES
USA WARSAW PACT
 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Canada etc  Countries under USSR
 SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization)  Parts of Poland – under Russia
 CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) Europe
US will help the countries
Under the UN also

ARMS RACE = US and USSR COMPETED IN TERMS OF: FIRE POWER – bigger bomb, advancements, better military
ARMS RACE
 Country wanted to be more superior – build better things
 Video: The True Scale of Nuclear Weapons

US BOMB  Caused the worst radiological disaster in US history 

 15 kiloton bomb = aka LITTLE BOY
 Dropped in Hiroshima (1945)
 Caused 80,000 deaths + exposure of tens of thousands of
people to high levels of radiation
 Temperature near site blast: 300,000c or 540,000F
o 300 times hotter than the temp used to cremate
NORTH KOREA 2017 Nuclear Test
 16x more powerful than Little Boy
 Nuke: 250 kilotons – unsure figure = one sure thing:
whole world felt it = earthquake magnitude 6.3
US B-83
 12 megatons of TNT = flash blindness 21km radius ;;;; 3rd
degree burn 8km radius
 There are about 650 active B-83s in service
CASTLE BRAVO
 Biggest nuclear bomb tested by US
 15 megatons – explosion – 2.5x more than the researchers
calculated! = 1,000 more powerful than Little Boy
caused a massive uproar against nuke tests (7.2km wide
mushroom cloud)
TSAR BOMBA
 Not an ordinary bomb = HYDROGEN BOMB by USSR
 Most powerful bomb ever tested – 50 megatons
 1961 – USSR detonated it on a small arctic island 
shockwave  island became flat
 Bomb was commissioned by NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
 Weight: 27 tons
 Requires an aerial bomber to transport in it the Arctic 
bomb was so powerful  knocked down the pilot before it
can course correct
TSAR BOMBA 100
 This is what Nikita Khrushchev really wanted – not the 50
megaton one
 Three-layered bomb – with uranium layers – separating
each stage == testing it will be too RISKY  USSR
scientists worry that it can create a massive radioactive
cloud that can cover USSR
 Very heavy – cant be strapped on any plane – if it can—
pilot is a one way trip

Teacher:
Is it right to create & store of nuclear weapons? – for protection – if nuke war happens == all will DIE!
ARMS RACE
 Increased development of military strength and weaponry by US and USSR (15 megaton bomb by
USSR – to show everyone their power)
 Competition for maintenance maintained the balance of power between the US & USSR = decrease
possibility of nuclear war = they know if they fought with another  DESTRUCTION
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
 Military doctrine: use of nuclear arms === no winner and no opportunity for peace agreement
o Creation of bomb shelters 50km deep! - In US ready for nuke – lately US is preparing bomb
shelters
 Video: TedEd :::: Can you survive a nuclear fallout?

FOR A DESTRUCTIVE BALST TO HAPPEN – harness power of nuclear fission – atom’s nucleus is split in
tow
 Process produces an incredible amount of energy  Neutrons absorbed by nearby atoms  split of
additional nuclei
 Chain reactions  produce a range of explosive yields

100,000 Tons of TNT

 Like fireball – decimate a few city blocks + shockwave that can cause damage to several bldgs several
kilometers away

HOW DO YOU PROTECT FROM A BLAST?

 Same way in protecting yourself from tornadoes and hurricanes
 Staying in the centers and basements of bldgs that can withstand the shockwave
 Finding shelter when fireball occurs close to earth
 Blast  unstable atoms from nuclear fission + debris  radioactive particles  cell damage
o Thick layers of steel, concrete and packed earth can protect (broken window and sealed window
can have same minimal effect of radiation)
 After the blast – stay indoors for 24 hours (first few hours after blast – 8-0% of energy in the first hour)
to avoid radiation == 15minutes after detonation – fallout begins
 IF YOU CANNOT FIND A SHELTER – remove shoes, outer clothing, wash exposed skin – store
contaminated clothes far away
 Electricity is out but radios are not – use radios to listen for emergency responders to know what to do
next
o GET INSIDE – STAY INSIDE – STAY TUNED

Teacher: if fall out happens – environment destroyed – hard time for humanity if this happens

SPACE RACE
 Technological race – space technology – first to go to the moon
 US and USSR compete in Science – to show supremacy to the world
  Attention is turned towards space  domain for future endeavors
 When was this: 1960s

VIDEO :::: The Space Race (1955 – 1975).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvaEvCNZymo
Cold war
 Competition between US and USSR
 WW2 ended: Americans and Soviets captured Germany’s rocket engineers + rocket tech + V2s
o Wernher von Braun – led the US program
o Ukraine born Sergei Korolev – led the Soviet space program
 1955 – both announced – launch satellites into orbit
o Soviet Russians – Oct 4, 1957 – Sputnik 1
o Americans – unsuccessful
 1961 – USSR cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin – first person to orbit the earth – Vostok 1
o 3 weeks later – US Alan Shepard to space
o US embarrassed at being behind Soviet Union
 JFK – bold claim to Congress that America will be the one to first land a man on the moon
o Apollo program - February 1962 – US John Glen – first to orbit earth
o June 16, 1963 – Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Treshkova – first woman to travel in space
o Gemini program == develop the technology needed for Apollo
 Ed White – able to walk in space – first American
 Soviet Alexi Leonov – first to walk in space 12 min and 9 seconds

1970s
 US – Soviet relations improved: 1975 – joint program APOLLO-SOYUZ mission
o 3 US astronauts aboard Apollo with Soviet Soyuz vehicle
o US Soviet space flight – the handshake between the commanders of both crafts – SYMBOLIZES
the improvements of US-Soviet relations in the late Cold War
Teacher:
Who is winning at first in the Space Race? == The Soviets – first one to establish a want or a need to space –
first to go to space

US – showed supremacy – moon landing

 Neil Armstrong - first man on the moon
o Some say fake – rise of Hollywood + flag moving (no air in space)
o Conspiracy: Neil Armstrong – asked not to go back to the moon -

With the technology today – why not build in space = EXPENSIVE

MOON LANDING – ENDED THE SPACE RACE

PROXY WARS
 Misconception: no actual fighting
 Reality: no direct military confrontation but armed – fighting took place in proxy wars
 Participation of US and USSR that were consistent with opposing ideology
 o Actual fighting – in smaller countries

KOREA (1950)
 North and South Korean border: 38 Parallel or DMZ (demilitarized zone)
o North Korea = supported by Russia and China – supplied weapons and people
o South Korea = invaded by NK military threat – almost lost  US + Philippines + UN helped
SKorea – won the war
 When US and UN got there – pushed back N korea to Pyeongyang – why? reinforcements coming from
China helped the N – established the 38 Parallel or DMZ (demilitarized zone)
 Up to now: No signing that N and S Korea war ended === military training required for citizens

PHILIPPINES – required military training – agree or not?

 Agree – promotes responsibility – teaches discipline
 Disagree – promotes corruption – discipline reason is not enough reason!

BERLIN BLOCKADE
 Soviets tried to get the whole Berlin
 USSR tried to limit US, Brits, French – to travel to administer the sectors in West Berlin
o US flied over the wall to drop supplies  build Berlin Wall
 No Access in West Berlin  led to the building of the Berlin Wall

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

 Cuba converted to communism (Fidel Castro)
 Russia  placed the missiles and weapons in Cuba (Cuba within US)
o US have missiles near Turkey and Italy kasi
 Bay of Pigs – a failed CIA led mission – an attempt by the USA to put down a communism in Cuba –
failed due to the missiles placed there
 US and USSR close to having a nuke war

VIDEO: Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis
 Moment during the Cold War when the 2 superpowers came close to Nuke war
 After failed BAY OF PIGS INVASION IN 1961 – Kennedy Administration
 Nikita Khrushchev – secret agreement with Cuban Premier Fidel Castro
o Agreement: place Soviet nuke surface-to-air missiles in Cuba to deter any further US aggression
 JFK – did not protest BUT said that missiles in Cuba will raise issues

OCTOBER 14, 1962

- US spy planes took photos – showed ballistic missiles were being constructed in Cuba
- Nikita promised before that he will not send offensive missiles to Cuba == photo showed that he was l
ying
 JFK – assembled XCOM – Executive Committee of the National Security Council
o At first: favored bombinG Cuba
o Middle course: naval quarantine of Cuba – blockade – assumed that state of war existed
 JFK – letter to Nikita – wont allow offensive weapons be delivered to Cuba
 National TV – inform the public of the crisis – policy of the nation to regard any
missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an
attack by the Soviet Union on US
  That US was left with no choice – a full retaliatory response

October 24, 1962

 Nikita responded: blockade was sign of aggression – said that ships did not carry offensive weapons
o In reality: almost completion of missile sites in Cuba

October 27
 Nikita sent message to JFK – USSR to remove missiles in Cuba but asked US not to invade Cuba
 Later ----- second letter was send: provoked debate again – US to remove US missiles in Turkey – same
day: US jet was shot down over Cuba
o JFK prepared to attack Cuba

Later that night: Atty. General Robert Kennedy – secretly met with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin –
said that US will really remove Turkey missiles in 6 months anyway but this was a secret

Next morning: Nikita announced missiles dismantle and remove from Cuba

OCTOBER 1962 – world escaped a nuke war because of Kennedy and Annatoly

1963
 Phone hotline setup

1968
 Banning of nuke testing
 Promised not to supply nuke tech to other countries

Submarine – bombarded by US ship – submarine no outside communication – submarines carry nuclear

torpedoes – tensions were high - almost shot torpedoes

END OF COLD WAR:

 Cold war ended as the same time the USSR collapsed  communism did not work – how
1. Nuclear bombs expensive
2. People wanted change – Russia wanted freedom (economy is going down and military going up)

 Fall of the Berlin Wall

 Changes in USSR under Gorbachev
1. GLASNOST – openness policy
2. PETROISKA – restructuring of economic policies  led to collapse of USSR

USSR – proof of failure in communism

- Today: North Korea

1. What was the Space Race during the Cold War, and why was it important?

 The Space Race was between US and USSR, who competed to prove their technological knowledge in becoming
the first nation to send man in space. The Space Race was important because it gave the two superpowers a way
for them to show their technological power and superiority, it also gave the nation who was winning the symbol of
 prestige and power. Aside from this, superiority in the Space Race implied that that nation has far more advanced
military technology. The Space Race also led scientific advancements in astronomy.

2. How did countries like the United States and the Soviet Union try to outdo each other in space exploration?

 Both built space ships and satellites and try to successfully launch them. They also competed in who will send man
in space first. USSR won this by sending Yuri Gagarin first. Both superpowers also built space stations.
 Apollo 11 ended the Space Race since US was the first one to send man to moon – but did not end the Cold War

3. How did the Arms Race between the United States and the Soviet Union impact global politics, and how did it
eventually contribute to the end of the Cold War?

 The Arms Race increased the tensions between US and USSR that led both to constant rivalry and competition.
Both countries built and stored nuclear weapons and created global fear of nuclear war. The competition between
US and UUSR also led to proxy wars, wherein smaller countries would fight for them due to the differences in
ideologies. It also led to the signing of the MAD treaty wherein the two countries knew the effects if a nuke war
will happen.
o The Cold War ended because of the arms race because this led to the collapse of USSR. Mikhail
Gorbachev’s reforms like the glasnost or openness policy and petroiska or restructuring made the process
of reform in USSR faster that ultimately led to the end of the Cold War. USSR wanted to reduce their
military spending which led to the collapse of USSR and the end of the Cold War.
o How did Arms Race contributed to the end of the Cold War? = Arms Race greatly affected USSR –
because military weapon, bombs are not easy to maintain and very expensive (people pay for those
expenses) – affected the economy of USSR

VIDEO: HOW AND WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSE

Soviet Union
_ December 25, 1991
o Mikhail Gorbachev – announced the USSR is stepping into the new world
o Soviet Union dissolved – Gorbachev stepped down
 Broke up into 15 independent republics > USA now the new world superpower

1980’s
_ Soviet Union appeared powerful but not – it was splitting apart
❊ Gorbachev’s plan – USSR be like China – communist-capitalist system
❊ Ease restrictions on freedom of speech and religion
_ Gorbachev’s plan backfired  easing control over people + reforms  people will have new found powers
o New generations were more in tune with world events
_ Soviet economy  weakened and limited  people were suffering  call out to regime change
_ 15 different republics under USSR  inherited tensions  regime changes  Gorbachev doesn’t want war 
allowed the 15 republics to go in their separate ways

Analyze the impact of the Cold War on a country outside of the United States and the Soviet Union.

Aspects USA USSR (RUSSIA)

to
consider
The cold war affected Korea, specifically
Political The impact of the US here North Korea. This happened because of How did the Cold War influence the

Impact on the Philippines was their
ideology that they supported.
They supported capitalism
and this had an impact by
the Philippines having a
democratic government. The
alliances that impacted the
Philippines was the SEATO
or the South East Asia treaty
Organization because we
are part of the southeast
Asian countries. The
Philippines sent soldiers to
Korea during the Korean
proxy wars. Lastly are the
policies that were influenced
by the US. The US said that
they would help the
Philippines if there was any
danger. This is connected to
the US anti-communist.
Economic USA had great military
Impact spending that affected its
economy that it provided
jobs for Americans with the
production of military
weapons. It also led to space
race with USSR that
contributed to its
technological advancements.
It also increased alliances
with other countries, thus
increasing its trade and
economic relationship with
its allies.
the proxy wars. Until today, North Korea is
Communist, communism was promoted by
the USSR. The alliances are because of
the COMECON, the USSR would help
neighboring countries if they would stop
getting help from the US and support
communism. The policies were North
Korea was communist and the south was
capitalist.
USSR maintained
tight control over the
society and economy
with communism.
government structure, policies, and
alliances?
Government Structure: The Cold War
led to the expansion of government
agencies that were focused on
security and intelligence gathering
with the creation of CIA, KGB, etc.
Policies: The Cold war led the US to
pursue the containment of communism
the led to intervention of the US
government with countries who are at
risk of communism, while the USSR
to pursued and supported countries
who are in the brink of communism.
Countries like Vietnam and Korea
were the ones who were very affected
of those policies. USSR also had
policies and programs that led to
several conflicts with East Germany.
Alliances: The Cold War prompted
the formation of military and political
alliances that has the goal to counter
communisms. It led to the formation
of NATO, SEATO, and CENTO for
the US and its allies and the Warsaw
Pact for the USSR.
What were the economic
consequences of the Cold War on the
chosen country, such as trade, aid, or
sanctions?
For USA, it expanded its global
relationships with its allies in Europe
and Asia. USA provided aid to its
allies with Marshall Plan that aimed to
rebuild the Western Europe and
prevent the spread of communism.
USA imposed economic sanctions on
communist countries which pressured
those countries economically. USA’s
economy improved because of
globalization and because USA gained
opportunities to engage in economic
trading with other countries.
For USSR, thru COMECON, Russian
economy was integrated with the
Eastern European countries with the
 condition that those countries will not
accept any aid from USA so trade
relationships with the West is very
limited due to political and ideological
differences. Because of this USSR was
not able to adapt to global economic
conditions and they were spending too
much in militarization and were left
behind leading to its collapse in 1991.

Social The Cold War created fear How did the Cold War affect the
Impact and anxiety of the citizens society and daily lives of people?
due to the Cuban Missile
Crisis. Another is it led to People were scared and paranoid
because of the nuclear weapons that
several movements like the
came with the Cold War. Countries
Civil Rights Movements also saw the need of its citizens to
where people wanted undergo military training just to be
equality amongst women and prepared for political conflicts. It also
people of color. created political movements, civil right
movements and anti-war movements.

Cultural Freedom and individualism What cultural influences, including art,

Impact began to be increasingly literature, and media, did the Cold
emphasized. There is also War bring?
the emergence of drug
culture, activists and
revolutionaries. The youth
also turned their attention to
significant issues of the
society like ending the Cold
War, nuclear proliferation
and ending proxy wars like
the Vietnam War.

BOOK4th Quarter: 4.1 ::::: THE COLD WAR

Cold War
 Period of uneasy relations between USSR and US
 When did it begin: after WW2
 Characterized by: prevailing influence of ideological conflict in political and economic relations among nations
 Effects of Cold war:
1. Rivalry between US – USSR
 2. several conflicts all over the world
3. emergence of the continual threat of nuclear war
4. significant developments in Western society = centered on social changes (civil rights and women’s rights
movements)
 Cold war – is the period where US took on greater and more significant roles as a WORLD POWER
o Became an opportunity for Americans to be involved in global affairs in defense of democracy
 Resulted to more challenges than triumphs – US did not get any (+) effects in many places in the
world
 Postwar years = became an opportunity for America and the West to reflect on its ideals as it
addressed significant issues on human rights and equality – esp in the plight of NON-WHITES and
women

IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF COLD WAR

 Ideological conflict: US Democratic – Capitalist vs USSR Communism  opposing ideas gave way to opposing
worldviews and different perspective on how the world should change and progress

property and enterprise
Significant force in the economy
CAPITALISM COMMUNISM
 private wealth as an indication of
 Values private property and free inequality
enterprise  economic resources as public
property  should be under
control of the state
 capitalist / entrepreneur =
 capitalist or entrepreneur represents unequal and
considered as significant force in exploitative nature of capitalism
the economy  Workers are most significant
economic work force and most
important aspect of production in
the economy

 Effects of IDEOOGICAL RIFT

 Gave rise to competing intentions about the European political and economic interests and global ambitions
a. US – envisioned Europe and the world = united thru emerging capitalists INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMY ======= this vision – seen by RUSSIA as a threat to the political and economic stability of
Europe and its foreign interests worldwide

b. Soviet Union – driven by ideas of the COMINTERN – sought to spread communist and socialist thought
throughout the world
FOR SOVIETS
- Capitalist-oriented nations = threat to communism
- Communist doctrine = advocates the downfall of capitalism by minimizing the influence of the US and other capitalists
states in world affairs
- US vs USSR Tensions – evident in the final years of the WW2
o End of war  changed the political landscape of Europe ----- continent were divided between the US, Britain,
France and Russia    later on influenced the political developments  COLD WAR

THE IRON CURTAIN

De W
 A metaphor: describe the division of Europe following the WW2
 Divided between Europe :::::
Com E
o democratic countries in Western Europe
o communist states in Eastern Europe

 Descent of the iron curtain is due to the: spread of communism in Eastern Europe – because of Russia either occupying
or controlling many parts of the region
 o 1947 – 1947 = communist governments were established in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
o 1948 = communists seized power in Czechoslovakia

 EASTERN BLOC = due to the spread of communist regimes throughout the Eastern Europe + Russia establishing
alliances with or directly influencing communist states

 WARSAW PACT = 1955 – leadership: USSR = pact that formalized the Eastern Bloc as an opposing force to the
capitalist state in the Western Europe

HOW DID THE US CONTAINED THE COMMUNIST EXPANSION?

TRUMAN DOCTRINE
 Response of US to the communist expansion in Europe
 What does it say: US government will provided financial aid to countries threatened by communism
 By: US President Harry Truman (1947)
o Said that:
 Spread of communism = threat to the independence of nations
 Role of US = defend all free nations from the spread of communism

MARSHALL PLAN
 An economic recovery program
 Intended to help the war-ravaged European states
 How: address the threat of economic instability in Europe
 Americans believed that communists took advantage of economic turmoil in Europe to take control of
governments and societies
 Maintain economic stability = one way of addressing the communist threat

NATO
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
 Military alliance: Britain – France – Demark – Iceland – Italy – Belgium – Luxembourg – Netherlands
– Norway – Portugal – US – Canada ++ Greece – Spain – Turkey – West Germany
 Principle: mutual support and protection of each other = AN ATTACK ON A NATO MEMBER
COUNTRY WILL COMPEL THE OTHER MMEBERS TO TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION
o An attack on one = attack all other members !!!

NUCLEAR DETERRENCE AND M.A.D. (MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION)

 Both sides in Cold War = do not want to risk military conflict
o Emergence of nuclear weapons = seen as a significant technological development
o Both US and USSR – endeavored to gain tactical advantage over the other
 How:
a. develop nuclear technology
b. Creating and stockpiling nuclear weapons
 US – at first – had the technological and scientific advantage – first to develop nuclear weapons
 1949 – USSR – announced the successful testing of an atomic bomb
 Existence of nuclear weapons = deterrent against both sides using them
o Why????? using nuclear weapons = nuclear war = destruction of both sides = MAD
o MAD – Mutual Assured Destruction – limited the military actions in the Cold War to
conventional warfare and small-scale conflict
  Existence of nuclear weapons = Paranoia among citizens if Nuke war happens  devasting effects of possible nuclear
conflicts
o Evidence of paranoia = frequent nuclear attack drills in American schools = paranoia from arms race that might lead
to Nuclear War

 NUCLEAR POWERS: US and USSR ==== Britain – France – China followed

o Countries that crated and detonated powerful atomic bombs
o US and USSR – only countries AT THAT TIME that developed the technology and system to effectively deploy
nuclear weapons at ANY POINT IN THE GLOBE

THE DOMINO THEORY

 View that the entry of communism in one country in a certain region or continent will lead to the spread
of communism throughout that region
 Theory applied primarily to the situation in Asia
o Asia – spread of communism in Indochina = feared to signal the eventual downfall of the rest of
Southeast Asia to communism
 Justification for WESTERN INTERVENTION in various regions throughout the world
o US – led in intervening in countries where there was a threat of the rise of communism
 Effect: civil wars or installation of repressive or dictatorial regimes – led to harmful
effects on the countries
THE FIRST – SECOND – and – THIRD WORLDS aka THREE WORLDS MODEL
- Also an effect of the Cold War
- THREE WORLDS MODEL = Categorization of nations based on ideology and economic development
o Considered to be currently OBSOLETE – but concept of third world remains popular in academics
o Most recent theories and concepts on world relations and development include the GLOBAL SOUTH and the
WORLD SYSTES THEORY

First world Second world Third world

- Included countries with - Include the USSR and its - Included the developing
developed nations of allies and underdeveloped
Western Europe and the - Ideology: communist nations
US ideology - Nations caught in between
- Ideology: democratic the rivalry between the 1st
governments and capitalist and 2nd world nations
economies - Nations – became the
battlegrounds of competing
sides in the Cold War =
PROXY WARS
A DIVIDED WORLD
 Divisions between the democratic and communist states
 Became evident in conflicts and struggles that ensued several places throughout the world
 Effect of the rivalry between US and USSR – had significant political and economic effects in many
regions throughout the world

GERMANY and the BERLIN WALL

 Where: in Europe
 Germany – became a significant center in the struggle between the West and the USSR
o End of WW2 – Germany – was divided into several sectors by the Allied nations
 US – Britain – France = control the western sections of the country
 Soviet Union – control of the eastern regions
  Had growing tensions among the former allies
 Russia – took steps to isolate the eastern regions of Germany  bring it fully under its control 
creation of two states
A. Communist East Germany
B. Democratic West Germany

 Division – super evident in the city of Berlin

 1948 – Russians imposed a blockade on the western sections of Berlin (under democratic Allied
Nations)
o Allies at that time believed that: direct confrontation with Soviets = military conflict 
implemented a solution – supplies were airlifted into West Berlin
o Soviets = did nothing to block the air transport
 1949 – blockade ended == but CAUSED: sour relations between USSR and the WEST
o Result: Official division of state of Germany
a. Federal Republic of Germany in West Germany
b. German Democratic Republic in East Germany

Communist East Germany

- Have policies and programs under firm Soviet control  led to several conflicts with East Germany

Worker’s Revolt in 1953

- Due t nationalization of industry & agriculture
- Forcibly crushed by Soviet troops
- Resulted to: increased number of East Germans migrating to West Germany thru Berlin City

What did the government do to stop the migration?

- East German erected along the border between East & West Germany = BERLIN WALL

BERLIN WALL
- A reminder of the divisions that characterized the political landscape of Europe throughout the Cold
War

PROXY WARS / SMALL-SCALE CONFLICTS / ESPOINAGE

PROXY WARS
 Cause: ideological conflict between US and USSR
 Military conflict in various places – global powers did not directly engaged each other – why: threat of nuclear
annihilation
 Effect: manipulation of governments or instigating small-conflicts in troubled regions throughout the world
 Characterized by a LACK OF DIRECT CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE MAIN ANTAGAONISTS IN THE
Cold War
o US and USSR would directly intervene in the affairs of a country which they considered under threat

PROXY WARS
Korean War
-
Vietnam War
- US supported South Vietnam from the threat of communist rebels
1979
 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to protect a newly established communist government
-
1980
- Communist fought MUJADHIDEEN (anti-communist fighters)
 Mujahideen were getting substantial support from US and its ally Pakistan
 1M Afghan civilians were killed + millions fled and became refugees

1989
USSR withdrew – why: due to international criticism and continued resistance from the Afghan rebels === BUT USSR still
continued its support to the Afghan government
1980s
- Nicaragua – became the battleground in the Cold War
- Civil war = between communist SANDINISTAS (USSR) vs anticommunist CONTRAS (supported by US)

ESPOINAGE
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA – US)
Committee for State Security (KGB – Russian)
MI-6 – British Intelligence Agency
MOSSAD – Israel

Focus of agencies:
 Acquire intelligence regarding nuclear technology

RUSSIANS
 Want to acquire knowledge on nuclear research of the West

AMERICANS and its allies

 Want to protect their nuclear secrets
 Conduct counter-intelligence by uncovering spies who were attempting to destabilize their countries or gain nuclear
information
 Acquire knowledge regarding the Russian nuclear program

LATER:::::
 Intelligence agencies – engaged in a more sophisticated activities
1. Spread of disinformation to influence political events in certain countries
2. Organizing rebellions or coups against the government
3. Recruit of individuals to spy on their governments
4. Conducting assassination of key individuals
5. Implemented signals intelligence == refers to the interception and analysis of communication
 National Security Agency (NSA) – US
RUSSIA and the COMMUNIST BLOCK after STALIN

JOSEPH STALIN
 His death (1953) marked a significant change in the direction of the Communist government in Russia

NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
 Came to power in 1955
 Implemented a program of DE-STALINIZATION
o Aim: to decrease the cult of personality that grew around the Russian leader Joseph Stalin
 Criticized Stalin’s policies  diminish powers of Russian police + political dissidents were allowed to
return from exile
 Called for cooperation and a PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE between US and SOVIET
UNION
 First leader to visit US – showed the improving relations between US and USSR
 o 1960s – a US spy plane was shot down in the border of Turkey and USSR  cancel the summit
with US President Dwight Eisenhower in Paris
 Changed Russian policies
o Effect: Communist countries in Eastern Europe became more politically independent
o Some countries rebelled against Soviet Union 1956: Poland and Hungary
 Polish government – implemented more liberal policies + relaxed controls over industry
and agriculture + more freedom to the Catholic Church
 Hungary – became center of protests – led by students, workers, intellectuals, soldiers 
resulted to expulsion of Russian troops from the country + became an institution of a
more liberal government
 Few months later: Soviet sent troops to BUDAPEST – overthrew the new
government  established communist government  Hungary was again under
Russian control
 Czechoslovakia – 1968 – PROTESTS  led to government reforms  Russia used its
military powers  put down protests and restore control

LEONID BREZHNEV
 Became the leader of USSR – 1964
 Sought for improvements in Russian industries
o 1970s – Russia – leading producer of STELL and ENERGY RESOURCES (oil and coal) ===
still with economic problems
 Economic problems:
a. Shortage of basic commodities (clothing, food, consumer goods)
b. Slow agricultural development  Russia imported agricultural products from others
 Focused on military  spent resources to increase its army and navy + weapons
 Reiterated Russia’s right to intervene in any socialist or communist states if their governments face any
danger

COLD WAR IN SOUTH AMERICA, AFRICA and the MIDDLE EAST

SOUTH AMERICA
 After WW2 – became an important center of revolutionary activity
 Countries in South America – characterized by economic and political instability  either under dictatorship or
revolutionary governments

US and SOUTH AMERICA

 20th century – businessmen engaged in production and export of FRUIT products – BANANAS
o US Businessmen – manipulated local politics to ensure their control over agricultural lands and production in
the region
 American fruit companies – supported and sustained governments that were compliant to their
demands  establishment of BANANA REPUBLICS – Honduras and Guatemala
 UNITED FRUIT COMPANY – in cooperation with the CIA – orchestrated a coup vs the
democratically-elected government of Guatemala  installed a MILITARY GOVERNMENT
o US also conducted several operations in South America  to expand political agenda in the region
  1973 – CIA backed a military coup in CHILE – deposed its MARXIST PRESIDENT SALVADOR
ALLENDE  led to the establishment of a MILITARY JUNTA led by GENERAL AUGUSTO
PINOCHET
 PINOCHET’s rule: characterized by repression and rampant human rights abuses  led to deaths and
disappearances of thousands of Chileans
 1974 - DIRTY WAR – US was suspectedly involved - in Argentina – continued until 1983
 War involved right-wing military groups and leftist guerillas – many civilians suspected of
being communist sympathizers were also caught in the conflict
 1989 – US invaded PANAMA – removal of military dictator MANUEL NORIEGA
 IN CUBA
o 1959 – FULGENCIO BATISTA – US-backed dictator – successfully ousted by communist rebels
 FIDEL CASTRO – replaced Fulgencio Batista – government: Revolutionary Socialist Government
 When the revolutionary government seized US businesses and property in Cuba  Americans
imposed an embargo + froze all Cuban financial assets
o 1961 – US funded an attempted counterrevolutionary uprising
 Uprising – supposed to start with an invasion of a military force composed of exiled Cubans who
landed in the BAY OF PIGS
 Attempt – unsuccessful – invaders were defeated by Cuban Army
 Cuba – established an alliance with Russia and Castro – want communist revolution in South America
and the rest of the world
o 1965 – ERNESTO “Che” GUEVARRA – second-in-command – embarked on a campaign – to provoke
revolutions and spread communism abroad – Guevarra was killed by military forces in Bolivia

 IN AFRICA
o Another battleground between US and USSR
o 1957 – GHANA – won its independence
 KWAE NKRUMAH – became the first president
 Had leftist leanings – openly friendly with the USSR and communist China
o 1966 – Nkrumah visited North Vietnam and China – his government was toppled by a military coup
 New government of Ghana – ruled by military council – stopped the diplomatic relations with
communist countries – aligned itself with the Western Bloc
o CONGO CRISIS
 1960 – 1965 – another proxy war
 Congolese Prime Minister PATRICE LUMUMBA – asked aid from Russians to end the conflict
 GENERAL MOBUTO SESE SEKO – launched a coup  removal of Lumumba from power
 Expelled the communist and established a military dictatorship in Congo
 Renamed Congo to ZAIRE (1971)
 1975 – civil war in Angola – communist vs anti-communist groups – intervention of Russia,
Cuba, US and South Africa

 IN MIDDLE EAST
o Cold war greatly defined by the rise of Arab nationalism
o Throughout the region – monarchies were toppled by nationalist elements
 1952 – EGYPT = KING FAROUK – deposed by military officials  new government  led by
GENERAL GAMAL ABDEL NASSER
 1958 – IRAQ = nationalist revolution – overthrew the king
 LIBYA – monarchy was deposed by a military coup – leader: COLONEL MUAMMAR GADDAFI
o Region was not spared from ideological struggles of the Cold War
 Gen Nasser of Egypt – espoused Arab socialism – friendly with Russia and the Eastern Bloc
 1969 – Marxist elements gained control of South Yemen  renamed; People’s Democratic Republic
of Yemen
 US sought to contain the spread of communism in the Middle East  established alliances
with countries (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan)
 USSR – established relations with Egypt, Syria, Libya, South Yemen
o Western nations – intervened in political developments in the Middle East
  In IRAN = US and Britain – made a coup in 1951 – removal of MOHAMMAD MOSSADEGH from
power  installed REZA PAHALVI as leader (Shah of Iran)
 Effect: prompted Mossadegh’s to nationalize the oil industry of Iran == THREAT TO
BRITISH ECONOMIC INTERESTS
 1961 – US-backed Pahlavi – overthrown by a popular revolution  into power was GRAND
AYATOLLAH RUHOLAH KHOMEINI
 Effect: WAR Iran vs Iraq – 1980 to 1988
o SADDAM HUSSEIN – Iraq’s leader – gained support of many Western powers ==
extreme measures were employed by the Iraqi Army in war  used chemical
weapons that targeted civilians  Iraq lost Western support  intervention of the
United Nations

KOREAN WAR
 Resulted after the WW2  divided nation in Korean peninsula
 Upon surrender of Japan (1945) – Korean peninsula was divided between the Russian forces (occupied the North) and
American forces (occupied the South)  gave rise to rival governments in N and S Korea
 1950 – North Korean military invaded South Korea
o Invasion was successfully resisted thru a joint effort between US and the UN military forces
 1953 – armistice was signed  end of fighting
 Effects of Korean war:
(A) convinced the US the need to intervene military areas of conflict
(B) cemented American support for Taiwan (Taiwan – seen as important strategic ally of the US in the Asia-Pacific
region)  effect: isolation of Communist China in the world affairs (US used its influence to deny Communist
China recognition in the United Nations)  effect: strengthen relationship USSR and China

THE RISE OF COMMUNIST CHINA

 resulted from the WW2  renewed conflict between CHIANG KAI-SHEK vs CHINESE COMMUNIST
 attempt to foster a coalition government failed
 1946 – war CHINESE GOVERNMENT vs MAO ZEDONG communist
o Why did many Chinese supported communist Mao Zedong– sympathetic to Chinese communist – advocated a
form of socialism based on the plight of the peasant farmers
(1) Corruption in the nationalist government
(2) Abuses of nationalist military
 US was aware of the various faults – still supported Chiang Kai Shek – why? to contain the communist expansion in
China
o Was US successful? NO – communist forces eventually prevailed over the nationalist government
 Result: Chiang Kai Shek and his followers flee to Taiwan  established a government-in-exile
(1949)
 Result: US was alarmed because of spread of communism

EARLY DECADES OF COMMUNIST RULE IN CHINA

 Implemented of several five-year plans – goal: to foster economic development thru the nationalization
of industry and agriculture
(1) Established COLLECTIVE FARMS (successful)
(2) GREAT LEAP FORWARD – large scale industrial and agricultural projects in China (unsuccessful 
led to widespread hunger and discontented citizens)
(3) CULTURAL REVOLUTION – goal: implement significant social and political changes in China
 Effect: upheaval (violent reaction) == many privileged and educated members of Chinese
society were targeted by communist government
 Mao used this revolution to get rid of his opponents within the Communist party
 RED GUARDS – organization composed of followers of Mao – forefront of the Cultural
Revolution
 Effect of Cultural Revolution: period of conflict throughout China  millions of deaths 
chaos led to government to end the revolution in 1968
 Failure of Cultural Revolution  decreased Mao’s influence in the Communist party 
ZHOU EN-LAI gained prominence
  Zhou En-Lai – had more moderate views vs the hardline revolutionaries
o His views = intended to steer China towards economic modernity
 ZHOU vs MAO = economic development became difficult
o Mao – push for revolutionary change in China  critics of Mao think that Mao
wanted full control of the government
o Zhou and Mao – both died  turmoil  conflict between supporters of Mao and
Zhou
 DENG XIAOPING – ally of Zhou – took power – communist leader 1978

What did Deng Xiaoping do?

(1) implemented key economic reforms in China
(2) steered the government away from radical ideas of Mao

EFFECTS of DENG XIAOPING’s LEADERSHIP

(1) paved the way for gradual economic progress
(2) open relations with the west
(3) improved ties with the US

EFFECTS OF IMPROVED CHINA-US RELATIONSHIP

(1) US President Richard Nixon visited China (1971) to meet with Zhou En-lai
(2) US voted in favor for recognizing communist China in the United Nations
(3) Establishment of US-China diplomatic relations (right after Deng Xiaoping’s official state visit in US)
(4) China-USSR relationship deteriorated
a. Began to disagree on several key policies (eg. Establishing relationships with Western countries)
b. Border conflict between USSR and China along the AMUR RIVER  increased tensions between
USSR and China

THE SITUATION IN INDOCHINA

❊ Further conflict – communist-inspired independence movements resisted the returning colonial forces in the region
❊ 1946 = War = French vs Viet Minh (a communist-influenced nationalist alliance = Leader: Ho Chi Minh)
❊ 1950s = communist China provided military support to Viet Minh
o US feared another communist incursion  so US lent support to France
❊ 1954 = Battle of Dien Bien Phu = Communist vs French forces (communists won)
o Effect: Vietnam was divided into two regions
(a) Communist North
(b) Democratic South
Laos and Cambodia – became independent with neutral governments
US and South Vietnam
❊ US provided support to South Vietnam
❊ South Vietnam President: NGO DINH DIEM = implemented authoritarian policies – why? to root their
communist and dissidents
o What did US do? BLIND EYE to corruption and rampant abuses of Ngo Din Diem
❊ 1959 = North vs South Vietnam War
o Communist forces were in the South = receiving aid from North Vietnam
o VIET CONG – Communist forces in South Vietnam
 Was able to expand their influence in South Vietnam
 Effect: US removed Ngo Din Diem from power  allowed a new anti-
communist government to take control
 DESPITE OF THIS – South Vietnam still remained politically unstable
❊ 1965 – American soldiers were sent to South Vietnam to support the anti-communist government
❊ Participation of US in Vietnam war – costly endeavor
o Half a million US troops were sent to Vietnam to be military advisers to South Vietnamese
army
 o Effect of sending US Troops: US soldiers became more active at the frontlines in fighting the
Viet Cong
 Problem:
 US troops – young and inexperience = led to challenges in leadership and
maintaining professionalism among the soldiers
 Reported atrocities (abusive/wicked/cruel) of US soldiers
 Demoralization among the troops
o BOMBING CAMPAIGN TO NORTH VIETNAM
 Effect: thousands of American soldiers died + tens of thousands of communist fighters
and civilians died

US and South Vietnam (continued)

o TET OFFENSIVE – Viet Cong engaged in surprise attacks in several cities in South Vietnam
 Effects:
(1) exposed the failure of the US to maintain control in the region
(2) US government faced increased criticism for its involvement in the conflict 
massive protests in the US denouncing war
(3) US government were forced to withdraw US troops from South Vietnam

EFFECTS OF THE VIETNAM WAR on NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

(1) Use of HO CHI MINH TRAIL
 Neighboring countries – neutral in the conflict – but communists used part of the neighboring
counties to smuggle in weapons and supplies in the South Vietnam
(2) PATHEL LAO fought a civil war with the Laos government
 North Vietnamese forces attacked and occupied Laos territories
 Toppled the anti-communist government
(3) THE KHMER ROUGE – active in Cambodia – fought the government  won in 1975
 Leader: Pol Pot – initiated the purge of its enemies and forced civilians to move to labor and
agricultural camps in the countryside
 Communist government: TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP – severe policies and poor
governance  death of millions of Cambodians

THE ARMS RACE

❊ Central aspect of the Cold War – aim: The development of nuclear weapon
❊ Nuclear weapons in WW2 – atomic bombs dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
❊ Nuclear weapons in the Cold War – has a new purpose
o Central to the policy of DETERRENCE = implemented both by US and USSR
 Each side has their own nukes – but do not dare to attack the other without risking the all-
out nuclear war and the MAD
❊ Global powers engaged in arms race  develop new techs and weapons
US – USSR – United Kingdom – France – China
 1952 - first in thermonuclear  1961 – followed – but was able = other nuclear power countries
or HYDROGEN BOMB – to develop a more powerful  Also conducted nuclear tests
more powerful than atomic bomb THE TSAR BOMBA –  stockpile of nukes
bombs from WW2 yield of 50 megatons of TNT
 Developed nuclear  Developed intercontinental
submarines that can carry ballistic missiles (1957) –
nuclear warheads (1954) missiles capable of reaching
any target in any part of the
world
 ❊ concerns on nuclear tests = detrimental effects on health and environment – called to stop nuclear testing
+ cease the development + dismantling of exiting nukes

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

❊ centered on the presence of Russian ballistic missiles in Cuba
❊ USSR installed missile sites in Cuba = WHY? because of....
i. Failed Bay of Pigs invasion
ii. Presence of US missiles in Turkey and Italy
❊ What did US do? President John F Kennedy – implemented a NAVAL BLOCKADE around Cuba
o Intense negotiations between Kennedy and Khrushchev  Russia dismantled their sites in Cuba
+ US removed their missiles in Turkey and Italy
❊ Cuban missile crisis – considered to be the closest US and USSR direct conflict with each other 
brought the entire world to the brink of nuclear war
❊ Made the world realized – THREAT OF NUCLEAR ANNIHILATION

TREATIES SIGNED and IMPOSED BY NUCLEAR POWERS

❊ Paved the way for the easing the arms race and the prospect of peace and an end to the Cold War
I. PARTIAL NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY
 Banning of nuclear tests on land, sea, atmosphere
 Underground testing still continued
II. SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
 Reductions in nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles
III. START I – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (1972)
 Reduced ballistic missiles
 Imposed limits on submarine-launched missiles
IV. START II (1979)
 Reductions in nuclear weapons
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
 Third world countries began to assert their independence and became resistant to influence and
intervention of the Western and Eastern blocs

(1) NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (1961) India, Egypt, Ghana, Yugoslavia

o Countries advocated:
1.) peaceful coexistence
2.) respect for sovereignty, equality, non-aggression and non-interference
o non-aligned countries soon became significant political influence in global politics
o Soviet Union – began to increasingly focus on domestic issues (economic development)
 Effects:
1.) led to the reexamination of the communist economic policies  led to gradual
and political and economic reforms
2.) Russia began to shift away from revolutionary ideas of Stalin – began to embrace
to notion of coexistence with capitalist countries (US)

(2) HELSINKI ACCORDS

o Outlined the main principles that would guide international relations
 Sovereign equality
 Peaceful settlement of issues
 Non-intervention in the internal affairs of sovereign states

(3) STOCKHOLM PACT

 o Provided the inspection of military activities throughout Europe in order to reduce the risk of war

IN THE WEST
- Revival and consolidation of opposition against communism
- 1980s – US President Ronald Reagan + UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher = led the opposition to
communism
- Pope John Paul II = lent his considerable influence against communism
o SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT = (Poland) = advocated worker’s rights and democracy
 at this time: Russia – experiencing economic crisis due to the high military spending and
weak agriculture and industry + overseas interventions caused its economic weakening
- 1985 – MIKHAIL GORBACHEV – leader of Russian government = the one who transformed the
Russian government – how:
(1) Perestroika
 Allowed private ownership of business and foreign investment
(2) Glasnost
 Openness and transparency – to curve the corruption and abuse that was rampant in
the communist government
(3) Engaged the US in talks that reduced their nuclear arsenal  led the USSR to adopt a policy
of non-intervention in Eastern Europe

EFFECTS OF THE CHANGES ADOPTED BY MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

(1) Withdrawal of Russian forces in Afghanistan  marked the significant change in the foreign policy of
USSR
(2) Communist countries in Eastern and Central Europe began to implement reforms – Several revolts –
overthrowing of communist governments
IN GERMANY
 Political changes in Europe had a direct impact on the divided German nation
 Democracy was sweeping its neighboring countries – citizens were hard to maintain
 Ease of border restrictions in Hungary and Czechoslovakia  allowed Germans to move into West
Germany by traveling to these countries
o What did the East German government do for the migration? – imposed restrictions 
resulted to mass protests  eventually, East Germany gave in to the demands of its citizens
 reforms
o BERLIN WALL opened

THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL

 Marked the turning point in the history of Cold War
 Sections of wall were brought down
 East and West Germany were reunified  Berlin – became the capital of reunited Germany

SOVIET UNION COLLAPSE (1990)

❊ Cause of collapse: significant political changes
o Government reforms implemented by Gorbachev + independent Soviet republics
❊ Fear of collapse  attempted coup to remove Gorbachev in power  unsuccessful / Failed
 ❊ Gorbachev dissolved the Soviet Union – Soviet republics declared their independence  Russian state
was reorganized as the RUSSIAN FEDERATION – with a new government under BORIS
YELTSIN

PROBLEMS IN THE WEST (US)

(1) External threat of communism
(2) Internal issues that had a direct significance to democratic ideals
a. Issue of rights of minority groups
b. Issue of rights of women

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1950s)

❊ Led by: Martin Luther King jr
❊ Addressed the problem of RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
o Civil rights leaders sought to address the policy of segregation (whites and blacks were separated in public =
cannot mingle, cannot be on the same bus, cannot drink from same water fountain); policy of segregation in
schools
❊ 1954 – federal government instituted reforms
o Resulted to: civil rights movement continued to agitate for reforms thru peaceful demonstrations (sit-ins,
boycotts)

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1966)

❊ Banning of discrimination in employment and access to public services
❊ Reached and advocated the cause of Hispanics and native Americans
WOMEN’s RIGHTS
❊ Violated especially in the workplace

NOW – National Organization for Women

❊ Became a leader in the struggle for gender equality in the US
❊ “Second Wave” – a new wave of radical feminism = women activist
o Issue: reproductive rights – right of women to determine when they will have children or
even the right to terminate a pregnancy
❊ Other issues: equal opportunity and compensation in jobs, domestic violence, sexual discrimination and
sexual assault

CULTURAL and SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

(1) Freedom and individualism began to be increasingly emphasized (esp the generations born after WW2)
(2) Sexual revolution – liberal view on sexuality and sexual behavior
a. STONEWALL RIOTS – In US – gay community resisting marginalization and persecution from
the state  sparked the gay rights movement
(3) Emergence of drug culture – increased used of marijuana and alter mind-altering drugs like LSD
a. Emergence of HIPPIE subculture – members had liberal attitudes toward sex and drug use
(4) Significant impact on art and literature + new cultural icons == activists, revolutionaries, musicians,
artists, actors
(5) Youth – turned their attention to significant issues in society
a. Called for the end of the Cold War and nuclear proliferation
b. Protests against the Vietnam war – gained momentum – due to the participation of student
activist – they conducted demonstrations and other protest actions in many universities
throughout US

NEW TECHNOLOGIES from THE COLD WAR

 (1) SPACE RACE – from the US-USSR rivalry – both countries competed to the launching of artificial
satellites into outer space  sending man to space
a. SPUTNIK – USSR’s first satellite to orbit around the globe
b. YURI Gagarin – Russian cosmonaut – first to travel to outer space
c. NEIL Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin – US astronauts to land successfully on the moon

Space Race – significant due to the scientific advancements it came with

 Improvement in technology, communication, computer science
 Improvements – were used for future space flights and development of space probes to explore the
farthest reaches of the solar system
 Foundation of internet (1960s) – US Department of Defense funded a project to enable a creation of
network that will connect the computers of various government agencies to improve their
communication and exchange of information
 ARPANET – first computer network – forerunner to the modern internet
o 1970s – various computer networks were established worldwide to facilitate wider
information exchange among government agencies and research institutes in different parts
of the world
o 1980s – worldwide connection proliferated
o 1990s – internet was fully opened to commercial traffic

LESSON 4.2: CONTINUAL CHANGE IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY

GLOBAL COMMUNITY AT THE END OF COLD WAR
 Faced a lot of challenges and issues
❊ NEOCOLONIALISM
 Continued to influence sociopolitical developments in many African and Asian nations
❊ Conflicts that challenge peace & security in many parts of the world = required decisive action
from the global community

Neo
 Terrorism
 Territorial disputes
 Genocides

Cps
❊ Economic crises
❊ Epidemics & pandemics

GLOBALIZATION
(ttg)
 Seen as both an opportunity & challenge by many nations

Reality is borderless!
E – challenge nations to figure
out new ways to ensure that they will address the
Pan of globalization and
challenges and opportunities
seek new ways towards progress
CHALLENGE OF DECOLONIZATION AND NEOCOLONIALISM
End of WW2 – Allied Forces tasks:
(1) Ensure that global peace and security are preserved
 (2) Ensure the recognition of the sovereignty of each state

UNITED NATIONS
 October 24, 1945
 Countries of the world came together and made the UN

DECOLONIZATION
 Process where the colonizer withdraws from its colonies and recognizes their independence
 Issues: (1) APARTHEID (2). NEOCOLONIALISM

ASIAN COUNTRIES
 Struggle for independence prior to the outbreak of WW2
 End of war. Some colonies won their independence from their colonial masters
o Philippines – first to gain independence in 1946
o India and Pakistan – independence in 1947
o Indonesia – independence in 1949 - Netherlands failed to restore their colonial rule there
o British Malaya – independence in 1957
o Singapore – independence in 1963

 INDOCHINA – continued reign of the French

o INDOCHINESE RESISTANCE (1954)  France was compelled to recognize the independence
of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam (divided into North communist and South democratic Vietnam)

RISE OF NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

 Gave rise to conflict = nationalist Algerians vs the French
 Egypt won its independence – BUT region of Suez Canal – source of conflict when the British sought to maintain their
presence there
 African States
o Won their independence – BUT gave rise to internal conflict and civil wars (defined by long-standing ethnic
and tribal tensions)
o Conflict of African states – traced back to years of Western Imperialism and its policies (exploited tribal
divisions and conflicts)
o South Africa – when they became independent  had to deal with ISSUE OF APARTHEID = caused the
divided South African society into white Europeans and non-white Africans  result: Discrimination and
abuse  resentment and conflict between whites and non-whites

APARTHEID
 Opposed by a coalition of African politicians and activists led by NELSON MANDELA and Anglican bishop
DESMOND TUTU
 Resulted to divided South African society: White Europeans + non-white Africans
 Caused: discrimination and abuse + conflicts between whites vs non-whites

NEOCOLONIALISM
 Refers to the colonial powers retaining significant influence in their affairs of their former colonies despite their
independence
 Example:
o Congo, Belgium - retained their economic influence over the country – did not hesitate to intervene militarily
in times of conflict
 o Britain – have political and cultural ties with its former colonies thru the establishment of the
COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS
o US – Philippines – US exert economic and political influence thru treaties that allowed US to exploit the
country’s natural resources and maintain US military bases in Philippine territory

CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY

I. PERSIAN GULF WAR 1990
❊ Cause: invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi military forces
o Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait = seen as an attempt to gain access to the oil resources of the country
o Iraq’s claim: Kuwait was once part of Iraqi territory
❊ Effect: invasion was met by resistance from the international community
o UN condemned the invasion
o Military coalition (US-UK-France) – led the operations in Persian Gulf  1991 Freedom

II. BOSNIA and RWANDA ethnic conflicts 1990s

1.) 1992 BOSNIAN WAR
❊ Cause: conflict between Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
o Serb forces targeted Muslim Bosniaks for ETHNIC CLEANSING (forced removal or
killing of an ethnic group – goal- make the area ethnically homogenous)
❊ Response of international community: limited === 1994 NATO – led a series of airstrikes – target:
Bosnian Serb positions
❊ End: 1995 – with ceasefire agreement
❊ Result: thousands of deaths of Bosniak Muslims + people flee from the region
o Bosnian Serb leaders: - arrested and tried for genocide in 1994 and war crimes
1. Slobodan Milosevic
2. Radovan Kardzic
3. Ratko Mladic
2.) RWANDAN GENOCIDE 1994
❊ Cause: ethnic conflict Hutu vs Tutsi people
o Rwandan government – composed of Hutus – instigated a widespread slaughter of
Tutsi ad Batwa people – caused over 1M deaths + 2M refugees
❊ July 1994 – Tutsi-led offensive defeated the Rwandan government – end of genocide

III. Ethnic and religious persecutions in MYANMAR AND CHINA 2010s

1.) ROHINGYA GENOCIDE in MYANMAR 2016
❊ Cause: Military crackdowns in Rohingya villages
❊ Resulted to: an exodus of Muslim Rohingya people to Bangladesh, India, Thailand,
Malaysia and other parts of South and SEA
o Why: abuses from the Burmese military (rape, infanticide, extrajudicial killings,
massacres, village arsons, looting)
o Persecution of Muslim Rohingya == condemned by Muslim and Western countries

2.) Persecution of Christians, Uyghurs and other minorities in China

❊ Began since the Communist takeover in China
❊ Christian communities – faced persecution; destroyed churches. Christian leaders and
clerics were arrested
❊ 2018 – Chinese authorities = mass arrests of Muslim Uyghurs – detention – in
“vocational training centers” – according to reporters: inmates were subjected to abuse

IV. CONFLICTS IN MIDDLE EAST

 Resulted to: increase number of refugees in the region
1.) Establishment of Israel State (1948)
  several conflicts: Israelis vs Arab neighbors
 effect: Continual conflict between Israel and militant Palestinians living as refugees in the
West Bank region
2.) Rise of Extremism
 Resulted to: establishment of militant organizations
i. Hamas – in Palestine
ii. Hezbollah – in Lebanon
3.) ARAB SPRING
 Series of popular revolts (2010)
 Effect: significant changes in Middle East and North Africa
 Revolt started in TUNISIA – popular protests led to government reforms
a.) Libya – toppled the Moammar Gaddafi regime
 Resulted to civil war among rival groups who wanted power
b.) Egypt – removal of Hosni Mubarak from power
c.) Saudi Arabia and Syria – unsuccessful protests
❊ Syria – since 2011 – has been in the middle of a civil war = rebels vs govt forces
loyal to President Bashar al-Assad
o Effects: refugee crisis – Syrians flee to Middle East and Europe
 2013 – Egyptian govt – leader: Mohammad Morsi – forced from power by a military coup

V. Global threats in the recent decade

1.) KOREA
 North Korea promised cooperation and denuclearization of the Korean peninsula – it still continues with
aggressive actions against the southern neighbor
o Incidents in the DMZ (DeMilitarized Zone) – exchanges of gun fire + people who wanted to cross
the border
o North Korea still remains a significant security threat in Asia – why? presence of nukes + several
missile tests in the Sea of Japan

2.) RUSSIA
 Threat in Eastern Europe – why: invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula (2014)
o Action was widely condemned by international community
 Russian interference is suspected in several political events throughout the world (2016 US elections)
 Brexit referendum in the UK  led to the country’s continual exit from the EU / European Union

3.) CHINA
 Its growing economic and military influence = security concern
 Activities in the West Phil Sea = violation of the international law = territorial rights and maritime
activities in the region
o 2013 = Philippines submitted a claim vs China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA =
to address claims about maritime territory based on the international law)  2016 – PCA
declared China had no basis in claiming territories in the West Phil Sea  China REFUSED
to recognize the ruling  continued with its activities in the disputed territory
 2018 – US and China = became involved in a trade war – claim: unfair practices and intellectual
property theft by China  Trade war has negatively affected economies of both countries +
international economy also felt the impact of the trade conflict

THE WAR ON TERROR (terrorists)

I. AL QUEDA
❊ 9/11 – group of Al Qaeda terrorist hijacked 4 planes – crash into the towers of the World Trade Center in NYC
o Another plane crashed in the Pentagon
o 4th plane crashed into a field before it reached Washington DC – thousands killed
 ❊ 9/11 – marked the first terrorist attack against the US
❊ Al Qaeda leader: OSAMA BIN LADEN – claimed responsibility for the attack  what did US do = continued
US military presence in Saudi Arabia
❊ US President George W. Bush – authorized military action vs Al Qaeda
o Result: NATO-led military occupation of Afghanistan in October 2001
 Afghanistan sheltering Bin Laden  occupation of Afghanistan resulted in the defeat of the
TALIBAN  established democratic government (President Hamid Karzai)
❊ 2011 – US Special Forces – successful killing of Osama bin Laden – hiding in Pakistan
❊ 2014 – war declared officially over – BUT – US military remained there as advisors to the Afghan military

II. 2003 – US + UK military coalition invaded iRAQ

❊ Removal of Saddam Hussein from power
❊ Invasion of Iraq = unintended consequences
(1) Emergence of several militant groups eg. ISIL = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 Launched offensives and occupied several cities in northern Iraq and Syria
 ISIL – considered to be a major sponsor of global terrorism and engaged in propaganda that
incited several terrorist attacks in Europe
 2017 – Syrian and Iraqi govts = currently engaged in military actions to drive out ISLL from
its occupied territories

VI. EMERGING DISEASES AND PANDEMICS

Ancient times: Bubonic plague (1937) ; spread of smallpox in the American continent 1500s, cholera outbreak
1800

20th century: Spanish flu – spread worldwide – affected 500M === 50M deaths

(1) HIV / AIDS

❊ Considered a modern pandemic – affecting million of people all throughout the world
❊ HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus – origin: from West Africa
o From chimpanzees and other primates – spread thru eating meat from poached monkeys
❊ Spread further due to colonialism, sex trade, unhygienic medical practices
❊ 1960s 1970s = several epidemics in Africa  virus made its way to the West and US
o Initial response: slow – why? they believed that the spread was associated with
homosexuality and drug use (lots of victims homosexual and drug addicts)
o 1982 – term AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome – refered to the disease and
complication from HIV infection
o 2019 – 38M people with AIDS – mostly in South Africa, Nigeria, Mozambique and Ugana
o Response: preventive measures and treatment by various national govts in cooperation with
the WHO World Health Organization to contain the spread of HIV/AIDS

(2) EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

❊ Caused a lot of strains of the ebolavirus
❊ Origin: from Bats – spread to humans – thru bat meat consumption
❊ Where: Sub-Saharan Africa 1970s
o Largest outbreak: South Africa 2013 to 2016  thousands of deaths
o Isolated cases: UK, US, Spain
o 2018 – small outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo

(3) INFLUENZA VIRUS

❊ Lots of strains + fast spread + severe symptoms
❊ 2009 = H1N1 in US
 ❊ Bird flu + Swine Flu ==== focus of studies because it might spread to humans

(4) Human corona virus – 2000 = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
❊ Flulike symptoms + respiratory distress + infection + death
a. SARS 2003 outbreak – 30 countries – China, HK, Taiwan, Canada, Singapore
b. Middle East = MERS – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – 2012 – from Saudi Arabia to South
Korea, US, Turkey, UK, Germany, Philippines
c. 2019 – COVID-19 = declared a global public health emergency in January 2020 – fast lethal
spread kasi = 37M cases 1M deaths ===== quarantine procedures + lockdowns were
implemented to curb the spread of the virus

FACTORS THAT INCREASED THE RISK OF DISEASES TO REACH DIFF PARTS OF THE WORLD
QUICKLY
1. Globalization in trade & industry = esp in transportation and tourism
2. Disruption in communities caused by conflict or natural disasters  migration of large group of people
 spread of disease
3. Limited or lack of resources to respond to pandemics  unequal access to treatment and lifesaving
interventions for infected people

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

 To discuss significant regional and international issues
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
« First international organization
« Promotes international cooperation and upholds global peace, security and development
« Established when: October 24, 1945
« 51 member states – grown to 193 members at present
« Objectives:
a. Maintain international peace and security
b. Promote human rights
c. Foster socioeconomic devt
d. Protect environment
e. Provide humanitarian aid during famine, natural disasters and military conflict

PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF UN THAT UNDERTAKES IMPORTANT TASKS TO ADDRESS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

(1) GENERAL ASSEMBLY
« UN’s main deliberative, policy-making, and administrative body
« Tasks:
i. oversee the budget of the UN
ii. appoints non-permanent members of the Security Council
iii. issues resolutions on significant international issues
« all member states are represented in the General Assembly

(2) SECURITY COUNCIL

❊ Addresses issues related to GLOBAL PEACE and SECURITY
❊ Organizes peace keeping missions, imposes sanctions and authorizes military action
❊ With 15 members – 5 permanent + 10 non-permanent
o 5 permanent: US, Russia, France, China, UK
 Have the power to veto resolutions of the council
o 10 permanent: elected every two years by the General Assembly

(3) ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

 ❊ Oversees UN agencies that address economic and social issues and problems
❊ Coordinates with various international nongovernmental organizations in formulating policy recommendations

(4) SECRETARIAT
❊ the executive body of the UN
❊ head: Secretary-General
❊ sets the agenda of the organization and implements decisions of various UN bodies
❊ provides information, research and facilities to the UN

(5) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

❊ Extrajudicial organ of UN
❊ Deliberates upon and decides on legal disputes between states
❊ Provides legal advice to UN bodies and international organizations and agencies

(6) UNITED NATIONS TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

❊ Originally organized to administer trust territories which were former colonies placed under the administration of
the UN
❊ Has been inactive since 1994 – why: PALAU – last trust territory under UN’s authority – gained its independence

(7) WORLD BANK

(8) WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
(9) WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
(10) UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
(11) UNITED CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF)

Regional organizations
❊ Enables states to address concerns that affect their region
o Member states have common historical and cultural roots + common patterns of development 
regional organizations pave the way for political and economic integration

(1) EU EUROPEAN UNION

o A regional organization
o 27 European countries
o Organization roots: from the European Economic Community (EEC) founded in 1958
o 1993: EU was formally organized
o EU – a political and economic union of European states
 Majority of members – part of the EUROZONE
 EUROZONE – monetary union characterized by common monetary policies
 EURO – currency used by is 19 member states
 As a political union – EU deliberates regional issues and passes laws to address them
o Primary institution includes: European Parliament, Council of European Union, European Commission

(2) ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA STATES (OAS)

o Intercontinental organization with 35 countries from N America, Central America, S America
o Founded in 1948
o Goals:
i. Strengthen peace and security
ii. Promote democracy and human rights
iii. Promote free trade in the region

(3) AFRICAN UNION

o Composed of 54 countries in Africa
o Established: 2001 to replace the Organization of African Unity
o Aims:
A. Foster greater cooperation and solidarity among African states
B. Promote political, social and economic integration
C. Promote peace, security, democracy and human rights
 D. Advocate issues significant to Africa and its peoples

(4) ORGANIZTION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)

o First established as the Organization of the Islamic Conference (1969)
o All Muslim countries throughout the world belonged to OIC – including countries in West Asia, Central Asia,
SEA
o Second larges organization in the world
o Goal:
A. to foster unity among Muslim countries
B. promote political, economic, and cultural interest
C. promote and defend Islamic faith

(5) ARAB LEAGUE

o Organization of Muslim countries from W Asia and N Africa (1945)
o Aim
A. To strengthen relations and cooperation among its member states (in the field of politics,
economics, culture)
B. To pursuit a more stable and developed Islamic community

(6) ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

o One of the most prominent regional organizations in Asia
o Bangkok Declaration – paved the way for the establishment of ASEAN in 1967
o Composed of all countries in SEA (Timor Leste & Papua New Guinea – as observers)
 Observer status – they may participate in the discussion but unable to vote regarding decisions on issues or
actions implemented by the organization
o Goal = to Promote the interests of SEA nations in their relations with other Asian countries and regional
organization
o ASEAN has economic relations with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand

(7) ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - 1989

o Organization of countries from the Asia-Pacific region (4 continents: Asia, North America, South America,
Australia)
o Present: 21 members
o Aim: to foster cooperation in 4 major fields: trade, investment, entrepreneurship, economic & technical exchange

(8) ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

o Composed of countries na major suppliers of natural gas, oil , petroleum products – countries mostly from West
Asia
o OPEC – considered a cartel or a monopoly of oil and gas suppliers
o Has the power to supply the prices of oil and gas products in the world market
o Actions and decisions of OPEC – have great impact on oil industry and international oil market

(9) MILITARY ALLIANCES

o Play an important role in addressing peace and security concerns throughout the world
o Take the form of military coalitions organized by major global powers to counter significant security threats or
resolve conflicts
o Have taken the lead in several regional conflicts
 1990 Persian Gulf War
 2001 Occupation of Afghanistan
 2003 Invasion of Iraq
o UN organize a multinational peacekeeping force that addresses the conflict in many parts of the world
 EU, African Union, ASEAN = have security councils that address peace and security issues – empowered
to take military action to protect their member states
 Countries establish military alliances – how – by entering into defense agreements
o US – military agreement with: Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Philippines
 (10) NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
o From the Cold War
o A significant military alliance in present times
o Continues to address security threats in the region and other parts of the world
o Presently engaged in addressing the threat of terroris
o Since 2009 – participating in a multinational effort to curb piracy off the coast of the Arabian peninsula and the
Horn of Africa
o Has also intervened in a number of conflicts:
i. 1992 Bosnian War
ii. Invasion of Afghanistan in 2001
iii. 2011 Libyan Civil War

GLOBALIZATION and FREE TRADE

GLOBALIZATION
❊ Refers to the greater international integration brough about by the exchange of information, products,
and cultural influences
❊ Modern globalization – possible by transportation and communication
o Gave rise to increased migration, diffusion, economic interdependence and political coopearation

20th CENTURY GLOBALIZATION

❊ Driven by: economic growth and trade development

ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATON

1. Trade liberalization – countries reduce and eliminate barriers to trade (import quotas, tariffs)
2. Economic integration thru the establishment of free trade areas
3. Greater emphasis on international standards and information sharing
4. Increased foreign investments
5. Growth of transnational corporations

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)

❊ Signed in 1947
❊ Global effort toward trade liberalization by easing trade barriers like:
o Tariffs – imposed on imported products

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

❊ 1995
❊ Tasked in regulating international trade and settling trade disputes among countries

INTERNATION MONETARY FUND (IMF)

❊ Organization that addresses financial crises
❊ Provide support in managing financial transactions among countries
❊ Members of IMF – can gain access to funds that they can use to address trade imbalances and other
financial problems

WORLD BANK
❊ International financial institution that provides loans to countries to aid in the implementation of
economic and infrastructure programs

TRADE BLOCS
❊ Are established by trade agreements
 ❊ Impose common trade policies among participating countries

FREE TRADE AREAS

❊ Regions where economic blocs engage in free trade by reducing tariffs and quotas and facilitating the
free
flow of resources

**** Trade blocs and free trade areas ==== lead to further economic integration among countries – HOW?
Opening of borders + adoption of a common monetary and financial policy and common currency
❊ Most notable trade blocs:
1.) EU (European Union)
2.) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) – established a free trade that includes US,
Canada, Mexico and the ASEAN Free Trade Area

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATON
 Characterize by the:
01. transmission and exchange of ideas and cultural influences
02. improved communication thru new media (internet)
03. increased migration
04. multiculturalism

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
 resulted in the emergence of supranational organizations and institutions
 member countries surrender certain powers and control to a designated authority
 other indications of globalized politics: International aid efforts to address disasters and the emergence
of military coalitions in times of conflict

GLOBALIZATION
 has led to many opportunities for the development of countries
o critics: “growing economic, cultural and political integration = rise to several challenges and
issues”

OPPONENTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION Opposition of cultural globalization:

 sees that global economy as structured to  For them: multiculturalism is a threat to
favor developed countries rather than national identity and traditional values
developing countries
 international financial institutions – are also
considered as tools of developed countries to
influence or manipulate the global economy
to suit their interest

Economic impact of globalization – seen as a concern also

 Developed countries and transitional corporations often have a negative impact on the environment
KEYS TO GROWTH: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Advances in communication and information technology
I THE INTERNET
 Valuable and indispensable tool in life (education, business, politics)
 Caused what:
1.) The social and cultural developments due to internet and social media
o Example:
 Use of social media in Arab Spring 2010
 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine 2013
 Umbrella Revolution in Hong Kong 2014
2.) Growing awareness of many political and social issues and online interactions
 Basis for social movements

 Can cause about social and political change – less beneficial means
o Example:
 2013 – revelations of various governments using surveillance to gather information from
their citizens  led to calls to regulation of government surveillance powers + increased
security to protect private information
3.) Internet can be a battleground among individuals and groups who advocate certain political and
social agendas
a. WIKILEAKS – organization that publishes classified information from governments
b. ANONYMOUS – “Hacktivist” groups

II ADVANCEMENTS
 Caused a better standard of living for people throughout the world

01. Advances in medical research = treat illnesses (gene therapy) – led to advances in the treatment of
HIV and cancer
o Genetic engineering – used in agriculture – develop better yielding corps, pest-resistant food and
new medicine
02. Biotechnology – brought ethical issues about responsible use of technology in altering human genes
and long-term effects of biotechnology on humans
03. Robotics – transformed industries – manufacturing – use of robots rather than employing human
labor
 Led to concerns of future human employment
 Also led to several innovations
 Use of software (retail industry and service sector)
 Industries, govt and institutions – digitally interconnected = result: improve
exchange of information and more effective collaboration
 CHALLENGE:
 Cybercrime – illegal intrusions into networks, illegal access to information, use of
malicious software to disrupt businesses or sabotage industries
o 2013 – US based – cyberattack from Syria, Iran, North Korea
  Disable of services, spread of malicious software (virus and
malware)  can disable computer networks or make them
vulnerable to intrusions

Challenges:
01. Cybercrimes
02. Climate change
_ A significant concern for the global community
_ KYOTO PROTOCOL
o Provided a framework for the gradual reduction of global CO2 and other greenhouse gas
emissions
o Signed by 192 countries
o Problem: some highly-industrialized countries (US, Canada) rejected the treaty
o 2015 – UN climate change conference in Paris – proposed new agreement – set new
greenhouse gas reduction beginning 2020
_ Solution: renewable energy resources (solar power) + hybrid cars

03. Income inequality

_ Refers to the differences in the income of citizens within a country
_ Rampant in developing countries
_ UN said: 11% among developing countries – 75% of population affected
o US highest rate of income inequality (1% of American earning 30x more than 90% of
its population)
_ has a significant effects
a. effect on the economic development
b. decrease opportunities for individual progress
c. divided society

04. recognition of rights

a. people of color and women – face discrimination in the society and workplace
b. women – deprived of education + subject to exploitation and abuse
c. indigenous communities – denied of basic services + victims of violence = their homes are
exploited by governments and private corporations
d. gender identity – focus of discussion in the recent years – issue of LGBT rights, discrimination,
marriage equality (passed in US, Australia, Ireland)

TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF THE NEW MILLENIUM:

01. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
_ 17 global goals – addresses issues: health, hunger, education, equality, economic development,
climate action and justice, etc.

02. 2030 Development Agenda

_ Adopted in 2015 – sustainable development goals as its backbone
o Goals are intended to plot the course of the development of the world over the next few
decades
ACTIVITY: GOOGLE CLASSROOM
The Philippines in the
Context of the Cold War:
Political
Alignments and
Implications
The onset of the Cold War
dramatically impacted the
Philippines'
foreign policy and internal
dynamics. As a newly
independent
nation, the Philippines
found itself navigating a
world increasingly
polarized between the
capitalist West and the
communist East.
The strategic location of the
Philippines in the Pacific
made it a
key player in the unfolding
geopolitical drama of the
Cold War.
16
Aligning closely with the
United States, the
Philippines became an
active participant in anti-
communist efforts in the
region. This
alignment was evidenced
by the country's
involvement in the
Korean War as part of the
United Nations forces and
later in the
Vietnam War. These
commitments, while
strengthening ties with
the United States and other
Western allies, also brought
internal
debates about national
priorities and the extent of
involvement in
international conflicts.
The Cold War era also saw
the strengthening of
regional alliances
aimed at containing the
spread of communism. The
Philippines
was a founding member of
the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO), a
collective defense
arrangement echoing
the dynamics of the Cold
War. These alliances and
partnerships,
while enhancing the
country's strategic
importance, also meant
that the Philippines' foreign
policy was often closely
intertwined
with the broader objectives
of Cold War diplomacy.
In summary, the post-
independence and Cold
War era in the
Philippines was a time of
rebuilding, growth, and
significant
challenges. The country
grappled with the tasks of
economic
recovery, social reform, and
nation-building, all while
navigating
the complex and often
fraught terrain of Cold War
politics. This
period set the stage for the
Philippines' development as
a
sovereign nation, facing
both the opportunities and
challenges of
a rapidly changing world.
1. What is Neocolonialism and Decolonization
_ Neocolonialism
o refers to the continuous influence in sociopolitical developments in many African and Asian
nations
o refers to the colonial powers retaining significant influence in their affairs of the former
colonies despite the independence of previous colonies
_ Decolonization
o Refers to the process wherein the colonizer withdraw from its colonies and recognizes their
independence

2. What new challenges did global community face after the Cold War?
_ New challenges that the global community faced after the Cold war are the following:
a. Neocolonialism – colonial powers still influence on their colonies despite the independence of
previous colonies
b. Internal conflicts that challenged peace and security in many parts of the world that required
decisive actions from the global community
1) Terrorism
2) Territorial disputes
3) Genocides
c. Economic crises
d. Epidemics and pandemics
o Challenges = Most affected: Africa and Asia – internal conflicts: ethnicity and religion
 3. What challenges were face by the former colonies upon their independence?
a. APARTHEID
❊ caused by the divided South African Society into white Europeans and non-white Africans
❊ resulted to discrimination and abuse that caused resentment and conflict between whites and
non-whites

b. NEOCOLONIALISM
❊ Previous colonial powers are still influential in the affairs of their former colonies despite
their independence
❊ Colonial mentality – favor of other country’s stuff over locally made ones

APARTHEID
 Racist problem :::: Africa = whites and nonwhites

VIDEO:

DISCUSSION: NEW LESSON 4.2

Video: What is Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism
 negative term – widely used to refer to a form of global
power which transnational corps and global institutions
combined – to perpetuate colonial forms of exploitation of
developing countries
 Refers to the control of less developed countries by
developed ones thru indirect means
 First used after WW2 to refer to the continuing dependence
of former colonies on foreign countries
 Later on: produced a colonial-like exploitation
o Example: PHILIPPINES – gained independence
1946 – up to now controlled by US in a subtle
way
 Unequal treaties and trade agreements
 Intrusion and penetration of
transnational corporations in the
country
 Government officials mad –
more benefits to US than
the Philippines
 CONSIDERED as further development of capitalism that
enables capitalist powers both nations and corporations to
dominate subject nations thru the operations of
international capitalism rather than direct rule
NEOCOLONIAL GOVERNANCE
 Operating thru indirect forms of control = economic,
financial, trade policies of transnational corporations and
global and multilateral institutions
 Neocolonialism for critics: operation thru the investments
of multinational corps – yes, it enriches the underdeveloped
countries – but those countries are source of cheap labor
and raw materials
 IMF and World Bank – also accused of participating in
neocolonialism
o Loans + economic aid = conditional on the
recipient countries taking steps favorable to those
represented by these institutions BUT detrimental
to their own economies
People see that corps and institutions are needed for new global order
--- notion of neocolonialism sheds lights on the system and power
that represents continuity between present and past
NEOCOLONIALISM
 European policies – schemes to maintain control of African
and other dependencies
o European heads of govt in Paris = 6 European
leaders agreed to include their overseas territories
in the free market under trade arrangements that
were seen by national leaders and groups as
representing a new form of ECONOMIC
DOMINATION over French occupied Africa and
colonial territories of Italy, Belgium and
Netherlands
 Agreement – codified in the Treaty of
Rome  led to the establishment of the
European economic community or
common market

Neocolonialism (Philippines)
 Neo = new + colonialism
 US exerted influence economically and controlling the government
  US military bases + disputes + US came to help
o Not their affair = some politicians hated the US
o Indirectly controlling their country
 Economic policies
 Trading
 More advantages to western countries compared to previously colonized country
o US-Philippines = best example for Neocolonialism
 Military bases (Subic and Clark military bases)

DECOLONIZATION
o Refers to the process wherein the colonizer withdraw from its colonies and recognizes their
independence
 Perfect example: US – Philippines – US has more advantage compared to the benefits of Philippines
o Subic and Clark Pampanga – US military/naval/air bases
o Trading: US has more control over trading with the Philippines (lower taxes)

0943 482 5188 – risa

VIDEO: How did South African Apartheid happen and how did it finally end?
APARTHEID
 A strict policy of segregation that barred the country’s black
majority from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, etc
 1974: govt announced: subjects in school will be taught in
Afrikaans  protests  a lot of killings
o AFRIKAANS – language used by the nations’ white
ruling elites
South Africa
 1600s – Dutch & British settlers colonized Africa  displacement
of local populations
 Black Africans segregated to native reserves  end of 20th
century – 70% of population was living in 13% of Africa’s land
o Deprived of traditional livelihoods
o Tried to escape the overpopulated regions (13% African
land)  began to migrate to “white-controlled areas”
 worked there for low wages
 1948 – labor exploitation – primary driver of South Africa’s
economy
o Economist argument: for growth to be continuous –
need a stable, educated and urbanized African labor
force
 Ruling party – accepted this BUT the rival
national party did not === their reason:
black workforce will threaten the white
ruling class == campaign name.
APARTHEID – afrikaan word for
separateness
 On election: national party won 
displacement of africans – back to reserves
 Under Apartheid :::: black
workers = temporary visitors in
the white areas
o Cant go to restricted zones
o Trade unions - no official recognition
o Abolished mixed race universities
o Mixed marriages not allow
o Segregated recreational areas
o Non-whites were purged from voter’s roll
POLITICAL GROUPS WHO LED RESISTANCE AGAINST REGIME – all
were restrained
a. Communist party
b. allies in African National Congress
c. Pan-Africanist Congress
March 21, 1960
 Policemen massacred demonstrators at a PAC rally  ANC and
PAC were outlawed
December 1961
 Nelson Mandela + ANC + Communist Party activists  created
the resistance’s armed wing  conflict  violence
1960s
 Economic growth – National Party said that this is due to
Apartheid success  reality: due to further exploitation
(employers hire black for positions affluent white workers didn’t
want to fill in) prosperity flow disproportionately to the ruling
white minority  govt turned a blind eye
 National Party – leveraged global anti-communist sentiment
1963
 Nelson Mandela + 10 others = tried – reason: advancing
communism and training recruits in guerilla warfare  8
sentenced to life in prison + 2 in exile
STEVE BIKO
 Leader of student activist group who continued to fight
 SOWETO MASSACRE  protests nationwide  killed 600
protestors  Biko taken into police custody and killed in a brutal
assault
o Result: International community wanted to end
Apartheid + some countries enacted trade embargoes
into South Africa + state launched a reform process 
creation of separate parliaments for the whites,
nonwhites, and Indian populations
 Exclusion of African majority  led to
nationwide riots
FW de KLERK
 Long time supporter of Apartheid
 When he came into power said that the only way to ensure white
survival was to end the apartheid policy
 Released Mandela + called for constitutional negotiations  4 yrs
later – mandela became the first black president of South Africa
  Exploitation – African labor  improved economy

Apartheid = discrimination and racism in their own country

 If people go against  killed == including students and kids
 International community  furious about this
 End of Apartheid due to FK de KLERK – unbanned the African National Congress + release Mandela
 later on Mandela became first black president of South Africa.

NEOCOLONIALISM THEORY
 Decolonized colony will still have influence from previous colonizer politically and economically
 Ruing of a country indirectly
 Indirect colonization (thru influences) vs direct colonization (actual colonizing)

SOUTH AFRICA
 Discrimination, unfair = apartheid
 Black vs white
o Black as temporary visitors = living in African reserves (small parts of Africa)
o Black fighting for their rights
 How did it end? NELSON MANDELA = fought for equality and peace but was imprisoned
o NELSON MANDELA – became the first black president

VIDEO: WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR HISTORY

IRAQ vs KUWAIT
(1) Saddam Hussein = became leader  claimed Kuwait
(2) Team America – US vs Saddam – tried to extract him with military force
(3) Dessert Shield = operation ___ = American Collision
(4) Operation Dessert Storm = BOMB – aim is to finish in one month
(5) Operation Dessert Sabre – aggression – “war is over” = Iraq military retreat
(6) US invades Iraq – Saddam = tried and killed

US – was also involved in the Middle Eastern affairs (1991)

❊ Clash: Saddam Hussein’s Iraq vs Kuwait ===== PERSIAN GULF WAR

SADDAM HUSSEIN
❊ Stable leader from 1979 – ruled with an iron – reckless fist in 1990
❊ Wanted to get Kuwait for its oil reserves
❊ Claimed that Kuwait was really part of Iraq and was unfairly carved out as a separate country by the
League of Nations
o TRUTH: Kuwait – became independent before Iraq’s sovereignty
 Still – Saddam seized Kuwait – August 8, 1990  international uproar == US with
loudest voice  UN Security Council declared: if Saddam’s forces don’t withdraw from
Kuwait  military force will be used
❊ January 16, 1991 – offensive vs Iraq began
o STAGES OF GULF WAR
1. Operation Desert Shield – began before the International Coalition was brought
together when Saddam first invaded Kuwait
 ❊ US troops rushed to Saudi Arabia --- world’s largest oil exporter ===
why? to prevent possible attack
❊ After UNSC declaration of war – US force invaded Kuwait
2. Operation Desert Storm – January 17, 1991
❊ Massive bombing campaign – target: Iraqi aircraft , Anti-air defenses, oil
refineries, communication lines, weapon factories, bridges, roads
❊ US weapons used: Stealth bombers cruise missiles and smart bombs
3. Operation Desert Sabre
❊ Aim: finish the job in one month
❊ Began Feb 24, 1991
❊ US led forces retook Kuwait capital and force the entire Iraqi army to
retreat back to Iraq (Iraq lost 30,000 US lost 292 soldiers)
 US Pres George W Bush – didn’t depose Saddam – he did not believe in regime change – it wouldn’t be
popular with America’s allies
 In the wake of the war:
o Kurdish and Shiite Iraqis – rose up against Saddam – Saddam brutally crushed their rebellions
(UN accused Saddam of using chemical weapons against his own civilians)
 Saddam was forced to allow UN in Iraq
 Saddam barred inspectors in 1997
 US goal – remove Saddam from power  snowballed into US invasion of Iraq
 2003 – Saddam was captured, tried, convicted, executed by the new Iraqi government in 2006
o  RED GUARDS – large number of young people who came out and joined the largely
terroristic organizations – used to publicly humiliate and assault (sometimes murder) political
enemies of Mao and the Communist party.

Why did Saddam want to get Kuwait

❊ Oil resources = Kuwait has a lot of oil == If Saddam gets Kuwait  rich

Why did US join in?

❊ US protected Saudi Arabia (lots of oil also) = so US also protected Kuwait

Why did they not want to remove Saddam?

❊ They don’t want political change (they think that if they can control it properly, US can get Kuwait)

VIDEO: WHAT CAUSE RWANDAN GENOCIDE (TEDED)

100 days – 1/10 of country’s population was murdered
How did it start?
❊ Hutu and Tutsi – lived in peace – after colonizers left  Rwanda = Hutu lots of power????????
o Colonizers picked appearances UN avoided war
❊ HUTU = spread war and hated Tutsi
❊ Genocide = worst
❊ 18 years – ending of conviction

RWANDA
 African country that suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder
 Neighbor vs neighbor  deaths of over 1/10 of population

How did it start?

  German – later on Belgian colonizers arrived in the country – at that time: ruler was monarchy of
TUTSI
o TUTSI – 1 of 3 ethnic groups in Rwanda
 Tutsi and Twa – minority groups
 Hutu – majority
o Hutus and Tutsi civilians were in good terms – but colonial powers encouraged political division
 Belgians – enforced record keeping around ethnic identity  created public narrative that cast TUTSI
AS ELITE LEADERS + HUTU AS ORDINARY FARMERS
o Over time – led to intense political hostility
 Colonial powers withdraw 1959  lingering anger motivated the HUTU REVOLT  forced Tutsi
leaders to flee

After a decade...
 Rwanda – from independent republic with a Hutu government
o HUTU argued – Hutu is the majority group so it deserves exclusive access to political power
 Excluded Tutsi minority – appointed offices based on population + banned the return of
Tutsi from the country’s economic, social and political problems
 Tutsi – discontent with their life in exile – small group of Tutsi insurgents invaded
Rwanda
 Beginning of a violent civil war
 Lasted for 3 years – resolved with formal peace accord
 War’s aftermath: rife with insecurity === treaty intensified political polarization

1994 – Plane of Rwanda Hutu President – shot down  conflict again

- Hutu officials prepared a deadly response to ensure they stay in power
o Government-funded Hutu militias were on the streets  violence against Tutsi political enemies
and civilians
o Tutsi victims – refuge at churches and schools – hope that international organizations will protect
them
o BUT!!!!!! UN soldiers who are in charge of peace accord – were instructed to leave the Tutsi
civilians + UN leadership refused to acknowledge the genocide taking place
- When fighting was over – small fraction of Tutsi was left alive

After a few months...

- No easy strategy of bring the killers to justice
- UN established a special tribunal in Tanzania to try the perpetrators
o BUT Hutu civilians had committed atrocities vs their neighbors, friends and even family
members
- 120,000 Rwandams await for trial – over crowded prison – dying - govt estimates that it will take 100
years to persecute
o What did officials do to solve this?
 GACACA – “justice on grass” – local witness offer testimony – appointed judges will
determine a penalty within community measn
 Rwanda adapted gacaca – no professional lawyers or judges, no case filing, no evidence
 4 categories of chargesL
a. Masterminding the genocide
b. Commting acts of sexual violence
c. Participating in the killings / Physical assaults
d. Destruction of tutsi property
 A and B – enter to traditional court system – other crimes set with penalties
 o GACACA – some doesn’t want to testify, witnesses were intimidated – trial showed that
not all Hutu participated in the killings  courts reviewed cases with Tutsi victims only
and ignore Hutu casualties

2012
 Trial ended – 1.7M convicted
 Effect: for some: restore dignity others reminder of the past that they were desperate to leave behind

DISCUSSION:
APARTHEID
Discrimination and racism in their country
If people stood up  killed
Rallies – students and children  brutally killed
International community condemned in Africa
Surprise: Nelson Mandela was set free  ended the Apartheid

VIDEO: THE ETHNIC CLEANING OF MYANMAR ROHINGYA MUSLIM EXPLAINED

REFUGEES who enter Bangladesh – thousands everyday
Why:
1. Define terrorism in your own words. Provide an example of a terrorist act that occurred in the early
2000s.
 Use of violence to create fear to a country or people with the goal of changing a particular political
objective or aim
 Intended violent acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of a country with
the aim of influencing the policy of a government with intimidation
 Examples:
o September 11, 2001 Aircraft Attack in NY, USA by the Al Queda
 9/11 – group of Al Qaeda terrorist hijacked 4 planes – crash into the towers of the World Trade Center
in NYC
 Another plane crashed in the Pentagon
 4th plane crashed into a field before it reached Washington DC – thousands killed
 9/11 – marked the first terrorist attack against the US
 Al Qaeda leader: OSAMA BIN LADEN – claimed responsibility for the attack
o Super Ferry Bombing (February 26, 2004) in CALABARZON province in the Philippines
 with over a hundred dead is one that involves a large commercial ship, Super Ferry.
 The bomb used was an 8-pound TNT bomb placed strategically on board at the lower
deck.
 At 11PM, off the island of El Fraile in the CALABARZON province, a massive
explosion tore the ship, causing fire and sending it to the depths.
 Attack was claimed by Abu Sayyaf

2. Research and summarize the formation of al-Qaeda. When and where was al-Qaeda founded, and who
were its key leaders?

 Al Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden and other militants in the late 1980s during the Soviet-
Afghan War.
o Ayman al-Zawahiri – became the leader of Al Qaeda after Osama bid Laden’s death
o Other key figures: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.
 It began as a network to support and coordinate the efforts of foreign fighters who had come to
Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union.
 Over time, it evolved into a global terrorist organization with the goal of waging jihad against perceived
enemies of Islam.

3. How did the events of September 11, 2001, impact the United States and the world? List at least three
significant effects.
 The 9/11 Attack had a big impact on the US and the world. It led to a change in the global security
policies, increased surveillance measures and people’s awareness increased on terrorism threats.
 The events of 9/11 also paved the way for the sense of unity and resilience in the face of adversity,
while also raising questions about the civil liberties and the balance between security and freedom.

a. Increased security measures: The attacks led to a heightened focus on national security, resulting in
the implementation of stricter security measures at airports, government buildings, and other critical
 infrastructure. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the passage of the USA
PATRIOT Act were direct responses to the attacks.

b. Global War on Terror: The U.S. launched a military campaign in Afghanistan to dismantle Al-Qaeda
and remove the Taliban regime that harbored them. This marked the beginning of the Global War on
Terror, which expanded to include military interventions in Iraq and other countries.

c. Shift in foreign policy: The attacks reshaped U.S. foreign policy, leading to a more aggressive
approach to combating terrorism and promoting democracy in the Middle East. The invasion of Iraq
in 2003 and the subsequent Arab Spring movements were influenced by the events of 9/11.

4. Explore the concept of radicalization. What factors may contribute to individuals becoming radicalized and
joining terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda?

 Radicalization is the process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme beliefs, ideologies, or
behaviors that deviate significantly from societal norms.
 It involves a gradual shift towards more radical or extremist views, leading individuals to support or
engage in violent or disruptive actions.
 Factors contributing to radicalization can include social, political, economic, or religious grievances, as
well as exposure to radical propaganda or charismatic leaders.
 Radicalization can occur in various contexts, such as political extremism, religious fundamentalism, or
terrorist ideologies.

Factors that can contribute to individuals becoming radicalized and joining terrorist organizations like Al Queda:
a. Ideological beliefs: Individuals may be drawn to extremist ideologies that promote violence as a means
to achieve political or religious goals. Radicalization can occur when individuals become convinced that
their beliefs justify violent actions.

b. Social alienation: Feelings of marginalization, discrimination, or exclusion from mainstream society can
make individuals vulnerable to radicalization. Terrorist organizations may offer a sense of belonging
and purpose to those who feel disconnected from society.

c. Personal grievances: Personal experiences of injustice, trauma, or perceived oppression can fuel
feelings of anger and resentment, leading individuals to seek revenge or retribution through violent
means.

d. Propaganda and recruitment tactics: Terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda use sophisticated
propaganda techniques to recruit and radicalize individuals. Online platforms and social media play a
significant role in spreading extremist ideologies and connecting potential recruits with like-minded
individuals.

e. Economic and political instability: Socioeconomic factors, political unrest, and lack of opportunities can
create environments where extremist ideologies thrive. Individuals facing economic hardship or political
repression may be more susceptible to radicalization as a way to address their grievances
5. Investigate the response of the United States and other countries to the September 11 attacks. What
measures were implemented to enhance security and combat terrorism?
 The response to the 9/11 attack involved a combination of legislative, security, diplomatic, and military
measures to enhance security and fight terrorism both domestically and internationally
 Other countries (including the NATO allies) offered support and assistance to the US in its efforts to
combat terrorism
o There was a GLOBAL PUSH to ENHANCE SECURITY MEASURES and INTELLIGENCE
SHARING to prevent future attacks
o Some countries joined US in military operations in Afghanistan as part of the Global War on
Terror

 US’ response that other countries applied:

a. The USA PATRIOT Act: Enacted in October 2001, this legislation expanded the powers of law
enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute terrorism-related activities. It allowed for increased
surveillance, enhanced information sharing between agencies, and the detention of suspected
terrorists.

b. Enhanced airport security: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created to strengthen
security measures at airports, including the implementation of passenger screening protocols, baggage
checks, and the use of advanced screening technologies.

c. International cooperation: The U.S. formed alliances with other countries to combat terrorism through
intelligence sharing, joint military operations, and diplomatic efforts. The formation of coalitions such as
the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO's involvement in Afghanistan are examples of
international cooperation in response to the attacks.

d. Military interventions: The U.S. launched military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq to dismantle
terrorist networks and remove regimes that supported terrorism. These interventions aimed to disrupt
terrorist activities and promote stability in the region.
 6. Research one example of a major terrorist attack that occurred in a country other than the United States
in the early 2000s. Provide a brief overview of the attack and its impact.

Mumbai and the Lashkar e-Taiba Attack

 Two teams of five terrorists each from the radical Islamist group Lashkar e-Taiba (LET) attacked the
Indian city of Mumbai with a coordinated series of shootings and bombings that took place over four
days, from November 26 to November 29, 2008.
 The used grenades and assault rifles to strike at a train station as well as a café, two hotels, and a
Jewish community center.
 For the first several hours of the attack, the police seemed completely incapable of handling the
situation, and by the time the terrorists were defeated they had killed 164 people and injured 308 more.
 The attack is significant not only for its brutality, but for its international implications.
o The Indian government was able to build a compelling case proving that the government of its
neighbor, Pakistan, had trained and supported the terrorists
o Proved that the attack was therefore part of the ongoing antagonism between the two states
that has erupted into war numerous times.
o The weapons and tactics used by the LET terrorists provided a template that other terrorist
groups have since followed to devastating effect, first by al-Shabaab in a mall attack
in Nairobi in September, 2013, and more recently by the teams of attackers that terrorized Paris
in November, 2015.

the 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain.

 On March 11, 2004, a series of coordinated bombings targeted four commuter trains during the
morning rush hour in Madrid. The attacks resulted in 191 people killed and over 2,000 injured, making it
one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in European history.
 The impact of the Madrid train bombings was significant both domestically and internationally.
o In Spain, the attacks led to a sense of shock and mourning, as well as a heightened state of
alertness and security measures.
o The bombings also had political repercussions, as they occurred just days before the Spanish
general elections.
o The ruling party at the time, the Popular Party, initially blamed the Basque separatist group ETA
for the attacks, but evidence later pointed to Islamist extremists linked to Al-Qaeda.
 Impact of the Madrid train bombings internationally:
o The Madrid train bombings highlighted the global reach of terrorism and the need for increased
cooperation among countries to combat extremist threats.
o The attacks served as a wake-up call for many European nations to reassess their
counterterrorism strategies and strengthen their security measures to prevent similar incidents
in the future.

7. How did the rise of al-Qaeda and the events of 9/11 shape global perceptions of Islam and Muslims?
Discuss any stereotypes or prejudices that emerged as a result.

 The rise of Al-Qaeda and the events of 9/11 significantly shaped global perceptions of Islam and
Muslims.
 o Unfortunately, these events led to the emergence of stereotypes and prejudices against
Muslims, often associating the entire religion with terrorism and violence.
o Muslims around the world faced increased discrimination, Islamophobia, and profiling based on
their faith.
 Some common stereotypes that emerged include the following:
o The belief that all Muslims are terrorists or sympathizers with extremist ideologies,
o that Islam promotes violence and oppression
o that Muslims are inherently incompatible with Western values.
o These stereotypes have led to negative attitudes towards Muslims in various aspects of life,
including employment, education, and social interactions.

8. Explore the role of technology in modern terrorism. How have advancements in technology influenced
the tactics and strategies of terrorist groups like al-Qaeda?
 Advancements in technology have significantly influenced the tactics and strategies of terrorist
groups like Al-Qaeda. Terrorist groups were able to improve their tactics in response to the changing
security measures which makes it harder for the government and law enforcement agencies to stay
alert and vigilant in fighting modern terrorism

 Technology has provided these groups with new tools and platforms to communicate, recruit, plan
attacks, and spread propaganda.
 Some ways in which technology has impacted modern terrorism include:
a. Communication and coordination: Terrorist groups now use encrypted messaging apps, social
media platforms, and the dark web to communicate securely and coordinate their activities. This
has made it more challenging for law enforcement and intelligence agencies to monitor and
disrupt their operations.

b. Propaganda and recruitment: Technology has enabled terrorist groups to produce and
disseminate propaganda videos, online magazines, and social media content to recruit new
members and radicalize individuals. The internet has become a powerful tool for spreading
extremist ideologies and inciting violence.

c. Cyberterrorism: Terrorist groups have increasingly turned to cyberattacks as a means of

causing disruption and chaos. These attacks can target critical infrastructure, financial systems,
and government agencies, posing a significant threat to national security.

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/remembering-september-11
https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda
https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/strategy-modern-terrorism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/global-impact-911-twenty-years
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9606324/
https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/terrorism/277307
9/11 DISCUSSION (Sir Concepcion)
Today: Strict regulations and measures before entering airports and boarding planes
 No water / liquids allowed
 No sharps allowed
 A lot of xrays and scanners to check
 WHY: to prevent 9/11 from happening again – hijackers easily boarded plane (they also got US visas
quickly)
World Trade Center
 High building – 105 floors high
 Bldg. 7 – where government offices are – target of hijackers on the plane
 After the attack – did not rebuild anymore = TODAY: known as the GROUND ZERO – memorial
place of those people who died because of the 9/11 attacks – fire fighters, policemen, civilians
Effects of 9/11 attacks
a. Strict measures to non-US citizens when entering US (hard to get US Visa; strict checking in
airports)
b. A lot of casualties
c. People were traumatized
d. Fear that all Muslims are hijackers/terrorists - all people that came from the Middle East are all
hijackers and terrorists

CONSPIRACIES (activist group: TRUTHERS)

a. US President George Bush already knew of Osama Bin Laden’s plan on attacking US – but US
thought of attacks OUTSIDE US not WITHIN US – people blamed George W Bush
b. WORLD GOVERNMENTS: 9/11 was a planned demolition by the US government themselves –
AN INSIDE JOB
o Theory: planed crashed in the middle of the WTC – it was not supposed to topple from top
to bottom but just burn from mid to top – instead: tumbled down from top to bottom
o Jet fuels melt steel beams  collapse of bldg.
o News agencies reported that the bldgs. Collapsed already as they were reporting live – in
the background, it hasn’t collapse yet.
c. UNCONTROLLED FIRES – jet fuel cant melt steel - but WTC bldgs collapsed (even if bldgs
were reinforced to withstand bombs)
d. Up to now: some US citizens still believed that US did the attack so that other people can gain
something out of the 9/11 attack
o OIL – attacked Afghanistan after the 9/11 attack
o Bush – a businessman – OIL business – some believed that he has a personal interest in
attacking Afghanistan because of the oil in Iraq

9/11 HIJACKERS video

 Hijackers – with team leader ATTA – move from one place to another
 Atta – wired unused cash to Al Qaeda bank accounts
 One of the hijackers – called United Airlines to correct his name (spelling)
  Hijackers were all on LEGAL visas issued to their true names with NO REAL BACKGROUND
CHECKS
o Today: hard to get US Visa
 Hijackers breezed thru security in the airport – before the checking was done by airport personnel
o Today: checks were run by a professional law enforcement organization responsible for
security
o Today: equipped with more advanced xray machines – to detect deadly weapons

*** an official said : it took him 10 months to get a meeting with white house regarding the information that
they got that Bin Laden will attack US -- he got a meeting one week before the 9/11 attack – US government
response: NOTHING
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeasKVBFySw
WAS THE WTC DETONATED WITH BOMBS?
Theories regarding the fall of the Twin Towers
- Controlled demolition theory – done by TRUTHERS

Fall of the Twin Towers is somewhat similar to the tested building by Truthers
 Weeks before bombing – WTC’s elevators were fixed – conspiracy: people planted explosives/termite
bombs – Truthers said: it is not that kind of demolition

WHY DO PEOPLE BELIEVE THE 9/11 CONSPIRACIES

a. Distrust of people in the government
b. Unanswered questions – unsupported details
c. Some people may find comfort in conspiracy to assert control or challenge viewpoints
d. President’s neglected put doubts

ARTICLE GOOGLE CLASSROOM

Article: Conspiracy theories https://www.bbc.com/news/58469600
Conspiracy theories
 Appeared hours after the attacks on 9/11/2001
 By activist – the 9/11 Truth movement = “the facts are hidden”

DISCUSSION: 4/5/24
CHALLENGES OF THE PRESENT WORLD:
TERRORISM
Terrorism
 Anyone who uses violence to change something in or out of the country
 Terrorist groups – use of violence NOT TALKING
 Why are most terrorist groups Muslims?  in the QURAN (Muslim Bible) – anyone who is
not a Muslim is an enemy of Allah  should instill pain to remove the enemies of Allah –
Muslims take the book literally! == Christian Bible – asked believers not to eat pigs because it is
considered dirty animal – not taken literally – for Muslims = it is a sin against Allah to consume
pigs so they do not eat it – they take it literally
 Usually ISLAMIC GROUPS (Muslims)
a. SHIA
b. SUNI Fighting with one another
 One group separated from the other
o One group  follows the KORAN = Jihad – Holy war
o Other group  Extremist group  also follow koran  if not
Muslim - killed
HOW TO BECOME A TERRORIST?
 Convert first to Islam
 Believe in extremist religion
 Any race, gender, age can be a terrorist as long as convert to Islam and believe extremist religion

ISIS (2016)
 Terrorist group from SYRIA
 Tried to change and remove the government
 US supplied their weapons!!!!
 HAMAS started it all [5M years ago – attacked people in the concert – a lot died]
 1945 – Hitler = hated Jews – got them killed
HAMAS
 Goal = kill all Jews in Israel
 From Palestine
 Now: First t attack (Israel vs Palestine) – 5 months ago – shooting in a concert – a lot died – Israel retaliated

ISRAEL vs PALESTINE
 Who started it: Who do we support? Palestine? Israelite? Brits? == NO ONE – everyone is at fault
o 1945: killed Jews – England gave Jews Israel == Palestine were displaced
 HOW: 1945 (HITLER) – a lot of Jews were displaced because of Hitler  forced to leave 
UN gave part of ISRAEL back to the JEWS (at that time, Palestinians occupy that land)
 Israel – group of people in the Middle East
o Israelites: Believed that they should be the only ones to occupy the Holy Land (Israel Jerusalem) 
exiled the Palestinians (Muslims)  WAR – Israelites won  Palestinian area became smaller and
smaller  creation of HAMAS with a goal to eradicate the Israelites  declaration of War Israel vs
Palestine
 As a student – How can you help? PRAY for peace between Palestine and Israelites (this is the only thing to
do) – to create an avenue for peace / step down
o Educate both sides – so that both will be enlightened with the benefits of peaceful living

VIDEO: Brief History of Israel – Palestine Conflict – TRT World  Neighboring Arab countries did not like the displacement and
land take over  after the Declaration of Independence 
Palestine: 1946 vs 2023 = drastic change – involved the killing of WAR (Arab Israeli War)
thousands of Palestinians and displacement over the course of 7 decades o Israel won – grab the land intended for the
Palestinian State under the unpartitioned plan 
WHY DID PALESTINE LAND SHRINK? HOW DID IT EXPAND TO land gets divided into 3:
THE STATE OF ISRAEL? 1. Jordan – occupies the west bank
- Palestine – was part of the Ottoman Empire (1900s) 2. Jerusalem – in the east
o Muslims and Christians live alongside in harmony in 3. Egypt – occupies the Gaza
the European continent o State of Israel take 78% of historical Palestine
- ZIONIST MOVEMENT including the West
o By Theodore Herzel (1896) – aim: create an
independent Jewish state in the Middle East on the
Palestinian land SIX DAY WAR
o 1st wave: migration of Jews after WW1  Result: Palestine fully occupied by Israel despite the absence
 Ottoman Empire collapse + fall of of a formal peace treaty
Palestine under British rule  Conflict: Israelis start settling to Gaza and West Bank 
 BRITAIN: BALFORD DECLARATION Palestinian struggle  gave rise to PLO
= Jewish state in Palestine – result:  PLO goal: liberate Palestine from Israel by any means
number of Jewish settlers conflict with
Arabs and Jews  violence

UN PARTITION PLAN PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE

 Due to conflicts of Jewish settlers with Arabs
o Solution of UK – split Palestine into two states =
Jewish Israel + Arab Palestine
o City of Jerusalem – sacred to Muslim Christians –
with the partition plan : Jews is now a UN controlled
International Zone
 Jews – accepted the UN Partition Plan –
declared independence as the state on
Israel (May 15, 1948)
 Zionist gangs – violenty expel 750,000
Palestinians from their homes – took their
lands – became refugees
FIRST ARAB-ISRAELI WAR
 Cause: more settlers went to Israeli occupied Palestinian
territories
 Effect: International community considered it illegal +
Palestinians got frustrated  INAPA – uprising in Arabid 
formation of HAMAS
o HAMAS – a political movement determined to fight
against Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and
Palestine’s Gaza
OSLO ACCORDS
 Agreement that led to the splitting of the occupied West Bank
into 3 sections under:
a. Area A – FULL Palestinian control
b. Area B – under JOINT Palestinian – Israeli control
 c. Area C – under FULL Israeli control
 PROBLEM with partition = Area C: majority of occupied
West Bank’s agricultural land, water and minerals
o Palestinian will have LIMITED access to this
Further peace talks
 Unsuccessful – Palestinians lose hope = Israel began
constructing separation walls + checkpoints to control and limit
Palestinian movement
Moving on...
 Israel withdraws from Gaza – BUT STILL CONTINUES to
build illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank
 HAMAS – gains power in Gaza  splits from the Palestinian
Authority
 Result: West Bank and Gaza – under different leadership
o Israel – imposed a blockade – restrict any form of
movement (land or by sea or air)
CONTINUOUS ATTAKCS AGAINST PALESTINIANS
 2017 – Israel carried out military assaults in Gaza
 2023 – Hamas launched an operation – biggest attack on Israel
 Israel responded by DECLARING A. WAR against
Palestinians – military campaign in Gaza – killed lots of
Palestinians

ISRAEL
- Has already been bombing Palestine before
- Only Jewish country in the country – all are Muslims
- Muslims – has the most advance military system in the world

TODAY:
How come media/news agencies only show the Israel side?
- Because Jews are powerful in the media side
- Israel – control media – so media does not show Palestine side

Discussion of Video:
Britain created the conflict – the separation
 In reality: who started it> Israel – they oppressed Palestinians
 What do we know: Hamas started it – the concert incident
 Territories of Palestinians were always bombarded by Israel way back – NOT IN THE NEWS

Lesson: know what is right and what is wrong – peace is the only solution

DISCCUSSION 4/11/2024
HOW DID THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY COUNTER TERRORISM

Why are most terrorist groups Muslims?  in the QURAN (Muslim Bible) – anyone who is not a
Muslim is an enemy of Allah  should instill pain to remove the enemies of Allah – Muslims take the
book literally! == Christian Bible – asked believers not to eat pigs because it is considered dirty animal –
not taken literally – for Muslims = it is a sin against Allah to consume pigs so they do not eat it – they
take it literally

TERRORISM GROUPS
Africa Philippines
- Al-Shabaab - Abu Sayyaf (1970s-1980s – 2000s)
- Wanted change in Muslim Mindanao (lower part of the Philippines –
Afghanistan Mindanao)
- Taliban - Not conquered by Spaniards – from the start they have been governing
themselves
Islamic State - Now: Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) – still part of the
- ISIS Philippines - still part of the Philippines
COUNTER STRIKE (game): TERRORIST vs COUNTER TERRORIST
_ US and UN  applied many ways to counter terrorism
o US – has the Department of Counter Terrorism
_ Roles:
o UN – checks everything especially in terms of terrorism globally
o US – Keeps track and connect with other countries on what is happening in the countries’
society  why? because US doesn’t want them to be involved – solve immediately

COUNTER TERRORISM
Video: WHAT IS COUNTER TERRORISM == National Museum of American Diplomacy
Preventing terrorism is as important as countering them
a. Counter violent extremism – precursor to countering
terrorism
o Prevent someone from becoming a terrorist
 Craft a solution to a violent crime
and terrorism  understand why it
led someone to terrorism and
violent extremism
 No one becomes a terrorist
overnight - no one
becomes radicalized
overnight
 Usual cause: Violation of
fundamental human rights
o Solution: engage: talk to them and make
sure that you show them that you are there
for them – listen to them
b. Engagement
o Engagement is a two way street
 Show other the good practices
 Learn from them also
c. Talk to governments and the civil society
o Civil society = individuals who are working
locally to ensure that the good practices that
are talked about can be shared at a very local
level
o Talk to multilateral partners = groups and
organizations that help bring the people and
the govt together
o Talk to interagency partners = other groups
in the govt that is also working on
counterterrorism and countering violent
extremism
o Dept of Justice  Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)  National
Counterterrorism Center (NCC)  Dept of
Homeland Security (domestic level/within
the country)  Dept of Education, Health
and Human Services  ....
MILITARY = shapes the end of the spear  they respond to
terrorists
 What we want: a place where military doesn’t have
to respond because we prevented terrorism
CHALLENGES
1. Terrorist groups misusing the internet – terrorists
advances from one platform to another quickly
2. Working with private sectors (social media sectors)
o Help these sectors to understand that their
platforms do not become an access for
terrorists
COUNTER TERRORISM – long way to go – we need to
apply changes so that it wont happen

VIDEO DISCUSSION:
What is the first solution that we should do:
a. Don’t do violence  influence other to do violence
b. Research on the reason why they did it and talk to them
o Reaching out and collaborating with other countries and organizations
o Military if part – BUT LAST RESORT
- TODAY: Social media = hacking + spread of fake information

WHERE ARE TERRORISTS ATTACKING?

- Internet – Social media – spreading fake information that can radicalized people
- Algorithm = internet can track what you are posting and watching
- Solution: everyone should be educated = fact check + double check + depend on reputable sources
CHALLENGES: EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS
ENDEMIC vs PANDEMIC
ENDEMIC PANDEMIC
 Disease is actively spreading  Geographic spread
 Describe problem  out of control  Affects the whole country/world
 Disease is actively spreading within an area or
community (ex: China only – endemic)

VIRUS vs BACTERIA
Virus Bacteria
- Always harmful - Can be beneficial or harmful
- Nonliving organism - Living organisms
- Grows and reproduce inside the host cell - Single cell can generate energy
ONLY - Can move and produce its own food
- Systemic - Bigger compared to virus
- Infect a host cell  make host sick - Bacteria with body  just a local infection
- Influenza - Pneumonia (Tuberculosis – virus version)
Measles, covid, AIDS, small pox, chicken Tetanus (from rust)
pox Food poisoning
- Medicine: antivirals - Medicine: antibiotic
- Prevention: vaccination

BEFORE THE COLD WAR: AFTER COLD WAR:

A. Bubonic Plague – 16M deaths E. HIV vs AIDS -
B. Small pox 1500s – from Spanish – death to o Attacks cells that keep the body fight
native Americans (Aztecs, Incas) infection
C. Cholera 1900s o No cure but treatable with medications
D. Spanish Flu 1918 – 500,000 deaths o Misinformation: came from gays and drug
addicts

HIV
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
 Virus that causes HIV infection
 Damages the immune system by killing CD4
cells
 Attacks the WBC (WBC – protection form
disease)
 Treatable in the early stages
 How do you get HIV: Sexually transmitted,
use of unsterile syringe; chimpanzee
consumption
AIDS
 The last stage of HIV infection
 Advances to AIDS
 As # of HIV increases = # of CD4 decreases
 HIV medicines can stop the HIV infection
from advancing to AIDS
 Without HIV meds = HIV  AIDS in about
10 years
 ART or Anti-Retroviral Treatment – can
prevent HIV from spreading, and prevent HIV
from advancing into AIDS

CD4 cells
 Part of the immune system
  Loss of CD4 cells = hard for body to fight off
infections

II.
Discuss how disease like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, influenza and coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) have
affected the world today, including their impact on people’s health and daily lives.
Answer:
The world faces the threat of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, influenzas and COVID. These diseases cost lives,
disrupted the livelihood of nations, and greatly affected the vulnerable sections of the society (the poor people).
These diseases also led to significant economic lost because treatments like vaccines are very expensive.
Countries stopped trading to contain the disease which led to economic losses. Individuals who were affected
with such diseases were discriminated and placed in social isolation to prevent the spread.

Describe what actions countries and communities have taken to fight these diseases and how these efforts have
helped in controlling them and keeping people safe
Answer:
Regional and international health organizations were formed to address the epidemics and pandemics.
Preventive measures and treatment by various national govts in cooperation with the WHO World Health
Organization to contain the spread of diseases. Quarantine procedures, lockdowns and stopping trade were
implemented to curb the spread of diseases. People were educated about the diseases to reduce its spread.
Vaccination campaigns were also done to provide protection. Governments also tried to make their healthcare
system stronger by allotting a bigger budget. Countries also monitored if their actions towards the prevention of
the disease is working. The most important action of the countries was there was cooperation with different
nations to control and stop the disease across their countries.