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• There are three basic factors that determine what kind of shock you
experience are
1. Amplitude of the current.
2. Duration of the current passing through the body.
3. Frequency.
4. Direction of current(path).
EFFECT OF ELECTRIC HAZARDS ON HUMANS
For Example for time of 10 second, the current which human can
withstand during this time without any damage is 36.68 mA.
FREQUENCY OF CURRENT
• Either AC or DC currents can cause damage of the heart at high enough levels.
• This typically takes place at 30 mA of AC (rms, 60 Hz) or 300 – 500 mA of DC.
• This means more DC current required to produce same effect as AC.
• Low frequency AC is more dangerous than high frequency AC.
DIRECTION OF CURRENT
1. Foot to foot.
2. Hand to hand.
3. Left hand to feet.
4. Right hand to feet.
• Worst case is hand to hand and left hand to feet as both of them pass
through the heart
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
1. Earthing
WHAT IS EARTHING ?
• The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly
to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire.
• The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the
equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground.
• Metallic frame of the machines is connected to the earth.
COMPARISON BETWEEN WITH AND WITHOUT
EARTHING
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHING SYSTEMS
• TN system.
• TT system.
• IT system.
• First letter for source relation with earthing, if it is “T” , it is connected to earthing.
• “I” means no connection with earthing.
• Second letter for load relation with earthing, if it is “T”, enclosure is connected to
earthing.
• If “N”, it means that enclosure has relation with neutral.
TT SYSTEM
1. Type of soil.
2. Earthing electrodes.
3. Earthing conductors.
4. Accessories and termination fittings, bonding, welding kits and other materials
FACTORS AFFECTING EARTHING RESISTANCE
Example
Calculate the cross-sectional area for earthing conductor used for earthing 1.5 MVA
transformer, knowing that the Xp.u for the transformer=0.05, line voltage=380V.
T1=52. T2=240, alpha=226, Beta= 234.5.
Solution
MVAsc=MVAbase/Xpu=1.5/0.05=30 MVA.
Isc=MVAsc/(√3x0.38)=30/(√3x0.38)=45.58 KA.
Cross-sectional area=6*√𝑡xIsc=6* √1x45.58=273.48 mm2.