Oral Communication

Nature of communication:
● is a process
● occurs between two or more people
● can be expressed through written and spoken words actions (nonverbal) or both spoken
words and nonverbal actions at the same time
Elements of communication:
1. Sender: the source of the information
2. Encoding: the sender uses words, pictures, symbols to express his/herself
3. Message: the sender sends the encoded message to the receiver
4. Channel: the means by which the sender communicates a message to the receiver
5. Receiver: they can hear, see and read the encoded message
6. Decoding: the receiver interprets the encoded message
7. Feedback: the reaction or reply by the receiver
8. Context: the environment in which the communication takes place
Functions of communication:
1. Control/Regulation: to control one's behavior
2. Motivation: the ability to stimulate desire and consists of appreciation, recognition and
support
3. Information dissemination: the means by which facts are distributed to the public
4. Social interaction: allows individuals to interact with others
5. Emotional expression: functions as a way to communicate internal states such as
feelings to others
Types of speech context:
● Interpersonal: one person
● Interpersonal: two to twelve people
○ Dyad: two people
○ Small group: three to twelve people
● Public: also known as public speaking, a speaker speaks to a crowd of people
● Mass: using a form of media, either digital or printed to spread information
Types of Speech styles:
● Intimate: private, occurs between close friends
● Casual: common among friends and peers. Jargon, slang or vernacular language are
used
● Consultative: the most standard one, professionals to others
● Formal: used in formal settings, one-way
● Frozen: frozen in time and remains unchanged
Types of Speech Act
● Locutionary Act: the actual act of uttering
● Illocutionary Act: The social function on what is said
● Perlocutionary Act: the resulting act of what is said
Communication Model: systematic representations of the process that helps us understand
how communication can be carried out
● Shannon-Weaver's model: entropy and channel capacity
○ Information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, destination, noise
○ No feedback, one-way
● Aristotle's model: the first model of communication, very simple and straightforward,
○ Sender, message, receiver
○ No feedback, one-way, no barriers, only used in public speaking
■ Critical elements of a good communication:
● Ethos: makes the person credible
● Pathos: what you say matters to them
● Logos: people only believe in you if they understand what you say
● Lasswell's model: one of the first and very influential model
○ Who, said what, in what channel, to whom, with what effect
○ easy and simple, suits for almost every conversation, concept of effect
○ no feedback, no noise, one-way
● Berlo's SMCR model: sender, message, channel, receiver
○ no feedback, one-way, no noise
● Schramm's model: early and influential, field of experience, refers to life, experience,
attitudes, values and beliefs
○ Circular communication, dynamic and ever changing model, sender and receiver,
feedback
○ complicated, might be interpreted rather than intended