Resistance and Propulsion

Introduction
Prof. Bhanuprakash Tallapragada
Dept of Marine Engineering
Andhra University College of Engineering
Visakhapatnam - 530003
1. Surface ship has interface with water and air

2. Steady state condition – constant speed – no

acceleration
Planing is the mode of operation for a waterborne craft in
which its weight is predominantly supported by
hydrodynamic lift, rather than hydrostatic lift (buoyancy).
Fast boat with foils, which lift and support the hull above
water when cruising speed is reached
Components of Resistance
1. Frictional resistance - RF
2. Residuary Resistance – RR
3. RT = RF + RR
4. Viscous resistance – RV
5. RF = Tangential Shear Stress integrated over the surface
of the body
6. Wave are generated in still water due to ship motion –
Wave making resistance
Pressure Resistance = Resultant of the normal stresses
integrated over the surface of the ship

If longitudinal
component is
opposing we get
resistance Rp

Normal components cancel out

Longitudinal components will not cancel out and there will
be resultant horizontal force
Viscous Pressure Resistance
BL thickness grows from fore to aft
At stag point 
Velocity is non-zero at the original stagnation point
1. Pressure Part – Wave making resistance

2. Free surface waves – on the surface of the

ship – called gravity waves

3. Potential energy is converted into orbital

motion when you drop a stone in a pond

4. Wave making resistance is higher in higher

ship speeds
Wave Breaking Resistance
1.Stagnation point – Bow Crest forms
2.Increases and breaks Bow Wave - eddies are
formed
3.Very small compared to the frictional
resistance
Spray resistance
Planing craft
Other components
1. Appendage – Bossing, shaft, bracket, bilge keel, rudder
etc
2. Roughness resistance – corrosion/ biological weeds/
barnacles – fouling
3. Dry docking to clean the ship
Air resistance – no wind
1. F prop to v2
2. Steering resistance – single screw propeller – asymmetric
fluid motion – moment caused- counteracted by the
rudder – resistance
Waterways resistance

1.Blockage effect < 2 draft (shallow)

2.Flow velocity increases pressure decreases

buoyancy reduces

3.Ship sinks – more wetted surface

1. Due to bottom BL additional constriction is given to
the flow
2. Flow velocity is more at the end due to more BLT
3. Lower pressure at aft region
4. Aft sinks more- trimming
5. Deep to shallow --- sink/trim (squat)
6. Transverse restriction (canal or river) Squat effect is
higher