* * * Special Edition * * *

Volume 22
FLEXIBLE & LEAKAGE FREE PIPING SOLUTION

MULTILAYER PIPING SYSTEM

PP-R PIPING SYSTEM

PVC DRAINAGE & CONDUIT

Atlas, next to Washington Hotel

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+251 116 68 33 93
+251 116 66 09 71
+251 901 66 99 77
+251 901 66 99 88
en.rifeng.com
AEA Annual Journal
Volume 22, July 2022

Executive Committee of the

Association of Ethiopian Architects
Amanuel Teshome Kebede
President, 2019-2022

Tesfamariam Teshome
Vice President, 2017-2022

Mahder Tadesse
Secretary, 2017-2022

Baymot Tsegaye
Vice Secretary, Chair of
Professional Ethics, 2017-2022

Betelhem Demissie
Treasurer, 2019-2022

Addis Adugna
Chair of Competitions, 2019-2022

Yasmin Abdu Bushra

Chair of Publications, 2019-2022

Send us your contributions, suggestions and

comments to the annual journal and to AEA’s
monthly newsletter through these addresses:

ethiopianarchitectsassociation@gmail.com
and copy to media.aea@gmail.com

Views expressed in articles published in this

journal solely remain of the individual authors
and do not fully or partially represent the views
of the association of ethiopian architects.

Association of Ethiopian Architects copyright, 2022

Art Direction The Association of Ethiopian Architects (AEA) was established 30 years
Leulseged Tibebu ago to promote and advance the profession of architecture in Ethiopia.
Co-Founder & Art Director at Ketema Journal
The mission statement of Association of Ethiopian Architects (AEA)
leulseged@ketemajournal.com
www.ketemajournal.com is to develop, promote and sustain the practice and practitioners of
architecture. The vision of AEA is to enhance the built environment in
all parts of the country through design excellence, to protect the health,
safety and welfare of the society. The executive committee is guided
by the following principles in carrying out their duties: Environmental
stewardship, Member focus, Ethics and Integrity, Community
Involvement, Making design accessable for the under priviledged.
 14
ግዙፍ የሕንፃ ፕሮጀክቶችን ማቀድና
05 Message from The President
መተግበርን የሚመለከቱ አንዳንድ ነጥቦች 10
Amanuel Teshome Kebede
ውሂብ ከበደ

12 Outline for Unlocking the Practice of .nEs. 14

Architecture in Ethiopia Association of Ethiopian Architects
Amanuel Teshome Kebede

18 One Car Per Family: A Devastating Blow to The Urbanist, Contextualist 20

Affordable Housing Building Form Theory
Benyam Ali Heyaw Terefe, PhD

26 The Red Floating Fabrics Project Disability and Ease of Access 30

Tinsae Tsegahun, Yishak Tsehay DDI - Disability Development Initiative

የሚመለከታቸው የመንግስት ተቋማትም የሙያ ሥነምግባር The Case of D-B

32 ማክበርን እና ማስከበርን ከውስጣቸው ሊጀምሩ ይገባል Wouhib Kebede
34
ባይሞት ፀጋዬ

38 Word from the Opinionated Fresh Graduate 3 Projects To Look Forward To 40

Eleleta Belay, Amanuel Sheferaw Winta Assefa
I was elected as the AEA President to serve the last year of my
predecessor but ended up serving three years! These past years must
have been the most difficult years in recent history for our country, its
people, and our members. In 2020 Covid-19 hit and our studios and
construction sites were depressed by unimaginable uncertainties as
we struggled with grief seeing our loved ones taken cruelly from our
midst. God rest their souls! Then came the conflict in the north which
resulted in so much more loss of lives and disruption to communities
impacted directly & indirectly by the conflict. Though not as much,
every other Ethiopian also felt the shock waves of this dark occurrence
in our history and scrambled with grit and got back up in togetherness.

The leadership of the Association of Ethiopian Architects (AEA) and its

members also proved their resilience in quickly adapting and stepping
up to play their part in fighting the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and later
in 2021 accepting the call from the Ministry of Education to engage
in the reconstruction effort of war thorn schools in the Amhara and
Afar regions. AEA Covid-19 response volunteering members quickly
sat down to develop the document ‘Guideline for Covid-19 Quarantine
and Treatment centers in the Ethiopian Context’ and ‘Reopening
Schools in Ethiopia. Context Based Guidelines on Spatial and Ventilation
Requirements for the Reopening of Schools amid Covid-19 Pandemic’.
In relation to the post war reconstruction effort many generous AEA
volunteers stepped up to design new and better schools after visiting
post war areas in Afar and Amhara. These schools will be pilots for the
future prototypes of the New Ethiopia Schools (.nEs.). The first batch of
these schools broke ground this month.
While these were grand interventions by selfless members when
several were hidden away during this challenging time, there were
also other notable activities again by our volunteering members.
Worthy of mention is the advocacy work that resulted in the new
Construction Certification and Registration Directive No. 648/201 that
scrapped its infamous predecessor easing access to professional
practice for architects. Another one would be our engagement
at the Addis Ababa Construction Permit Reform Public Private
Advisory Forum that sparked change at the permit office leading to
the start of Peer Review of mega projects with far reaching benefits
if well nurtured and developed in the times to come. Another
unparalleled engagement was from our Competitions Committee,
especially the Chair, Ato Addis Adugna, who almost single handedly
carried the burden of soliciting developers and conducting multiple
design competitions during these difficult times for the primary
benefit of participating members. He is without doubt the most
exemplary selfless member I have seen in all the years I served in
our association. Ato Addis you are a towering figure among us that
deserves our collective respect and acknowledgment, a true pillar
of the Association of Ethiopian Architects.
These past three years have proved to me the enormous
potential of volunteerism in our association, but I have also
witnessed the ache in few members to see volunteers tussle
and grabble to serve their destitute society using architecture.
This ache will cure as members continue to perform
outstandingly and register remarkable success while serving
beyond themselves, as seen repeatedly over the last years.
Without doubt more could have been done as the ills we as a professional
society are engulfed with are daunting, however we should do so
celebrating our little wins in anticipation of the big wins of tomorrow.
Thank you for the trust and support you have all shown me and
my team. I am confident you will extend the same gesture to the
next executive committee team that will take our association and
our profession to new heights.
God Bless you!
Amanuel Teshome Kebede (AEA President 2019 – 2022)
 01 World Architecture Day
Housing for ALL
October 2019

Morning of survey and conversation with Gerji Condominium residents.

02 UiiS 01 - Urban Ideas Incubation Studio

Design Charette + Exhibition + Discussion
November 2019

The exhibition showcased the ideas that were incubated during

the DESIGN-CHARRETTE conducted in 2 design studios that brought
together 55 professionals and citizens, one on, RIVERSIDE INTERFACE
and another on THE MEGENAGNA INTERCHANGE, opened on Friday,
November 15th, 2019 at the Addis Ababa Plan Commission Head Office.

Highlights of
AEA Activities
2019 - 2022 6
03 Specialized Committee Formations
December, 2019

The Executive Committee of AEA introduced 40 Specialized Committees (SCs) on

December 07, 2019. These Committees will be the implementing organs of the AEA
2019-21 Strategic Plan. Out of these 40 SCs, 22 were prioritized and the nominated
Chairs were briefed. These Chairs (Chairpersons) are expected to shortly set up
their working teams and targets.

05 Ethiopia 2050 - Grand Challenges & Opportunities

December 2019

The two-day conference held at the Ethiopian Skylight

Some of these SCs are AEA Committee for Hotel, organized in partnership with the Association
- Architectural heritage of Ethiopian Architects was an inspiring couple of days
- The Young architect with back-to-back inspiring talks and calls to action. The
- Women in architecture Association of Ethiopian Architects is pleased to have
- Architecture education been working hard for the realization of the international
- Interior architecture conference and is excited to reap the fruits of the
- Service standard and input fee outcome of the strategic panels and discussions held on
- Student associations December 19th & 20th around the ten thematic areas that
- Local chapters include large-scale urbanization and sustainability &
- Professional development environment. The conference was partially documented
and is available on ethiopia2050.com
The event was hosted by Kebena House.

04 Urban Podium Design Charette

December, 2019

The historic Urban Podium, previously part of the ISA’s building, is one
of Addis Ababa’s defining public spaces & has been an integral part of
Ethiopia’s political history. In collaboration with the Institute of Strategic
Affairs (ISA) the Association of Ethiopian Architects (AEA), held a Design
Charrette on Dec. 17 at The Urban Center. The event included historians,
journalists, artist, architects as well as public and political figures in
finding ideas for how to use/ reuse this important urban landmark. The
charette was partially documented and available on AEA’s youtube channel.
06 architects ወርሃዊ
39th Session & ongoing

architects ወርሃዊ is an informal monthly gathering

of architects where AEA members discuss the
industry, network and make new contacts while
conversing over the month’s highlighted topic.

7
 Hall of Architecture and Urbanism Think Tank and the Association
of Ethiopian Architects, where guests and participants discuss
questions presented on the table. The sessions were partially
documented and available on AEA’s youtube channel.

07 Adama Science & Technology University Exhibition & Campus Visit

March, 2020

AEA Executive Committee representatives and Specialised Committee

for Architecture Student Associations visited the closing ceremony of
an exhibition organized by Adama Science and Technology University
students on March 14th, 2020. The visit consisted of an overview of
the exhibition that lasted for 4 days, a presentation by the AEA Chair
for Architecture Student Associations, Faisel Girma, and a campus tour
of ASTU. A lively discussion was initiated on the value of associating
as architecture students in addition to forging inter-campus
relationships through similar events and virtual platforms.

09 Public-Private Advisory Forum

February, 2021

A Public-Private Advisory Forum on Construction Permit Reform was

launched on February of 2021. The Advisory Forum is Chaired by Ato
Helawi Sewnet, Director General of the Addis Ababa Infrastructure
Integration, Construction Permit & Control Authority and Co-Chaired
by Ato Amanuel Teshome, President of the Association of Ethiopian
Architects (AEA). Members of the platform include practitioners;
Architects and Engineers, representatives from professional
associations and other experts in the building sector.

AEA welcomes this initiative as a critical first step in forging public-

private collaborative engagement to streamline the Addis Ababa

08 Architects’ Table
July 2020 - March 2021

The Architects' Table, a monthly event jointly organized by the Addis

8
City Building Permit process and reduce the pain points of its
members in their respective architecture practices.
10 .nEs. New Ethiopia Schools
January 2022 - Ongoing
AEA submitted the vision formulation study document for the new
Ethiopia schools design (.nEs.) as part of its engagement on the
national rebuilding effort of the schools destroyed by the war in the
northern part of Ethiopia. AEA President Amanuel Teshome handed
over the design documents to HE. Prof. Berhanu Nega, Minister of
the FDRE Ministry of Education. After 6 weeks of intensive work on
the formulation of the vision for .nEs. this marked the end of the first
stage of the journey.
9
11 Publications
The AEA Guidelines for Covid-19 Quarantine and Treatment Centers
in the Ethiopian Context; Spatial and Engineering Requirements of
the Physical Structure - April 2020 ለኮቪድ 19 ለይቶ ማቆያ እና
ህክምና መስጫ ማዕከላት መመሪያ በሐገራችን ኢትዮጵያ
መስፈርት - የአማርኛ እትም - May 2020 Context-Based
Guidelines on Spatial & Ventilation Requirements for the Reopening
of Schools Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic - November 2020 Arch Pages
Monthly Newsletter - Ongoing
 ግዙፍ የሕንፃ ፕሮጀክቶች በመቶ ሚሊዮኖች የሚቆጠር ወጪ የሚጠይቁና
በአማካይ ከአራት ዓመት ያላነሰ ግዜ የሚወስዱ እንደመሆናቸው መነሻ ሃሳብ
ብቻ ይዞ በራስ አከናዋኝነት አንድ ባለሀብት በቀጥታ ሊተገብራቸው የሚችሉ
አይደሉም። ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያርፍበትን ቦታ በእጅ ከማስገባት ጀምሮ ግንባታው
ተጠናቅቆ የሕንፃ አስተዳደር ሥርዓት እስኪዘረጋለት ድረስ የብዙ ተዋናዮች
ተሳትፎ የሚጠይቅ ነው።

የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪው ዓለም አቀፋዊ ትክል አሠራር፤ የግዙፍ የሕንፃ

ፕሮጀክቶችን ይዘት ያጤነና መደበኛ የቴክኒክ ሰነዶቹም ይህንኑ ለማስተናገድ
በሚችል መንገድ የተዘጋጁ ስለሆነ የባለሃብቶችን ሃሳብ ከግብ ለማድረስ
የሚረዳ ነው። ባለሃብቶችም ሥራውን በግል አቅም ከመሞከር ወይም
በተለምዶ ከሚከናወን ወጥነትና የሙያ ጥራት ከጎደለው አሠራር ይልቅ
ሙያዊ መሠረትና የተፈተነ ሂደት ያለውን ዓለም አቀፋዊ ትክል አሠራር
እንዲከተሉ ይመከራል።

የፕሮጀክት ሃሳብ ያለው ባለሃብት በመጀመሪያ ማድረግ ያለበት የፕሮጀክት

ጽ/ቤት ማቋቋም ነው። ይህ የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት እንደ ፕሮጀክቱ የክንውን
ደረጃ የሚያስፈልጉት ሠራተኞች ብዛትና የሙያ ስብጥር ሊለያይ ይችላል።
በአንድ ጉዳይ አስፈፃሚ ተጀምሮ ወደ ግንባታ ሥራ ሲቃረብ በምሕንድስና
ባለሙያ የሚመራና አስፈላጊ የአስተዳደርና የፋይናንስ ሰራተኞች
የሚመደቡለት እስከመሆን ሊደርስ ይችላል። የፕሮጀክቱ ባለቤት ግለሰብ
ባለሃብት እንኳን ቢሆን ከሌላ ሥራው ለይቶ ፕሮጀክቱን ነጥሎ እንዲመራ
ማድረግ በጥብቅ ይመከራል።

ባለቤቱ የአክስዮን ማኅበር፣የመንግስት ድርጅት ወይም ሌላ ዓይነት

ተቋም ከሆነ ደግሞ የተቋቋመበት ዓላማ ከፕሮጀክቱ ህልውና ጋር የተያያዘ
ቢሆንም እንኳን ራሱን የቻለ የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት ከሌለው የሥራ መወሳሰብ
እንደሚደርስበት የታወቀ ነው።

የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት የቀን ተቀን ክትትል የሚደረግበትና ማንኛውም ፕሮጀክቱን

የሚመለከቱ ሰነዶች በጥንቃቄ የሚያዙበት እንዲሆን ይጠበቃል። በተደራቢ
ሥራነት፤ በኮሚቴ አማካይነት ወይም በያዝ ለቀቅ የሚሠራ መሆን የለበትም።

የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት ዋና ዋና ሥራዎች የፕሮጀክቱን ቦታ በእጅ ማድረግ፣

አርኪቴክት መምረጥና ፣ሥራ ተቋራጭ መቅጠር ናቸው። ከነዚህ ሦስት
ሥራዎች ውስጥ የመጀመሪያው የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት ከመቋቋሙ በፊት
ተከናውኖ የሚገኝበት አጋጣሚ ቢኖርም፤ የቦታውን የይዞታ ሰነዶችንና

ግዙፍ የሕንፃ ተያያዥ መረጃዎችን ተቀብሎ ማደራጀት የማይቀር ተግባር ነው።

ፕሮጀክቶችን ማቀድና ለሕንፃው ዲዛይን አርኪቴክት የሚመረጡ ሥራ ከቀዳሚ ሥራዎች ውስጥ በጥንቃቄ
መከናወን ያለበት ተግባር ነው። ምክንያቱም የሚመረጠው አርኪቴክት ዲዛይኑን
መተግበርን የሚመለከቱ ከማዘጋጀት በተጨማሪ የግንባታውን ሥራ የሚቆጣጠርና የባለሃብቱ ዋና አማካሪ

አንዳንድ ነጥቦች
በመሆኑ ነው፡፡ በእርግጥ ባለሃብቱ ራሱ አርኪቴክቱን ከመምረጥ ጀምሮ ሌሎች ልዩ
አዋቂ ለሚያስፈልጋቸው ሥራዎች በየጊዜው የተለያዩ አማካሪዎች ተወዳድረው
የሚመርጡበትን ሰነድ ዝግጅትና የአመራረጡን ሂደት ይከታተላል።

ሥራ ተቋራጭ የመቅጠር ሂደትን በዋነኛነት የሚያከናውነው አርኪቴክቱ

//ውሂብ ከበደ ቢሆንም የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤቱ ንቁ ተሳትፎ ማድረግ ይጠበቅበታል።
10
ለግንባታው በአርኪቴክቱ የተዘጋጀውን ሰነድ የተሟላና በጥራት
የተዘጋጀ መሆኑ እንዲረጋገጥ ማድረግና ይዘቱም የባለሃብቱን ጥቅም
ያስጠበቀ መሆኑን ተመልክቶ ሃሳብ የመስጠት ሚናም ይኖረዋል።
በዚህ ወቅት የፕሮጀክቱን ጽ/ቤት የሚመራው ኃላፊ በሳል የምሕንድስና
ባለሙያ መሆን ይኖርበታል። ይህም ካልተቻለ በመካከለኛ ደረጃ
የሚገኝ የምሕንድስና ባለሙያ መድቦ በጊዜያዊ በሳል አማካሪ እንዲደገፍ
ማድረግም ይቻላል። በግንባታው ወቅት የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤቱ በግንባታው
ቦታ ላይ ወይም በአቅራቢያ ባለ ሕንፃ ላይ ቢሆን አመቺ ይሆናል።
ከሌሎች ፕሮጀክቶች ተሞክሮ ባለሃብቱ ስላሰበው ፕሮጀክት አንዳንድ
መረጃዎች ሊኖሩት ይችላሉ። ነገር ግን በእንደዚህ ዓይነት መረጃዎች
ብቻ እየተመሩ ረጅም ርቀት መሄድ ከፍተኛ ጉዳት ሊኖረው ስለሚችል
ለፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልጉት ግብዓቶች በገንዘብ፤ በጊዜና በሌላም ረገድ
በዝርዝር ተለይተው መታወቅ ይኖርባቸውል። ይህንንም ለማድረግ
እስከሙሉ የአዋጪነት ጥናት ማከናወን የሚደርስ ቅድመ ዝግጅት
ያስፈልጋል። በተለይም ፕሮጀክቱ በባንክ ብድር የሚከናወን ከሆነ
የግንባታውን ብቻ ሳይሆን ሙሉ የፕሮጀክት ወጪውን ያካተተ
ጥናት ቢሆን ይሻላል። ይህንንም ሥራ አማካሪ አስመርጦና ተከታትሎ
ማስፈፀም ከሦስቱ ዋና ዋና ሥራዎች ቀጥሎ የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤቱ
የሚያተኩርበት ይሆናል። በራስ አቅም ሊገነባ ይችላል፤ ስለዚህም
የአዋጭነት ጥናት አያስፈልግም ቢባል እንኳን፤ በፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤቱ
የተዘጋጀ የድርጊት መርኀ ግብርና የበጀት ዝርዝር ሊኖር ይገባል። አንድ
625 ሚሊዮን ብር የሚያወጣ ፕሮጀክት እንደምሳሌ በመውሰድ በጊዜና
በወጪ ረገድ የሚያስፈልገውን ግብዓት የሚያሳይ ጠቋሚ መረጃ ከዚህ
በታች የተመለከተውን ሊመስል ይችላል።
የጊዜ ሠሌዳ
1 የፕሮጀክት ቦታ በእጅ ማድረግ 6 ወር
2 አርኪቴክት መምረጥ 4 ወር
3 ዲዛይን ሥራ 9 ወር
4 የግንባታ ጨረታ ማከናወንና ተቋራጭ መምረጥ 6 ወር
5 ግንባታ ማከናወን 48 ወር
6 ሕንፃውን በሥራ ላይ ማዋል 3 ወር
ድምር 76 ወር
ወጪ
1 ለፕሮጀክት ቦታ 50 ሚሊዮን ብር
2 ለፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤት 5 ሚሊዮን ብር
3 ለአርኪቴክት የሙያ አገልግሎት 10 ሚሊዮን ብር
4 ለልዩ ልዩ የሙያ አገልግሎቶች 2 ሚሊዮን ብር
5 ለሕንፃ ግንባታ 625 ሚሊዮን ብር
ድምር 692 ሚሊዮን ብር
አብዛኛውን ጊዜ የፕሮጀክት ሃሳብ ይዘው የተነሱ ባለሃብቶችን የሚያነጋግር
ሰው፤ የራሳቸውን መኖሪያ ቤት የሚሠሩትን ጨምሮ፤ ፕሮጀክታቸውን
11
እንዴት ባነሰ ጊዜ ሊገነቡ እንዳቀዱና ወጪያቸውም ምን ያህል
አነስተኛ እንደሚሆን ያላቸውን ስሜት ሊገነዘብ ይችላል።
እውነታውን ግን የነሱ ፕሮጀክት ከሌሎች ፕሮጀክቶች ሊለይ
የሚችልበት አጋጣሚ የሌለ መሆኑ ነው። ከላይ የቀረበው
ግርድፍ ዝርዝርም በአገሪቱ ባለው ተጨባጭ ሁኔታ ከእውነታው
የተቀራረበ ቢሆንም ወዲያውኑ ተቀባይነት ባያገኝም በሂደት ልዩ
ክትትል ተደርጎ እንኳን የተሻለ ውጤት ለማስገኘት አዳጋች ነው።
በመጨረሻም በተለምዶ አሠራር አንዳንድ ሥር የሰደዱ
ግንዛቤዎችና የአሠራር መዛባቶችን በሚመለከት የተወሰኑ
ነጥቦች ማጤን ያስፈልጋል።
ሀ) አርኪቴክቶችን በሚመለከት
1) የአርኪቴክት ቢሮዎች አራቱን የአርኪቴክት ክህሎቶች
ሳያሟሉ ሲቀሩ ፕሮጀክቱ ከፍተኛ ጉዳት እንደሚደርስ፤
2) የአርኪቴክት የሙያ ክፍያ፥ ለባለሞያዎች በሚከፈል ደሞዝ
ላይ ተመስርቶ ሳለ ብቁና ተፈላጊውን የባለሞያዎች ቁጥር
ባለማሳተፍ የጥራትና የጊዜ መጓተት ማስከተል እንደሚከሰት፤
3) ከሥራ ተቋራጮች ጋር የባላንጣነትና የበላይነት መንፈስ
የማሳየት ዝንባሌ ማንፀባረቅ ያለመግባባት እንዲሰፍን
እንደሚያደርግ፤ የታየባቸው አጋጣሚዎች ጥቂት አይደሉም።
ለ) በፕሮጀክት ባለቤት በኩል
1) በአርኪቴክቱ በኩል የሚመደብ የሥራ ተቆጣጣሪና በባለቤቱ
በተመደበው የፕሮጀክት ኃላፊ (የጽ/ቤቱ) መካከል ያለውን
ልዩነት በውል ያለመረዳት፤
2) በአንድ ጊዜ የሚሄዱ ሁለት ውሎች ቢኖሩም፥ በግንባታው
ውል ላይ ያሉት ወገኖች ሁለት ብቻ (ባለቤቱና ሥራ ተቋራጩ)
መሆናቸውን፥ አርኪቴክቱም በግንባታው ውል የተሰጠውን
ተግባር ብቻ እንደሚወጣ አለማጤን፤
3) የፕሮጀክት ጽ/ቤቱ ኃላፊ በሁለቱም ውሎች የተሰጠውን
ተግባር እንደሌለ፥ በቴክኒክ ረገድ በተለይ ጣልቃ መግባት
እንደሌለበት፥ ነገር ግን አርኪቴክቱም ሆነ ሥራ ተቋራጩ
ሥራቸውን በሚገባ ስለመሥራታቸው ለባለቤቱ ሪፖርት
ሊያቀርብ እንደሚችል፤
4) በልዩ ልዩ ወገኖችና ተዋናዮች የሥራ ኃላፊነት መደራረብ
የግጭትና ያለመግባባ መንስዔ እንደሆነ፤በተደጋጋሚ ይታያሉ።
ሐ) ያለመግባባትን ለማስወገድ
1) ወደ ክስ መሄድ ከፍተኛ ወጪና የሥራ መስተጓጎል
እንደሚያስከትል፤
2) የተመረጠው ያለመግባባትን የማስወገጃ ዘዴ በግንባታ ወቅት
አጁዲኬተር እንዲሰየም ማድረግ መሆኑ፤ በተግባር የታየ ነው፡፡
በዚህ አጭር ጽሑፍ የተነሱትን ሃሳቦች በዝርዝር መተንተንና ጉዳዩ
ከሚመለከታቸው ጋር በሚደረግ ውይይት ማዳበር የአርኪቴክቶች
ሚና እንደሚሆን በማሰብ ሲቀርብ፤ በተከታይ የአስተያየት መስጫ
ጽሑፎች እንደሚዳብር ተስፋ በማድረግ ነው።
 DESIGNERLY THINKING
PRE - UNIVERSITY
DESIGNERLY THINKING IN PRE-
UNIVERSITY YEARS
Advocate for ‘designerly’
thinking in schools / KG - high
schools / TVET
Problem solving skills, 3d
visualization, Art classes
Engage on School/ Science
fairs
Inspirational talks / BACK TO
SCHOOL PROGRAMS
Outline for
12th graders orientation to the
profession of architecture
Unlocking the
Practice of
Architecture
in Ethiopia ADVOCATE FOR DESIGNERLY
THINKING IN SCHOOLS
ARCHITECTS’ BACK TO SCHOOL
Amanuel Teshome Kebede PROGRAM
Presented to the AEA Executive ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION
committee upon being elected as ORIENTATION FOR HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS
President on August 2019
ARCHITECT’S EDUCATION
FIVE YEARS at UNIVERSITY
AEA ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION
ENGAGEMENT
Influence Student intake &
curriculum AEA coordinated
[mentored] internships programs
& support -UIL/ in partner schools
of architecture
Inspirational talks, facilitate jury
members
Open AEA branch offices/
LOCAL CHAPTERS in schools of
architecture around the country
Host ‘Job fairs’ or ‘Architecture
students portfolio day’
AEA architecture students
membership registration
Organize and set up architecture
students associations
AEA ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
AEA JOB FAIR/ VACANCY
ANNOUNCEMENT
AEA LOCAL CHAPTERS IN SCHOOLS
OF ARCHITECTURE
12
 GRADUATE ARCHITECT
4 YEARS
THE AEA GRADUATE ARCHITECT
Internship as a graduate architect
Min. 4 years of employment
and mentorship under an AEA
Registered Architect
Community/ Voluntary service
Ethical code of conduct of
Graduate architects
Office and site management
experience
Project management skills
AEA Registration of Graduate
Architects
AEA prepares/ facilitates
certification exam tutorials/
preparation.
AEA inspects Graduate Architect
mentorships
AEA GRADUATE ARCHITECTS
REGISTRATION
AEA GRADUATE ARCHITECTS
MENTORSHIP PROGRAMS
AEA REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL
CODE OF ETHICS
13
CERTIFICATION
EXAMINATION
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
Pass/ Repeat
Min. practice years as a
prerequisite
Recommendation by mentor(s)/
employer(s)
Certification exam preparation
Present x number of projects
done under a mentor [Y designed,
and Z built] to the AEA and
get clearance to seat for the
examination
Community/ Voluntary service
testimonials
Pass is a ticket to AEA registration
[to become a Registered
Architect]
Exam to be given at least twice in
one year.
CERTIFICATION EXAM
CERTIFICATION EXAM
PREPARATION/ TUTORIALS
AEA REGISTERED
ARCHITECT BENEFITS
REGISTERED ARCHITECT
AEA REGISTERED
THE AEA REGISTERED ARCHITECT
Has to pass the certification exam
Is a qualified architect and can
set up a practice
Annual renewal of registration
Annual Mandatory CPD points
Annual min. X Graduate architects
mentored
Takes out a professional
indemnity insurance
Signs/ stamps on projects
Gives Community/ Voluntary
service/ University lectures/
UIL/ Jury
AEA shall recognize such an
architect
AEA REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL
CODE OF ETHICS
AEA CPD PROGRAM
AEA ARCHITECT REGISTRATION
ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE
AEA REGISTERED ENTITY
AEA REGISTERED ARCHITECTURE
PRACTICE
Prerequisite – AEA Registered
Architect [one or more as owner/
two-third of the shareholders]
and a physical Address
Annual renewal by AEA
conditional to the performance of
the AEA registered Architects
Min. intake of two Graduate
Architects & min. two interns
The Practice should have no limit
to scale of project it works on [if it
gets a project/ no category]
Charges AEA min. design fee
Min. delivery based on AEA design
service standards
AEA shall recognize such a
practice
GRADUATE MENTORSHIP
DESIGN SERVICE STANDARDS
AEA REGISTERED ARCHITECTURE
SERVICE FEE
 Background
The war in the northern part of Ethiopia has resulted
in unimaginable destruction to the already strained
infrastructure of Ethiopia. Among the hardest hit facilities
are school facilities. During its early assessments the
Ministry of Education (MoE) has accounted for at least
7,000 school facilities that are seriously affected, while
half of these have been completely destroyed. The
Ethiopian government in its effort to reconstruct these
facilities has vouched to rebuild better schools for
the children of Ethiopia. To this end on December 15,
2021 the MoE called on the Association of Ethiopian
Architects (AEA) to come up with a new vision for these
facilities; the new Ethiopia schools (.nEs.)

AEA accepted this national call as an opportunity for its

members to contribute their professional knowledge
in the rebuilding of their country. Currently AEA is
mobilizing and engaging its members in a three-stage
approach. Stage I is the vision formulation and transla­
tion stage, Stage II will be the preparation of full design
documents for selected pilot projects and Stage Ill will
be the compi­lation of prototype book for the .nEs. The
presentation in this publication is an output of Stage I.

The Design Charrette Process

Vision formulation is a task that requires input from an
informed, creative, and diverse group of individuals
and professionals. To this end for the formulation of a
bold vision for the .nEs. AEA adopted a popular idea
harvesting method in the design industry that is called
DESIGN CHARRETTE. Design Charrettes are design
workshops or design studios which bring architects
together with informed people from a diverse
background under a facilitated environment where
these people are made to think creatively, or out of the
box while de­bating, discussing and sketching around
a round table where ideas are encouraged to flow
freely. After days of planning on January 5, 2022 AEA
organized a one-day Design Charrette that brought
NEW ETHIOPIA SCHOOLS together 60 people around 7 round tables / groups.
High schools students, educators, child phycologists,
authors, agriculturalists, environmentalists, architects,
special planners, authors, artists, businessper­
sons, school owners, experts from the MoE, forestry
specialists, school feeding specialists, parents and
university students were some of the backgrounds of
those that participated in the Design Charrette. The
different ideas that came out from the Design Charrette
was further grinded by a group of 20 architects who
14
worked intensively for a period of twenty days to
translate the ideas harvested from the seven tables
into a Bold Vision for the .nEs. The presentation
here is the explanation of this Vision for the .nEs.
Design Charrette Team
SCHOOL VISION
I. BASIC CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
SHCHOOLS AS COMMUNITY CENTERS
In a country characterized by young population,
students constitute more than a quarter of
the total population - making the net­ works of
students, teachers and their communities as the
most effective web residing over the vast territory
of the country. Further than being learning in­
stitutions, schools represent a network that
can be used as an ef­fective infrastructure to
address the needs of communities everywhere
-particularly community in the remotest sites.
In rapidly urbanizing nations such as Ethiopia,
schools in rural and suburban areas shall be
conceived as the embryo and nucleus of future
towns. Accord­ingly, they have to be designed with
a proper consideration of the school - community
interaction and by providing appropriate public
facilities that ad­dresses the basic needs of the
immediate communities.
Design
Components
15
SCHOOLS AS LEARNING FIELDS THAN ROOMS
A school has to be organized on activity-based
learning rather than class­room-based teaching.
Furthermore, schools - at various levels, have
One of the tables at the design charrette session
to be formulated as possible community
based laboratories for self-reliance and trade
diversification. This can be guided by coupling
the learning activities with production primarily,
producing consumables for the school communi­
ty itself and the community at large.
II. PROPOSED MAJOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES
The school compound can be zoned into three
areas: interface zone, protected zone and
production zone.
Protected Production
Zone Zone
Interface
Zone
1. INTERFACE ZONE: a zone where the school
becomes the community and vice versa.
It incorporate both a space and school
facilities that are shared with the community.
2. PROTECTED ZONE: prime teaching learning zone
where students and family feel safe and secure.
3. PRODUCTION ZONE: Agri-fields (Agricultural
activities - for the production of food) Learning through
doing-workshops for arts, crafts, science/technology.
Protected zone - Plan
III. GENERAL PRINCIPLE AND PROVISIONS
SET-IT-IN-NATURE
The prime goal of education is to understand
the mechanisms in nature and to learn a method
of coexistence among/with ourselves and with
nature. Accordingly, schools are best when they
are embedded within the natural environment.
The spatial and formal structures of schools
have to be developed with a target of achieving
a green, clean, physically comfortable, safe, and
joyful spatial environment.
SET-IT-IN-CONTEXT
Environmental, economic, and cultural realities
into which the school is going to be embedded
into, have to be considered as a basis in designing
particular schools in particular locality.School
designs have to be responsive to local climate,
explore locally avail able materials, and local
building skill and building culture. However, utmost
attempt has to be made to achieve meaningful
and inspiring quality in the built structures.
Production zone - Plan
Production Zones - Barn
Class room configuration - protected zone
Both the Product (the built form) and the Process
(of making the built form) have to be the object of
contextual setting.
WATER FOR SCHOOLS
Schools have to secure reliable water source.
If accessing existing water source is difficult,
developing water (water well, water harvesting
and purification, etc) has to be one of the basic goal
in the design formulation of school complexes.
Such provision can also be extended to serve the
surrounding community. Hygiene facilities (toilets,
showers. etc., which often are difficult to find in
the rural household) have to be conceived as a
core element of school infrastructure in Ethiopia.
If proper hygiene facilities can be established in
schools, it indeed can transform public health
condition in the country. In areas where such in
frastructure is rare, the facilities can be designed
in way to be cherished and shared by local
community - making schools a relevant center for
the wellbeing of the community at large.
TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY FOR SCHOOLS
Plugging into the internet with proper care
ensures access to an incredible wealth
of knowledge resources. However, such
technologies are dependent on electri cal energy.
On the other hand, electrical energy is the vital
Dining courtyard Production zone - Farm
16
resource for almost all contemporary economic appropriate spatial and technical standards (focusing
and cultural practices. Schools of almost all with student needs). Quality standards imply multiple
levels are centers of contemporary excellence attributes than the usual description of room sizes.
- centers to germinate economic and cultural
transformations of a society. Hence, this vital
resource has to be taken as one of the major
coordinates in establishing schools. If the location
of the school is difficult to access an existing
energy grid, alternative energy sources such
as solar energy and wind energy have to be
explored as a viable localized energy source.

QUALITY (STANDARDS) FOR SCHOOLS

The habitual assumption that relates quality with
high cost is simply wrong. Quality is a function of
attitude and creativity. Human intelligence and
thought! ulness are credited for value addition
and improvement of quality in human life. Quality
- in spatial production - is primarily a function of
innovation in design otherwise referred as good
architecture. Furthermore, quality is also sub
jected to a culture of care-full-ness (precision)
in construction and a culture of up keeping
(maintenance - the concept, which many argue,
does not even have a common Amharic word).
Communities and students have to be tasked
for continual (ritual) maintenance work to keep
the facilities function for long. Classrooms and
other facilities have to be designed and built with
CIRCLE UP
Circle up, not line up ! From the morning assembly
to the classroom setup, the concept of student
centered learning is consistently expressed in the
physical design of the school. Spaces that nurture
the unique potentials of every student.
The assembly is the central organizing element
and the nucleus of the three sectors of the school:
the Protected, the interface and the Production
areas . Serves as a central meeting point or a
performance center (amphitheater) to students
and the community.

Interface zone - Plan

Interface zone - Library Interface zone - Plaza & meeting Interface zone - Reading court
17
 Recently the Plan and Development Commission of Addis Ababa City
Administration put forward amendments for the Structure Plan of Addis
Ababa and got unanimous approval from the city administration. One
significant amendment is regarding the minimum parking requirement
of residential buildings. It raised the previous minimum requirement
from 1 car parking per 5 housing units to 1 car parking per 1 housing unit.

I am not convinced if the cabinet that approved this regulation is aware

of the implication of this seemingly simple but dangerous regulation. In
the approval process, the parking minimum requirement is presented
as one of the requests of ‘the people’. There is no explanation as to who
these people (who demanded one parking per unit) are. One thing to
be sure is that these ‘people’ are not the majority of the city dwellers,
the people without cars; the people lining up daily waiting for public
transport.

The Arbitrary Nature of Parking Minimums

The most authoritative figure in parking today is Donald C. Shoup, an

urban planning professor at the University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA). His voluminous book, The High Cost of Free Parking, has
impacted the planning decisions of many cities in the US. He argues
that minimum parking requirement has a ‘shaky foundation’ as it is not
to be found in the leading transportation planning textbooks. He further
states that ‘without training or research, urban planners know exactly
how many parking spaces to require for bingo parlors, junkyards, pet
cemeteries, rifle ranges, slaughterhouses, and every other land use.’
(Shoup D., 1999)

In this light, we can ask how our planners came up with the current
minimum parking requirement for different land uses, such as 1 car per
150m2 for commercial/office spaces, restaurants, bars, cafes, pastries,
museums, and libraries; or 1 car parking space /2 classrooms for primary
and secondary schools; 1 car parking space /5 lecturers for universities,
or 1 car parking space /10 seats for theatres, cinemas, and stadiums.

How can Lycee Guebre-Mariam and Black Lion School (which are
neighbors) have similar parking requirements? Do we need 6,000
One Car Per Family: parking spaces for Adey Abeba Stadium which is to have a 60,000-seat
capacity? Was there a study on parking regarding football fans that
A Devastating Blow to indicated the fans having one car per ten spectators? It's not hard to note
that this parking requirement is not supported by a study or rationale.
Affordable Housing A Blanket Regulation

Many cities that have instituted minimum parking regulations don’t make
their regulations blanket regulations throughout. They at least try to be logical.
They institute different minimum parking regulations by differentiating sites
//Benyam Ali as per their location in the city; a site in the city center(denser area) is not
18
treated as another at the periphery or a site near a public transport
access is not equated with another located far.
This new minimum parking regulation in effect treats a 20m2
studio the same way as a 200m2 luxury condo. Reading between
the lines, what this regulation in effect tells developers is, in order
to pass the minimum parking requirement, the way is to avoid
providing housing to the middle and low income citizens. What
this regulation assumes is that all families have cars and therefore
a free car parking provision has to be made for each family.
Minimum Parking- A Bad Policy
There are a host of problems today associated with minimum parking
requirements and Shoup summarises them as follows: “minimum
parking requirements subsidise cars, increase traffic congestion,
pollute the air, encourage sprawl, increase housing costs, degrade
urban design, prevent walkability, damage the economy, and penalize
people who cannot afford a car.” MRCagney (2020)
Apple Park, Apple Inc.’s new headquarter in Cupertino, California,
designed by Norman Foster is often presented as a project for its
sustainable design. Its energy efficiency and its LEED Platinum
certification are discussed to illustrate this, powered entirely by
renewable energy. And then the spoiler parking jeopardises the
whole endeavour. For 14,000 workers, Apple is building almost 11,000
parking spaces. The area for the car parking is more than the actual
office building; 318,000 m2 of offices and laboratories with 325,000
m2. Carparks. That is not because apple wanted this much parking
but because it is Cupertino’s minimum parking requirement. (The
Economist. (2017, April 8). Parking: Sacred Spaces)
Moving Away From Minimum Parking Requirement
In light of the bad urban implications of minimum parking
requirements hundreds of cities are taking actions; from lowering
minimum parking limitations going all the way to the opposite,
limiting MAXIMUM PARKING.
The shift in attitude towards parking requirements is indeed
dramatic. Cities like London, Amsterdam, Paris, Zurich, Sydney,
Brisbane, Seoul, Ottawa, Vancouver, Toronto, Jerusalem, Haifa,
Rotterdam, Frankfurt, Mexico City, Rio di Janeiro, San Francisco,
and Sao Paulo have instituted maximum parking requirement.
Other big cities like New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco,
Washington DC, Seattle, Portland, Atlanta, San Diego, Chicago,
Minneapolis and Phoenix, have instituted some form of maximum
requirement based on types of developments.
19
Minimum Parking and Affordable Housing
Among the host of problems with minimum parking regulation
globally our utmost concern is its contribution for making housing
unaffordable. Cities that offer free parking have high housing costs.
It makes this by discouraging the construction of small units and
passing on (bundling) the cost of building parking to buyers and
renters. Lehe L., (2018), Litman T.(2022)
In 1999 Los Angeles passed Adaptive Reuse Ordinance (ARO) to
convert vacant commercial and industrial buildings into housing.
This wouldn’t have been possible with the existing minimum parking
requirement. The ordinance made exemption regarding minimum
parking and in just ten years it was possible to convert 56 vacant
office buildings into 7300 new housing units. Manville M. (2020)
If we see our recent development through the lens of global shifts
in parking outlook we can say that our planners care little about
what kind of burden their requirements bring on developers and
ultimately in meeting the target of affordable housing. The new
minimum parking regulation in Addis Ababa is far removed
from the Structure Plan’s intentions and stipulations and grossly
contradicts itself. The structure plan clearly states that around
1.2 million new housing units, of which 420,000 housing units
are for the low income group. It specially recommends for the
government to focus on this (AACPPO (n.d.) p.112)
There are many small and irregular plots in Addis Ababa which
can be densified and be able to provide more affordable housing
but are simply curtailed by this minimum parking requirement. If a
developer wants to fulfil this requirement he will have to construct
multilevel basement parking. This type of construction is known to
have high cost due to soil protection (shoring) and substructure
structural construction. This will inflate the cost and make difficult
to finance the project as the initial financing of the developer is
simply eaten in substructure work.
In conclusion it is really inconceivable for the Plan and Development
Commission of Addis Ababa to continue with ONE CAR PER FAMILY
policy and reach a target of 1.2 million housing units because it
is not also possible spatially possible to provide 1.2 million car
parking spots which could amount to 2,400 hectares.
It is therefore worth listening to Shuop’s advice for betterment of
our city and its dire housing problem. He advices that: ‘removing
off-street parking requirements is the easiest, simplest, and fastest
way for cities to provide more affordable housing, more walkable
neighborhoods, and a more just society.’ Shoup, D. (2021, May 26).

Debrebirhan University conducted
surveying works for nEs
The Debrebirehan Surveying team has
successfully completed the surveying data
collection and compiled all the necessary
data as per the checklist by the nEs Design
Management team.
Three teams were formed by the university
from the college of Engineering to collect the
surveying data. Each team consisted of one team
leader, four data collectors (surveying, Civil, water
and electrical Engineers). The data collected
by the three teams were done concurrently in
collaboration with the local administrators and
zone level education office coordinators.
The surveying data for the 30 selected
schools includes:
1. 10 schools from South Wollo
2. 10 schools from Kemise
3. 10 schools from North Shoa zone
The AEA-nEs Project would like to take
this opportunity to thank the Debrebirehan
University surveying team members, local
administrations of all the respective zones for
facilitating the process and Mr. Abebe (MoE)
for all the support extended. //
AEA Developed an Implementation
Strategy for 200 New Ethiopia Schools
MoE set up a Post-war rehabilitation Project
Office and was staffed with professionals on
April 6, 2022. AEA in collaboration with the
Project Office developed an implemntation
strategy for the 1st 200 schools whereby
AEA will primarily deliver its services during
the design and construction phase of the
200 projects. In addition the association will
set up the necessary structures, develop
typologies, prepare documentations and
build capacities and fully handover its
operation to the project office.
The project office thus far has been
working closely with key stakeholders at
different capacities. Namely, the Ethiopian
Construction Authority for design approval;
the Ethiopian Contractors Association for the
selection and mobilization of contractors;
FDRE Public Procurement Authority with
regards to procurement approvals and
advisory; different universities for surveying
works; the Ethiopian Construction Design
and Supervision Works Corporation to
recommend unit rates for the different
project sites; regional education bureaus to
select and prepare the necessary schools
and additonal land; and last but not least
the Ethiopian Geospatial Institute for areal
generated topographic data. //
20
የአዲስ የኢትዮጵያ ትምህርት ቤቶች ዳራ
“የህወሀት ጁንታ ቡድንና ተባባሪዎቹ በከፈቱብን ጦርነት፣
በአፋር፣ በአማራ በቤኒሻንጉል ጉምዝ፣ በደቡብ እና
በኦሮሚያ ክልሎች 4,605 በከፊል እና 1,335 ሙሉ በሙሉ
በተጨማሪም በአማራ ክልል 3 ዩንቨርስቲዎችና 4 የመምህራን
ትምህርት ኮሌጆች ከፍተኛ የሆነ ሰብዐዊና ቁሳዊ ውድመቶች
ደርሶባቸዋል። በዚሁ ጉዳት ምክንያት እና በተፈጥሯዊ ድርቅ
ክስተት ጉዳት ምክንያት በያዝነው የትምህርት ዘመን በመላ
አገሪቱ ከ3.2 ሚሊዮን በላይ ተማሪዎች የትግራይ ክልልን
ጨምሮ ከሁለት ወር እስከ ሁለት አመት ከትምህርት ገበታ
ውጭ ሆነው የቆዩ ሲሆን በአሁኑ ሰዐት 2.6 ሚሊዮን ገደማ
ተማሪዎች ወደ ትምህርት ቤት ተመልሰው በልዩ ልዩ ቦታዎችና
አማራጮች ድንኳን በመጠቀም ጭምር በመማር ላይ ይገኛሉ።
ጉዳት የደረሰባቸውን ሶስት ዩንቨርስቲዎችን ከአቻ ዩንቨርስቲዎች
በተደረገ ድጋፍ እና በተወሰደ የመልሶ ጥገና ስራ ተማሪዎችን
ተቀብሎ የማስተማር ስራ እንዲጀምሩ ማድረግ ተችሏል።
በተጨማሪም ጉዳት የደረሰባቸው የመምህራን ትምህርት
ኮሌጆች ስራ መጀመር የሚያስችላቸው ተግባራት ተከናውነዋል።
በትምህርት ተቋሞቻችን ላይ የደረሰውን ጉዳት ወደእድል
በመቀየር የተጎዱብንን ትምህርት ቤቶች በተሻለ ጥራትና
ደረጃ መልሶ ለመገንባት እየተረባረብን እንገኛለን። ከዚሁ ጋር
በተገናኘ ሙሉ በሙሉ የወደሙትን ትምህርት ቤቶች መልሶ
ለመገንባት የኢትዮጵያ አርኪቴክቶች ማህበር አባላት በለገሱት
ነጻ አገልግሎት የዲዛይን ስራ እየተከናወነ ያለ ሲሆን ጎን
ለጎንም የሀብት ማፈላለግ ተግባራት በማከናወን በቅርቡ የ110
ትምህርት ቤቶች መልሶ የመገንባት ስራ ይጀመራል።
በሚቀጥለው አመት ደግሞ ተጨማሪ 200 ትምህርት ቤቶች
እንሰራለን ብለን እየተዘጋጀን ነው። ለዚህም ተግባራዊነት
እስካሁን 3.2 ቢሊዮን ብር የትምህርት ሚንስትሩ ማሰባሰብ
ችሏል። ይህም በአጠቃላይ የወደሙብን እና የተጎዱብንን
ትምህርት ቤቶች መልሶ ለመገንባት ከተገመተው 50 ቢሊዮን
ብር አንጻር እጅግ አነስተኛ ቢሆንም በቀጣይ አራት አመታት
ለማሟላት ስልቶችን በመንደፍ ለመተግበር ሰፊ ጥረት
ይደረጋል። በዚህ አጋጣሚ በአገር ውስጥ እና በውጭ ያሉ
ኢትዮጵያውያን፣ትውልደ ኢትዮጵያውያንና የኢትዮጵያ
ወዳጆች የጀመሩትን ድጋፍ አጠንክረው እንዲቀጥሉ
በትምህርት ማህበረሰቡ ስም ጥሪ አቀርባለሁ።” //
የኢፌድሪ ትምህርት ሚንስቴር ሚንስትር ፕሮፌሰር ብርሀኑ ነጋ ለኢፌድሪ የሕዝብ
ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት በመጋቢት 28 ቀን 2014 ዓ.ም. የሚ/ር መ/ቤቱን የሪፎርምና መልሶ
ግንባታ ተግባራት አፈጻጸምን በተመለከተ ካቀረቡት ሪፖርት የተወሰደ:-
21
#StudiesWereConducted
for New Ethiopia Schools
The nEs Design review & Management team
identified five study packages whereby
the design consultants came together in
groups to conduct research on the following
functional categories: (1) Classrooms; (2)
Special need classes; (3) Science center
(Biology, Chemistry and Physics lab); (4) Co-
study space; (5) Art or craft rooms; (5) Music,
dance and drama spaces.
A school is expected to provide its pupils
with appropriate facilities in an environment
conducive to effective learning and healthy
development. In preparing appropriate school
designs, there is a basic need to provide
buildings which are simple and functional,
capable of adaptation to meet the changes
in education. In developing countries, where
funds are limited, minimum space requirements
at relatively low cost are particularly relevant. It
is important to provide functional, adaptable
and economical facilities.
The aim must be to rationalise designs in
order to obtain the maximum value without
increasing costs. Every country attempts
to provide standardised facilities based on
established norms for furniture, classroom
size, school size, space requirements and
building designs. In so doing, facilities should
optimally serve the changing learning/
teaching process in each particular type of
school. Hence, the norms and standards
adopted for the design of school facilities
need to be kept flexible and updated from
time to time as deemed necessary.
The studies were intended to help guide the
design & construction of the New Ethiopia
Schools and the documents were prepared
with an understanding that designing
educational buildings requires international
& local technical standards, guidelines, and
specific code of practice policies beyond
what is covered by the studies. //
FIRST 10 NEW ETHIOPIA SCHOOL DESIGNS COMPLETED

The first round of 10 School designs for the .nEs. project have been completed. The consultants
submitted their designs in 4 stages to the .nEs. Design and Management Team which in
collaboration with the .nEs. Design Review Council evaluated the projects in line with the
requirements and specifications outlined in the .nEs. vision document and gave feedback to
the consultants in due time. AEA and the .nEs. project coordinators would like to thank all the
consultants as well as the design management and review team members who volunteered their
services and diligently worked for 8 weeks to deliver the required documents for the first round
of schools reconstruction. //

.nEs. Afar Lot-1 Architectural Design Renderings by ATK Building Investments, Alebel Desta CA&E and BIGAR Builders & Developers

Sekota Secondary and Preparatory School Design Renderings By Afrodesign Consulting Architects and Engineers 22
 The world’s first safest Elevator

Authorized dealer
in Ethiopia
TOWER
ENGINEERING &
CONSULTANCY

251 115 579 142

251 929 133 553/37

Burj Khalifa Eiffel Tower towerengineeringplc@gmail.com Zemen Bank CBE HQ

Empire State Oriental Pear Ethio China road, Hibret Bank ORDA
23 ... Tower
. Bamacon Building 2nd Floor ... ...
..
 Abstract

The research has the objective of recommending a

feasible and effective instrument that can reduce the
gap of managing the failures of the Building Form
Design Market (BFDM) in exploiting the opportunities
and addressing the challenges of Building Form Design
for the quantity and quality of Publicly Accessible
Domain (the PAD) of the city. The PAD which includes
not only the domain under public control and may be
physically and visually accessible to All but also the
domain under private control which may be visually
accessible to All is an important input for improvement
of life quality for the population, is, therefore a national
development agenda, and it is the SOUL of the city.

Properly viewed Building Form Design is a result of

the Building Form Design Market which includes the
developer and its TOR, on the demand side, and the
designers and the design evaluators on the supply
side. Building Form Design has the opportunities for
contributing to the space quantity of the PAD and the
challenges of affecting its quality. But it can fail to exploit
the opportunities and address the challenges unless it is
managed by an adequate Failure Management System.

In the literature, an adequate Building Form Design

Failure Management System includes regulation
by using a Centralized Urban Design (CUD) and/or
technical enablement for doing decentralized urban
design (for example at block level) and/or financial

The Urbanist
enablement.

contextualist
However, data indicate that the Building Form Design
Failure Management Systems in Addis Ababa and

Building Form
other Ethiopian urban centers have serious gaps: they
are often limited to planning regulations and local
development plans which do not have adequate focus
Theory (UcBFT) on the quantity and quality of the PAD. In addition,
they have technical and financial capacity limitations
to prepare Centralized Urban Designs for regulation
and to enable the market financially and technically by
decentralized (block level) urban design. Therefore,
Heyaw Terefe (PhD), there is a need for research to develop a feasible
and effective instrument to reduce the Building Form
Associate Prof. EiABC, Design Failures' management gap in such contexts.
Addis Ababa University
24
The research is, therefore, done in order to
respond to this need which is likely to be also
applicable to other developing countries like
Ethiopia. It recommends the option of Technical
Enablement of the Building Form Design Market,
by the Building Design Failure Management
System, so that the Market can do a Parcel
Level Urban Design together with Building Form
Design, i.e. so that the Market can shift from mere
Building Form Design to Urbanist Building Form
Design. In addition it recommends to focus on the
objective opportunities and challenges of Building
Form Design for the PAD in order to match the
Building Form Design Failure Management
Task with the technical and financial limitations
of the Management System, i.e. it recommends
making the instrument Contextualist in addition
to Urbanist. Technical enablement of the market,
unlike regulation, requires informing the market
objectively on the types of building forms that can
exploit the opportunity of space contribution and
can address the challenge of quality for the PAD.
Evaluation of the existing building form theories by
using these requirements has, however, indicated
that there are gaps in:
• Completeness of the opportunities and challenges
of building form design for the PAD; and
• Indication of building form types
Thus, the study was focused on:
• Filling these gaps and on developing an Urbanist-
contextualist Building Form Theory (UcBFT) that
can be used by the Building Form Design Market
Failure Management System to manage the
failures of the market and
• On testing the feasibility and effectiveness of the
theory by collecting data from the Management
System, the Building Form Design Market, and
realized building designs in Addis Ababa.
Accordingly, a building form theory that suggests
about 31 building form types was developed. The
theory was first tested by collecting data mainly
from realized building designs in Addis Ababa
25
starting from establishment period of the city up to
the present. The findings were later first presented
to a group tasked with the assignment of preparing
signage and facade color regulations by the
Management System and later to members of the
Building Form Design Market on two occasions.
Preliminary findings based on data from the
Management System and the realized building
designs indicate that the theory has a good
chance of being feasible and effective. This has
led to the preliminary conclusions that:
• the solutions to some of the urban and
Architectural problems in developing countries
like Ethiopia are likely to be, not only practical, but
also theoretical, and
• that, contrary to popular view, theory, science,
and academic work are not the opposites of
practice and the practical; they are rather what
make practice and the practical work.
The findings have also led to the following
recommendations
• The Building Form Design Failure Management
System must enable the Building Form Design
Market to shift from the Parcelist to the Urbanist
Architecture approach by using the Urbanist-
contextualist Building Form Theory (UcBFT) and to
launch the Urbanist Architecture Movement (UAM)
• The Building Form Design Market shall be
motivated to be enabled and to support the
Urbanist Architecture Movement (UAM) which
is pro- SOUL of the city, pro-improvement of life
quality, and pro-national development
• The AEA shall realize that the development of
the Scientific component of the profession (or
research) is lagging far behind the development
of the professional component (Design and
Construction) in Ethiopia and take actions such as:
- Planning to address the gap in the Association’s
strategic plan because the problem is strategic and
- Making institutional arrangements to motivate
research and researchers and expand the
contextualist knowledge base of the profession.
 Tinsae Tsegahun & Yishak Tsehay, Junior Architects at Alebel Desta CAE
Experimenting with shapes, materials,
technology, and construction processes
allow architecture to break free from
traditional architectural conventions. Fabric
may not be the first material that springs to
mind when thinking of architectural studio
experimentation. Despite this, our team
has been experimenting with fabric for
some years. These experiments span from
minimal product design to large-scale art
installations. This encounter inspired the
urban artwork at Meskel Square as well as
the art installation at the Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam - GERD. As experimenting
is central to our company's ideology,
we'd like to share one of our most recent
experiments. You may have heard and read
about the prior art installations; but, in this
article, we will focus on an experiment that
was part of the GERD's art installations.
Our team embarked on the 'Floating Red
Fabrics’ project after being inspired by
the commencement beginning of GERD’s
power generation. The experiment was
originally scheduled to take place at the
GERD's reservoir waterfall, but due to a
range of scenarios, including high water
26
pressure, it was shifted to Lake Hora,
southeast of Addis Ababa.
7 yards of red lightweight satin fabric, sewn
into a 60-meter length, representing the
Abay River's major tributaries: Beshilo,
Giamma, Gudar, Birr, Diddessa, Dabus,
and Beles, were intended to be placed at
different points and converging to one,
representing our country’s diversity through
tributaries and our unity through Abay,
where all the tributaries converge and flow
as one. Apart from the tributaries, it also
represents all Ethiopians who contributed to
27
the construction of the dam. The red fabric
symbolizes the fact that we not only gave
our water but also our blood and Abay is
ingrained in our history and DNA.
Several visits to the site had been made
in order to make this project a success.
Prior to onsite testing, the team spent days
debating how to carry out the experiment at
a warehouse in Dukem. A small size sample
model was created to analyze, comprehend,
and show fabric movement as well as
predict any issues. The scale model was
also helpful in gaining a clear grasp of the
entire design and experimentation process,
from boat positioning to fabric movement to
final fabric collection phases. This provided
valuable information to the design team,
those operating the boats, and everyone
else involved in the experiment about how
things would unfold chronologically.

A single one-to-one scale fabric was

used in a pre-experiment on Lake Hora
a day before the full scale experiment to
understand the impact of water wave and
wind on the movement of the fabric and
boats. This experiment prompted the team
to reconsider some major design decisions,
resulted in the addition of elements to
improve the experiment, and, last but not
least, enabled the team to be prepared in
advance for potential challenges.

Following many discussions with locals and

boat drivers, an 18-person team of architects,
designers, camera men and drone operators
headed to the lake on December 21, 2021, where
fifteen boat drivers awaited with their boats
and anchors. The rolled fabrics were quickly
unloaded from the trucks and placed on each
separate boat. After that, two team members
sailed to the middle of the lake with their
assigned boat driver. Because the experiment
was to be recorded as if it were taking place in
the GERD Reservoir, all cameramen and drone
operators sought to avoid any shore views in
the footage and conduct the experiment in the
middle of the lake.

On the day of the experiment, seven different

fabrics were released from seven different
boats, each of which was radiated at a
15-degree angle. Each boat had two team
members and a boat driver. Three boats float
20 meters from the coast, preparing to pull the
released fabric from the boats. Four drones
28
 were stationed in the area, ready to record as the textiles were
progressively released. To get the most out of the experiment, four
cameras were placed at different perspectives on the surrounding
mountain. The drone and camera footages were also useful in
communicating challenges that arose during the experiment and in
improvising on the spot to ensure the experiment's success. Other
members of the team stood on the shoreline, relaying information
from the seven boats to those closer to the coast.

Thanks to all those involved, the experiment was conducted

safely and successfully. As always our team takes great lessons
from every experiment and the most important lesson here
was the importance of coordination in organizing, convincing,
guiding and engaging all involved in the experiment for the
success of a project. This project was designed in conjunction
with the installation at the GERD’S power generating start
ceremony. Despite the footage not being disseminated, there
will be a screening program at the Alebel Desta CAE office is
planned for the near future. Stay tuned for more.
29
 Accessibility in design is translated to the freedom the design
offers for people to access and inhabit spaces in accordance with
their cognitive and physical capabilities. As a result it becomes
imparative to design spaces that are accessible in all aspects
which is vital for safe and sustainable living.

But, in reality
There are numerous crucial points determining accessibility in
design, that designers aren’t familiar with. This is because there
are very few to no schools with full-time design studio faculty to
help students understand the importance of the topic first-hand
and allow them to place themselves in the position of users with
disabilities while creating a design.

Did we know that,

Designing products and spaces for people with disabilities improve the
project's creativity because the lingering constraints sharpen focus,
allowing us to look at the problem from a different perspective by
considering the needs of others in the plan, this eventually results in a
universally beneficial and innovative design as we identify insufficiency,
which would have never been considered in the first place.

Let’s not forget,

As one of the diverse groups of the society, people with disabilities
have the right to be exposed to an accessible built environment and
facility that allow them to be independent but they are denied their
right because of many reasons.

Why not Oasis for all,

When we prioritize people with disabilities and design accordingly,
we often will stumble upon solutions that are not only inclusive
but also are better than what we design for the norm because the
unique experience that people with disabilities can share is exactly
the perspective we need to help us plan and design spaces that

Disability and
help us attain a better world for everyone.

So, let’s advocate the fact that,

Ease of Access Everyone is capable of doing anything when exposed to the

right environment, even if it’s not possible to change people’s
impairments, by adapting Architecture/Environment and giving
attention to details, we may change the physical, social and cultural
barriers that impaired people face throughout their life.

All of us have a part to play, in moving towards creating an

// DDI inclusive world So, What can each and every one of us do to
improve our surroundings and create a barrier-free environment?
Disability Development Initiative #Oasis for all
30
31
 ከፍትህ አካላት መካከል ከፊትለፊት ረድፍ ከሚቆጠሩት መካከል
የሙያ ማህበራ ቀዳሚዎቹ ናቸው፡፡በመንግስት የሙያ ሥነምግባርን
በኩል በተለያየ ጊዜ ለማስከበር ቢሞከርም በተለያየ ጊዜ ቅርፁን
በመቀያየር ሙከራውን የፖለቲካ መሳሪያ መስሎ እንዲታይ ሆኗል፤
ሙከራዎችም በአባዛኛው ከማስፈራሪያነትም ሊያልፍ አልቻለም።
የሙያ ማህበራት በባለሙያዎች በሚደረግ የሙያ መስተጋብር ውስጥ
ሊከበር የሚገባውን የሙያ ሥነ ምግባር ከሌሎች መንግስታዊ አካላት
በተሻለ ሊያስፈፅሙት እንደሚችሉ የዓለም ተሞክሮ ያሳያል።

የኢትዮጵያ አርኪቴክቶች ማህበር ከተቋቋመበት አላማ አንዱ የሙያ

ሥነምግባር በሙያው ውስጥ እና በአባላት እንዲከበር ማድረግ ነው።
በመሆኑም ከአለምዓቀፍ የአርኪቴክቶች ማህበራት ዩኒዬን ደረጃ
ተመጣጣኝ የሆነ ገለልተኛ እና ነፃነት ያለው የአባላት

• የሙያ ሥነምግባር ደንብ፣

• የአባላት የሙያ ሥነምግባር ፍርድ ሸንጎ ማቋቋሚያ ደንብ፣
• የአባላት የሙያ ሥነምግባር የፍርድ ሸንጎ ሥርዓትና የቅጣት ደንብ
እና
• የሙያ ሥነምግባር የዳኝነት አገልግሎት ክፍያ መመሪያ በጠቅላላ
ጉባዔ አፅድቋል።
• በተጨማሪም አምስት አባላት ያሉት የሙያ ሥነምግባር የፍርድ ሸንጎ በጠቅላላ
ጉባዔ ሰይሞ ካደጉ አገሮች ጋር የሚስተካከል የአርኪቴክቸር ሙያ ሥነ ምግባር
ማስከበሪያ እና የተጠያቂነት ሥርዓት በማህበሩ ውስጥ ተዘርግቷል።

በዚህ ሥርዓትም የማህበረሰብ ክፍሎች፣ የአርኪቴክት ደንበኞች እና

የማህበሩ አባላት ተጠቃሚዎች እንደሚሆኑ ይታመናል፡፡ የማህበሩ
አባላትም ከፍ ባለ ደረጃ ተጠያቂነት ያለባቸው በመሆኑ ተጠንቅቀው
ሙያቸውን ይሠራሉ፣ ተዓማኒነት ስለሚጨምርላቸው በስራ ላይ
ተፈላጊነታውንም ከፍ ያደርግላቸዋል፡፡ የሙያ ማህበራት በእንዲያለ
ተግባር ይሄን ያህል ሲቀሳቀሱ በአንፃሩ የመንግስትን ድጋፍ ይሻሉ።

የሚመለከታቸው መንግስት ከቅርብ ጊዜ ወዲህ ከሙያ ማህበራት ጋር ተቀራርቦ

የመንግስት ተቋማትም ለመስራት ቁርጠኛ አቋም እንዳለው በተለያየ መድረኮች ሲገልፅ
ይሰማል። በእርግጥም ይህ የመንግስት ፈላጎት በጎ ነበር። በአንፃሩ

የሙያ ሥነምግባር መንግሰት የሙያ ስነምግባር መመሪያ ብሎ የሚያወጣቸው

ህግጋት ሁሉ በመንግስት ቅጥር ላይ ላሉ ባለሙያዎች እና የፖሊሲ
ማክበርን እና ማስከበርን አማካሪዎች ላይ እንኳ ተፈፃሚ ለማድረግ እንደተቸገረ ከዚህ ፅሁፍ
ማብራሪያ መረዳት ይቻላል፡፡ የዚህ ፅሁፍ አቅራቢ ከሙያ አጋሮቼ
ከውስጣቸው ሊጀምሩ ይገባል ጋር በመሆን የኢትዮጵያ አርኪቴክቶች ማህበርን በመወከል በተለያየ
ጊዜ ከመንግስት ተቋማት ጋር በተሳተፍሁባቸው የውይይት መድረኮች
ላይ በታዘብኋቸውን ሁነቶች መሰረት በማድረግ ነው።

1ኛ) ትምህርቱ እና የሙያ ልምዱ ሳይኖራቸው ለሚኒሰቴር መ/ቤቶች

//ባይሞት ፀጋዬ እና ባለስልጣን ተቋማት ውስጥ ሁሉን-አቀፍ የፖሊሲ እና የሙያ
ህግጋት ዝግጅት አማካሪ ኤክስፐርት መሆን፤
(ከ1985ዓ.ም. ጀምሮ የማህበሩ አባል፤
ከ2009 ዓ.ም. ጀምሮ የኢትዮጵያ አርኪቴክቶች ማህበር በታሪክ ሁሉን-አቀፍ ክህሎት የነበራቸው እነ ሊዎናርዶ ዳቬንቺ
ምክትል ፀሃፊ፣ የሥራ አስፈፃሚ ኮሚቴ አባል፣
የሙያ ሥነ ምግባር ኮሚቴ ሊቀምንበር)
እና መሰሎቹ እንደነበሩ ይነገራል። እነዚህ ታሪካዊ ሰዎች እውቅና
32
የተቸራቸው በነበሩበት ዘመን አስመስክረው ነው። ለመንግስት
አማካሪ ኤክስፐርት ለመሆን ሁሉን-አቀፍ ክክሎት እንኳን
ቢቀር በሚያማክሩበት ዘርፍ ለምስክርነት የሚበቃ ፕሮጀክት
ጀምሮ የማጠናቀቅ ልምድ ያለው/ያላት መሆንን ይጠይቃል።
የከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተቋማት ለመራቂዎቻቸው የሚሰጡት
የመጀመሪያው የሙያ ማሰረጃ በዙዉን ጊዜ በአንድ ዘርፍ ከነ
ሙሉ ክብሩ፣ ጥቅሙ እና ግዴታው የሥነ-ምግባር ደንብ ነው።
ግዴታው ሲባል ደግሞ የሙያ ሥነምግባር ግዴታ ማለት ነው።
በሚመለከታቸው የሚኒስቴር መስሪያ ቤቶች በኩል ሲመደቡልን
የነበሩ ተወያይ ኤክስፐርቶች እና የሚኒስትር አማካሪዎች
በአርኪቴክቸር ትምህርት ያልተማሩ እና በአርኪቴክቸር ሙያ
ልምድ የሌላቸው በመሆናቸው ምክንያት ከሙያ መርህ አንፃር
እንኳን ጥያቄያችንን ለመረዳት ሲቸገሩ ይሥተዋላሉ፤ እኛም
እነሱን በመርህ ደረጃ እንኳ ለማስረዳት ተቸግረናል። በሚኒሰቴር
መ/ቤቶች በኩል የነበሩት ተወያዮች በሌላ ትምህርት እና የስራ
ልምድ ብቻ ብቃት ሊኖራቸው ቢችልም እንኳ በአርኪቴክቸር፣
በከተማ ዲዛይን፣ በላንድሰኬፕ ዲዛይን ሙያ የፅንሰሃሳብ፣
ክህሎት እና ልምድ የሌላቸው በመሆኑ አነሱም ተሳስተው
የተከበረውን ሚኒስቴር መ/ቤቱንም እያሳሳቱት እንደሆነ በተለያየ
ጊዜ በውይይታችን አጋጣሚ ስገነዘብ የአርኪቴክቸር ሙያ
በኢትዮጵያ ምን ያህል አደጋ ላይ እንደወደቀ ስጋቴ የበለጠ
ጨምሯል። ሚኒስቴር መ/ቤቶችን ወክለው ከማህበራችን ጋር
የሚወያዩ የሚኒስትር አማካሪዎች ከአንድ ጊዜ በላይ የመነጋገር
እድል አይሰጡም። ለሌላ ጊዜ ተዘጋጅተው ለመነጋገር ቀጠሮ
ከሰጡ በኋላ በተያዘው የቀጠሮ ቀን ቢሯቸውንም ሆነ ስልካቸውን
ዘግተው ይጠፋሉ። በርካታ ሙያ-ነክ አዋጆችን፣ደንቦችን እና
መመሪያዎችን በቂ ውይይት ሳይደረግበት እና መተማመን
ሳይደረስበት በድብቅ ሲፀድቁ ማየት የተለመደ ሁኗል።
ላለፉት ዓመታት ሚኒስትሮች እና ባለስልጣናት በተለያየ ጊዜ
ሲቀያየሩ ብናይም አማካሪ ኤክሰፐርቶች ግን አሁንም ያው
ናቸው። እነዚህ አማካሪ የኤክስፐርቶች የግድ እንዲቀጥሉ
ከተፈለገ ሌላውም የሙያ ዘርፍ አቃፊ (Enclusive) ይሆኑ
ዘንድ ተጨማሪ ትምህርትና የሙያ ልምድ ቢሰጣቸው ጥሩ
ነበር። ችግሩ ቢያንስ ላለፉት ሁለት አሥርት ዓመታት አስከ
ዛሬ ድረስ በመመሪያ እና በአዋጅ ዝግጅት ሂደቶች ላይ ሁሉ
በሚያሳዝን ሁኔታ ሲስተዋል የነበረ ጉዳይ ሁኗል። ሁኔታው
አንድን አርኪቴክት የስትራክቸራል ዲዛይን ወይም ፋውንዴሽን
ዲዛይን ምክር እንዲሰጥ እንደመፍቀድ በመሆኑ እንዲህ አይነቱን
አሰራር የኢትዮጵያ አርኪቴክቶች ማህበር ከሙያ ሥነምግባር
ጥሰት አንፃር አጥብቆ ይቃወማል።
የመንግስት ከፍተኛ ሃላፊዎችን፣ ተሿሚዎችን እና ባለስልጣናትን
የሚያማክሩ ኤክስፐርቶች እና ልዩ አማካሪዎች በሚያማክሩበት
ዘርፍ ከነ ሙሉ ጥቅሙ ክብሩ እና ግዴታው ጋር ከዩኒቨርሲቲ
የተመረቁ እና በስራ ልምድም በአርያነት ሊጠቀሱ የሚችሉ
ሊሆኑ ይገባ ነበር። ትምህርቱ እና የስራ ልምዱ በማይፈቅድላቸው
33
የሙያ ዘርፍ አንድን ግዙፍ ሚኒስትር መ/ቤት ለማማከር መሞከር
ከሙያ ሥነ-ምግባር ጥሰት ተለይቶ አይታይም።
2ኛ) በአንድ በኩል በመንግስት የፖሊሲ እና የሙያ
ህግጋት ዝግጅት አማካሪ ኤክስፐርት መሆን በሌላ በኩል
ከውጭ ከባሙያው ጋር የሙያ ተፎካካሪ ለመሆን በመሞከር
በሚኒሰቴር መ/ቤቶች አማካሪ ኤክስፐርቶች የሚፈፀመው
የሙያ ሥነምግባር ጥሰት ከዚህም እየባሰ መጥቷል። በሚኒሰትር
መ/ቤቶች የፖሊሲ እና ህግጋት አማካሪ ኤክስፐርት ሆነው
እያገለገሉ በውጭ ደግሞ ያለ ነፃ ውድድር የግል ቢዝነስ ውስጥ
መሳተፍ የጥቅም ግጭት በመሆኑ ይሄም ሁለተኛው የሙያ ሥነ
ምግባር ጥሰት ነው። በዚህም ምክንያት የሚኒስትር መ/ቤቶች
አማካሪ ኤክስፐርቶች ጋር በሚደረግ ውይይት የማህበራችን
አባላት የማስተካከያ እርምት ለመስጠት ሊደርስባቸው ከሚችል
አሉታዊ ተፅእኖ በመፍራት ለውይይት ፍላጎት አጥተዋል። በስራ
ሂደት ከአንድ የመንግስት አማካሪው ኤክስፐርት ጋር የሥራ
ግንኙነት ሲፈጠር ተወያየቶ መብትን ማስከበር አይቻልም፣
የሙያ ውድድርንም ይጎዳል።
3ኛ) ማጠቃለያ
በሚኒስቴር መ/ቤቶች በኩል የሚመደቡ ባለሙያዎች እና
የሚኒሰቴር አማካሪዎች ከነ ሙሉ ግዴታው ክብሩና ጥቅሙ
በከፍተኛ የትምህርት ተቋማት ከተሰጣቸው የሙያ ዘርፍ
አልፈው ባልተማሩበት ሙያ ሙሉ ፕሮጀክት አጠናቅቀው
የማያውቁ በአማካሪነት እና በህግጋት አዘጋጅነት መሳተፋቸው፤
በተጨማሪም በአንድ በኩል በልዩ ልዩ የመንግስት ተቋማት
አማካሪነት እና በውሳኔ ሰጪነት በመስራት በሌላም በኩል
በፕሮጄክቶች ላይ በግል አማካሪነት በመስራትና የጥቅም
ግጭት በመፍጠር የሙያ ሥነ ምግባር ጥሰት በሚኒስቴር መ/
ቤቶች እና ባለስልጣን ተቋማት ሰፍኗል። በዚህም ምክንያት
ከሙያ ማህበራት ጋር ስምምነት ያልተደረገባቸው አንዳንድ
ጊዜም ውይይት ያልተደረገባቸው እና ከሙያዎች ተፈጥሯዊ
ባህሪይ (Universally Accepted Principles) ያፈነገጡ
ህግጋት እየወጡ ይገኛሉ።
4ኛ) መፍትሄው
የሚመለከታቸው የመንግስት ተቋማት የሙያ ሥነምግባር
ማክበርን እና ማስከበርን ከውስጣቸው ሊጀምሩ ይገባል።
ስለሆነም በመንግስት ተቋማት የሚመደቡ የፖሊሲ እና የህግጋት
ዝግጅት አማካሪዎች በተመሳሳይ የሙያ ዘርፍ ከነ ሙሉ
ግዴታው ክብሩና ጥቅሙ በከፍተኛ ከታወቁ ትምህርት ተቋማት
የተመረቁ አና ባህረ-ሃሳብ ያላቸው ብቻ ሳይሆኑ መንግስትን
በሚያማክሩበት ዘርፍ ተዛማጅነት ያለው ሙሉ ፕሮጄክት
ጀምረው የማጠናቀቅ ልምድ ያላቸው እና በስነምግባራቸው
የተመሰከረላቸው ሊሆኑ ይገባል። በተጨማሪም የጥቅም ግጭት
የሚፈጥሩ አሰራሮችን መንግስት መከላከል ይጠበቅበታል።
 1. General: Although there are numerous project delivery methods practiced in the developed
countries, the focus of these notes is to explore the virtues of the Design-Build (D-B) method
particularly over the Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B) method. The use of Design-Build as a project
delivery method is largely practiced in North America and Western Europe. The advantages
and disadvantages of the method quite naturally, are related to experience in these regions.

Regarding the types of projects which commonly employ this method it may be said that they are
pre-dominantly Civil Engineering Works. Use of the method in Building Works, as generally observed,
is better suited to repetitive units such as large-scale housing projects. One-off buildings, especially
certain public and corporate office projects seldom use this method.

The D-B-B method, often referred to as the traditional method, is well established and has the
requisite standard documents to effectively put it in use. The D-B method is a relatively new method
in the practice and has a practically invisible but persistent lobby. The other two methods applied to
building works projects, CM and CM at Risk, are seldom used in local projects.

Clients are easily convinced that the D-B method is the cure for all ills and readily proceed to
implementation without the necessary preparations. The merits of the method are, however,
not realized without a consistent effort to effectively administer the design-build process.
While bearing design as well as construction risks the D-B entity shall not be seen as an
angel from heaven.

Apart from the four most commonly used building delivery methods, a plethora of emerging
methods and sub-methods abound. Various local institutions on record in using some of these
methods include the AA-LRT, AU Peace & Security Building, CBE and Awassa Textile mills among
others. The construction industry as a whole and design architects and engineers in particular
have not benefitted from the experience gained by the institutions due to lack of proper records
and research on the methods at least as subjects of student theses.

2. Merits of the D-B Method

Studies made in North America and Western Europe, where Design-Build is widely used,
point out major advantages over the Design-Bid-Build method and report savings ranging
from 5 to 20% on each item. One study puts the figure as high as 33% with regard to
completion time. The owner has only one contract to deal with and transfers most of
the risks to the contractor (design-build entity) based on a well-defined scope of works
(Employer’s Requirements). Apart from the expected savings in cost, early ground breaking
and a substantially shorter project completion shall be attained.

Discussing the advantages of D-B-B is not of particular relevance, since this method is
widely prevalent and familiar to all stakeholders. The advantages and disadvantages of
the D-B method, however, need to be looked into before a final decision is made. In the
developed countries the contractor in a D-B-B method has practically no input in the design
of the project. In the local context, however, contractors take it upon themselves to employ
designers to fill the gap of inadequate production documentation. Approvals are also
problematic and due to lack of prompt decisions are often solved by arranging overseas trips
for both the employer and the architect to compensate the lack of know how. The employer
is thus, not only dealing with two contracts, but is immersed in technical decisions that
it is not supposed to be involved in. Despite such shortcomings the D-B-B method is not
definitely without any merit. It is by far the best understood method, is regulated through

The Case of D-B

well-defined procurement laws, follows a linear sequence of work and more importantly
allows the employer to retain full control of the design.

3. Application of the Method in Ethiopia

The features mentioned above remain the same for all countries. The application of the method is,
however, greatly affected by the level of development and the legal framework of the particular

// Wouhib Kebede country involved. The perceived advantages may not be, therefore, guaranteed to be replicated all
over the world. It shall also be noted that the choice of project delivery method by itself without
34
a regime for control of project performance will not ensure the desired result. Empirical
studies may be considered objective although comparisons are not actually made on
projects that are identical in every respect.
With regard to the situation in Ethiopia, the non-existence of a standard bidding
document including a form of conditions of contract poses a major concern. Statutory
obligations with regard to intellectual property and building permit processes are
also issues that need to be dealt with in a manner appropriate to the nature of the D-B
delivery method. The most worrying aspect is, however, the notion that an architect
has no role in a D-B undertaking, even as a bridging architect or an Architect of Record.
Use of FIDIC forms of contract is prevalent in the local instances observed. There is,
however, a lack of informed decision on which particular FIDIC format is appropriate.
This situation is also observed in some of the East European countries, according to
published studies, where efforts have been made to merge two FIDIC formats often
with undesirable outcomes. The promotion of FIDIC forms, often as an amulet, leaves
employers completely mesmerized by the quackery of the largely invisible D-B lobby.
The International Union of Architects (UIA) guidelines advise architects to carefully
define their roles with regard to the non-traditional project delivery methods. Since the
involvement of an architect, in one way or another, is inevitable in all building projects
it follows that the architect will definitely have to make important decisions regarding
economic and moral rights of his design. These rights shall be construed separately
from ownership of the drawings, specifications etc. prepared for the project. Although
the client may own the drawings and documents, of course for use with a particular
project, it does not follow that he owns the copyright to these documents.
Building permit requirements of the Addis Ababa Administration prescribe that
all documents submitted shall be prepared and signed by locally registered
architects and the major engineering disciplines. Documents for major projects
may be submitted at the design development stage, but shall be resubmitted at the
completion of the construction documentation stage. It is strictly prohibited to start
construction on site without a formal building permit and appropriate notification of
the sub city or woreda administration where the project site is located.
Disregarding the proponents of no architect in the D-B process, the extent of
involvement of a bridging architect may fall between the schematic design and
design development stages. If the bridging architect’s involvement goes up to
the design development stage, it is regarded as almost transforming into a hybrid
method, which has its own inherent advantages. A proper hybrid method shall,
however, incorporate other features to stand as an alternative by itself.
4. Major Concerns Regarding Local Scenario
Government agencies, particularly the FPPA, or professional associations have not taken
steps to draft standard bidding documents for the D-B delivery method. Consultants and
government offices dealing with D-B bidding document preparation are using international
forms not available locally or existing D-B-B forms without proper adaptation to deal with
specific procedures required to implement a D-B project.
Compiling the Employer’s Requirements section of the RFP is also handled in a manner
that appears to compensate for the owner’s limited control of design. The drafts prepared
for this section often got to over 100 pages. The content in most cases is repetitive and
a duplication of standard technical specifications. Some compilations raise the question
how an employer could go into such detail when he is not a professional.
Strictly speaking the D-B method is not altogether new to Ethiopia. Own-force
projects are in fact D-B oriented. Schools, health centres and other mostly rural
35
governments projects in the pre-1991 period were executed by government agencies
set up to design and construct projects. These agencies were well organized and
efficient. In the post-2000 period projects designated as D-B are planned on the
basis of insufficient information and preparation.
5. The CBE Experience
The CBE Headquarters project is the flagship of the D-B lobby. Despite the self-
congratulating press releases and interviews the project cannot be regarded as an
example to be copied. Most concerned have lost track of events and do not recognize
the time it has taken so far nor have any idea of when it should have been completed.
One can follow the time aspect from news reports, inaugural videos and press releases
but the other important aspect of a D-B undertaking - COST- is an inaccessible matter.
6. Adoption of the Method to Medium and High Rise Projects
It is highly recommended that building projects above a height of 70 metres above
grade and a constructions cost exceeding 900 million Birr at 2020 prices shall be
executed through a regular D-B method with both the design-build entity and the
employer’s agent being selected through international competitive bidding. Local
counterparts may be engaged for the purpose of architect of record services and
partial checking of production documentation submissions.
On the other hand, building projects above a height of 35 meters above grade
but not exceeding 70 metres may be handled through a hybrid variant of the D-B
method. Assuming that the construction cost of such buildings will be in the range
of 400 Million to 900 Million Birr at 2020 prices, the project would require an entity
with considerable experience in handling the detail design and construction of the
building. Such an entity will definitely have either one or both arms undertaken
by expatriate staff. The supervisory function, however, shall be carried out by
local firms and/or individual professionals because of the statutory requirements
indicated above and the convenience of engaging local oversight. This variant will
thus be instrumental in assuring the appreciable savings in cost, early ground
breaking and substantially shorter project completion afforded by the D-B method
with the reasonable control of design and quality of materials and workmanship
that are the hallmarks of the D-B-B method.
Apart from the size and cost of the project, completion time will be a major
consideration in selecting the delivery method. The table below shows a comparison
of optimum project completion time by delivery method for a project with an assumed
construction cost of 2 billion Birr at 2021 prices. A typical average completion time of
actual buildings in the same cost range and expected to be completed before the end
of 2022 is included to drive home the point the D-B method may be the answer even
for one-off building projects. That information is alarming but may be easily confirmed.
7. Comparison of Completion Time and Project Cost, D-B-B vs D-B
Design-Build is essentially about cost and time. This is what one promises to a client
when one proposes this delivery method. Of course, in comparison with D-B-B. In our
context this promise and comparison with D-B-B tends to be at best superficial. In
practice, those who promote this delivery method do not assume any responsibility
and are not there when the goods have to be delivered. Architects may feel that it
is not their duty to promote this delivery method especially for one-off buildings. It
shall be noted, however, that the UIA actually does not outright reject any current
and emerging building delivery methods as long as ‘the role, responsibility and
constraints on architects are clearly understood’. The UIA also underlines that ‘the
skills of the architect are unique in guiding project clients to achieve the most
effective balance between risk, cost time and design quality’. It is subsequently
imperative that if one cannot avoid the push of the all-engulfing D-B movement, then
one should take it by the horns and demonstrate how it should be done.
The result of studies in countries where both D-B-B and D-B are used indicate savings
in time and cost amounting up to 33% when the D-B method is used. In the local
situation a margin of 20% would be more realistic. Discerning employers should ask
how this margin of saving may be accomplished and how the early completion target
will be met in comparison with a reference project carried out with the D-B-B method
and hold accountable the professional involved, especially when it is thinly disguised
as a contract management at risk or contract management muti-prime undertaking.
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
There is an increasingly strong opinion held by many professionals in the
construction industry that the D-B method yields very favourable results. This is,
however, not tested and proved in Ethiopia. The setup of the professional services
required to provide a high degree of control of project performance, which is
extremely essential for the D-B method, is not in place.
Generally, one-off buildings are better handled through the D-B-B method provided
there is a dependable level of experience and skill in the architectural practice. This
may apply only to low-rise buildings, not exceeding 35 metres above grade, for
which most local architect office have hands-on experience. For medium-rise and
high-rise projects the D-B method may be used with adequate preparations.
For medium-rise buildings, it is highly recommended to adopt a HYBRID method
combining elements of the two methods relevant to the local situation. The main features
and procedural requirements of a hybrid method will comprise of the following:
a) an architect will be selected through National Competitive Bidding
b) a schematic design will be prepared by the selected (bridging) architect
c) the architect will prepare an RFP for a D-B bid based on a developed design
d) the selected D-B entity will prepare the construction documentation and build the project
e) the architect will cover professional indemnity requirements and act as an
Architect-of-Record
f) the architect will be appointed as an Employer’s Agent and will maintain a multi-
disciplinary staff
g) the architect will review the production documentation submissions and
supervise construction
For high-rise buildings, a regular D-B method shall be adopted with thorough
preparations particularly focused on local conditions. The main features and
procedural requirements of a regular D-B method will comprise of the following:
a) a well-versed consultant shall be employed to prepare bidding documents
b) the design-build entity shall be selected through International Competitive Bidding
c) the employer’s agent shall also be selected through International Competitive Bidding
d) the design-build entity shall appoint a local office as Architect of Record
e) the employer’s agent shall appoint a resident representative and local checking counterparts
f) the employer shall set up a project office to handle administrative, logistics and follow-up only
Architects shall not be bystanders while silver-tongued functionaries, who had
mostly never had their day at design or related professional work, hoodwink
employers to wallow in uncharted mud-pits and worst of all telling them they should
be happy at the end of it all. The D-B delivery method is generally not recommended
in the present state of the local construction industry. It shall not also be outright
rejected, particularly if the right set of circumstances appear to exist, but brought
into line with best international practice.
36
37
 If we are to preserve culture we must continue to create
it. - Johan Huiznga

A few weeks ago, as I was waiting for a taxi after finishing

a full day’s work, a slightly drunk man came and sat
behind me on a bus bench. He looked like one of those
men who’d talk about politics one minute and what he
had for dinner the next, and if you wait long enough, an
insult or a blessing would follow. Everybody around me
knew it and we were all waiting for him to start talking.
He kept silent for a short while before blurting “ይሄን ሁሉ
ህንጻ ዲያቢሎስ ነው ወይስ ባቢሎን ነው ሚያቆመው?!”. Why
those two specific things? I do not know. Why did he ask?
That's beyond me. Having heard this old man ramble on
for a decent amount of time, I finally found a taxi. On my
way home, I couldn’t help but wonder how this man’s
thoughts seem to resemble my own. My name is Eleleta,
and unlike my name, my outlook on life is pretty bleak.
I finished architecture school with honors less than a
year ago from Hope University College. Over my years
in school, I’d written a bunch of paragraphs and phrases
in different sketchbooks before I’d decided to give them
meaning in an essay class. And that, dear reader, is what
you’re reading; the thoughts of an over opinionated
fresh graduate.

I have to say, I was a little self conscious having thoughts

resembling a drunk man's words but I'd guess I'm not the
only one with thoughts about the changes happening
in Ethiopian cities. Change is no longer knocking at the
door for Ethiopia. It is sitting comfortably on the sofa and
sipping coffee with the moms. Change has come with a
large baggage labeled “Construction Plans”. Fortunately
for us architects and builders, we have the honor of
unpacking that baggage. I need not state the creative
mind’s enthusiasm for such a task.

Word from the

Walking the streets of Addis, the capital of Ethiopia, I can
rarely fathom the speed with which buildings are being
built. Every day we find a new foundation begun and

Opinionated
another slab filled. In a matter of days and weeks, skeletal
structures are fully functional buildings. Though the
question of some of these buildings’ functionality remains

Fresh Graduate
questionable, our cities are coming to life. Rest assured
we still have lots more to do. As architects and builders,
we have a solemn duty to make sure that we go down
the right path. As someone who’s fresh out of campus, my
ideas would seem a bit naive but bear with me.

// Eleleta Belay First and foremost, there is social context to be

considered when designing. In fact, it may be the
Amanuel Sheferaw principal factor to consider. Buildings that provide stable
38
shelter with a complete disregard for the values
of community fail as the people’s building. Design
is for the people. The people are the benefactors
for they are the users. Good design is from the
people to the people. While the overall outlook
of the city is changing, the core values of the
people have not. Community is the essence of
the Ethiopian survival. The Konso village and the
city of Harar are starkly different territories yet so
alike in community values. Imagine if architects
and builders were to “develop” the Konso village
and place families on a flat land with large houses
a kilometer apart or on a stack of apartments with
a 150 m2 for a family of 5. Such developments,
though ‘growth’ for the country, are detrimental to
the soul of the Konso. Passing by condominium
housings, one can’t help but notice the burning
coal on the window of a 4th story unit or the
balconies and walkways that look like the interior
threw up bits and pieces of furniture to make room
on the inside. One could conclude that these units
might not be considerate of the people’s values.
In the residential sector, need based construction
was the main driving force behind Addis ‘losing’
the social quality of the people. “In 1975, through
highly regulated schemes, relatively small lots
were granted for cooperatives to construct at low
costs. These neighborhoods earned the name
“quteba,” an Amharic word meaning “frugality.”
Morphologically, they are visible as pixelated
neighborhoods, mainly in the southern and
southeastern parts of the city… It was only after
2004‒2005 that rehabilitation began on significant
parts of the inner city. An extensive governmental
program tore down the decaying qebele housing,
replacing it with higher density urban dwellings
referred to as condominiums. The city's rapid urban
rehabilitation plan generated more than 220,000
government subsidized housing units, a number
of new and restructured road networks, a light rail
public transportation system, and an ever-growing
construction industry.” A city shaped by diplomacy:
the case of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa Dirk
van Gameren and Anteneh Tesfaye Tola.
Addis’ skyline looks like an idea war zone
explosion resulting in a chaos of imported glass
and aluminum. “In 2020, Ethiopia spent 671
million USD for construction service imports
only, a 40.61% increase from 477 million USD in
2019, a 70.79% increase since the 47.43% slump
39
in 2017,” as published by Knoema, a premier data
platform and the most comprehensive source of
global decision-making data in the world. Though
conventional building materials and systems have
proven to be both time and cost effective, over
the years, they’ve contributed to a large portion of
pollution. Our equatorial climate has provided us
with abundant natural resources. We ought to be
conscious of nature’s suggestions and construct
accordingly.
Planning of the building material needs as much
planning as the structure that is going to be the
building. While the rest of the world scavenges
for natural materials to use in construction, it
feels as though we have made it our sole mission
to decimate all of nature by using chemically
engineered materials in our cities. Have you ever
noticed how a material abundant in a certain area
serves the needs of the area; not in terms of the
people located there but in regards to climate and
geographical location of the area. Take a look at
bamboo in Sidama, mud and timber in Gambela,
sand and stone in Afar. Few of our vernacular
structures are still constructed in rural areas while
city codes and regulations prohibit the use of
such materials in the city. Any material is what you
make it to be. Unfortunately, mud and thatch have
earned themselves the name “ኋላቀር” (backwards).
These materials are used again and again in
the same way because we haven’t invested
conscious knowledge into them. The reliability of
these materials according to the needs we have
today is, of course, in question but with a small
intervention of engineering and design, natural
materials such as mud, thatch and timber can easily
serve our construction needs as their usability and
functionality has persisted so well for so long.
Much of the path we have walked is dictated by
the western man. In doing so, we have eroded the
qualities that make us Ethiopians. As designers, we
have a responsibility to rediscover and redefine
our identity. We have the chance to look back and
reflect upon many possibilities. In doing so, we see
how the western world has reached the peak of its
climb and is now reverting back to its beginning.
Being at the very beginning ourselves, we have an
advantage. This is the opportune window we can’t
afford to miss. Spirituality, community and coffee
are the essence of ethiopianhood. Our buildings
and cities should be a testimony to that effect.
 Architecture—and construction, in general—are inherently optimistic pursuits. But
to continue designing and building in a place that had just suffered considerable
destruction, one needs a certain level of tenacity or even madness.

Over the past six months, a few projects had struck me as especially ambitious,
though. There has to be more out there. But these three endeavors are the ones I'd
been paying attention to.

1. New Ethiopia Schools (.nEs.)

Several months ago, professionals from different fields including architects, planners,
educators, development experts, students of various levels, parents and citizens from
other walks of life took part in an intensive trans-disciplinary design charrette to
discuss what future Ethiopian schools should look like. It's the distillation of those
ideas that guided the school designs made by design firms across the country.

So far, the designs incorporate contextual intricacies so they are able to work in various
contexts all over Ethiopia. Each school is designed to lean into the local population's
existing strengths and have facilities that'll serve the community at large. These new
schools strive to strengthen the extensive networks of students and teachers all over
Ethiopia, empowering them to form the nuclei of Ethiopia's future towns.

The whole endeavor is the result of a collaboration between the FDRE Ministry of
Education and the Association of Ethiopian Architects (AEA) and is to date one of
the largest, concerted efforts by groups of professionals that I had ever witnessed.
Dozens of people had poured many hours into this probono work, and now that
some of these schools are nearing their construction phase, I'm excited to see these
projects come to life.

2. Accupunturing Addis

The Accupuncturing Addis project was born as a response to the Land Bank and
Development Corporation's design competition to ‘revamp Sheger’

Fitsum, one of the architects participating in this competition, introduced me to the

design he and his team had prepared for the contest.

Their project aims to target and transform several vital points within the Ethiopian
capital Addis Ababa. They tried to follow a socially responsible design approach to
address the needs of the people within every area they targeted. Some of their design
ideas include introducing a promenade in Mesqel Square and a car-free zone that can

3 Projects To
be used for hosting outdoor events.

Fitsum and his team had presented their project in several venues over the past month.
He said that the competition presented a chance for him to share his aspirations and

Look Forward To
have a say in the future of his city.

Soon, the competition results will be determined by a technical jury. I look forward to
seeing Addis Ababa as a more vibrant and walkable city.

3. Association for Building Communities (abc)

// Winta Assefa
Architect & Storyteller
@wintaassefa1 on Instagram & Telegram
This association is being built on the foundation of research and work that had been
carried out for over a decade now. The architects and professors who had carried
out those nationwide design projects also ran the Tukul 2 Dachas* (T2D) expedition.
That research trip, which I'd gone on with students from Ethiopian and German
40
universities, left me with some profoundly formative experiences. It was the first time
I had led a participatory design session with the community leaders of a small village
to determine the kind of urban plan layout they wanted for their hometown.

Those residents' ideas and debates about the future of their village illustrated the
importance of involving everyone in every step of the design process. It's much better
to listen to people arguing about where they want a future high school or whether
they want a clinic to be constructed before said high school and guide them toward
a design compromise they can all stand behind, than impose a masterplan on them
from above.

This is the kind of community participation that abc hopes to facilitate.

The association is all about guiding grassroots urbanization by building communities

and equipping them with all the tools and skills they'll need to build their own town-
habitats.

abc would share the research it possesses, members' findings, and experiences
from other organizations to help end the disaster loop that is leading to unguided
urbanization all over Ethiopia. A lot of the lessons learned while building Buranest*,
a model town project which was carried out by the same team who organized the T2D
project, would be applied in the upcoming projects as well.

Zegeye Cherenet—one of the association's founders—had been ceaselessly working

on a book that would form the base of the association's future. The members of the
association which include professionals from various fields, will then contribute their
time and expertise to fulfill the association's missions.

Now all three projects are still in their early phases. And given the events of the past
several years and what's to come, we can't reasonably predict what might stand in
our way down the line. In retrospect, we may all call this stage 'the easy part' of the
whole journey. But for now, it's up to us to start our proverbial engines and get our
work going.

* NESTOWN project (which is behind the Buranest town):

Ethiopia’s present population of more than 90 million people is growing rapidly. In

spite of the outstanding economic growth the multi-ethnic state on the Horn of Africa
seems to be reaching its limits.-- In order to develop a model town, the authorities
in the Amhara region are working closely since 2007 with NESTown Group, including
experts from ETH Zurich. It has been officially decided to implement this urban
development proposal.

The region aims to offer its mostly farming inhabitants a town and house type
designed according to local conditions which they can build and manage themselves.
The buildings are used to harvest rainwater and are built from local materials such as
eucalyptus wood. The developed and tested construction is estimated to cost no more
than the equivalent of 2000 - 3000 Swiss francs. — from nestown.org

* Tukul to Dachas (T2D):

“In 2013 – 14, Dirk Donath, Lukas Veltruský (viertewand), Florian Geddert (plus 4930
Architektur) & Tsedeke Yihunie Woldu (Flintstone PLC) developed a conceptual
scheme for the creation of small dense urban settlements in the rural areas of
Ethiopia. The idea behind this project was to reduce the massive flow of people to the
big cities by creating a livelihood where most of the Ethiopian population currently
lives – in the rural areas.” — from Bauhaus-Universität Weimar’s website.
41
SCAN QR TO SUBSCRIBE TO KJ

@ketema_journal

0900 57 19 12
KOHLER.Africa Kohlerafrica Kohler Ethiopia Kohler Africa