Local Area Networks:

Ethernet
Lecture Objectives:
➢To discuss LAN market Technologies.

➢To explain IEEE Standard Project 802.3 for Ethernet.

➢To state the difference between Standard, Fast, Giga, 10 Giga

Ethernet.

➢To clarify the Standard Ethernet (10Base5 – 10base2 – 10baseT –

10baseF).
Lecture Objectives:
➢To discuss Fast Ethernet (100baseTX – 100baseFX – 100baseT4).

➢To reveal important details about Giga Ethernet (1000baseSX –

1000baseLX – 1000baseCX – 1000baseT)

➢To explain 10 Giga Ethernet (10GbaseS - 10GbaseL- 10GbaseE)

Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Summary and Discussion.
1. History and Introduction
Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that is
designed for a limited geographic small area (home, office,
building or campus)
• a few kilometers.

LANs have higher data rates (10Mbps to 40Gbps).

1. History and Introduction
The LAN market has seen several technologies such as
Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI, and ATM LAN.

The first LAN in the world was the original version of

Ethernet.
1. History and Introduction
In 1985, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started a
project, called Project 802 to set standards to enable intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of manufacturers.
1. History and Introduction
The standard for Ethernet is 802.3.

The IEEE wanted to make sure that its standards were compatible with the
International Standards Organization (ISO)/OSI model.

The IEEE 802.3 standard had to address the change of Layer 2 of the OSI model
and the appear of Ethernet network interface card (NIC) .
1. History and Introduction
IEEE divide data link layer in OSI to

◦ Logical Link Control (LLC) – flow control, error control, part of

framing. Provides one single data link control for all IEEE LANs

◦ Media Access Control (MAC) – Defines the specific access method

for each type of LAN (Ethernet–CSMA/CD, Token Ring and Token Bus-
Token Passing). Provides part of framing function.

IEEE has also created several physical layer standards for different LAN
protocols.
1. History and Introduction
1. History and Introduction
Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
1. History and Introduction
Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Summary and Discussion
2. Standard Ethernet
1. MAC Frame Format.

2. MAC Addressing.

3. Standard Ethernet Categories.

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.1 MAC Frame Format

Preamble : alert and synchronize the receiving system to coming frame.

SFD : signals beginning of frame.
DA : physical address of the destination.
SA : physical address of the sender.
 2. Standard Ethernet

2.1 MAC Frame Format

Length or Type-type: define upper layer protocol, length: the number of bytes in data
field
Data and padding: encapsulated from upper layer (min 46 and max 1500 bytes)
Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC : error detection information.
 2. Standard Ethernet

2.1 MAC Frame Format

CSMA/CD Minimum Frame is 64 bytes

Minimum Frame size = 64 – (6+6+2+4) =46 bytes.
2. Standard Ethernet
1. MAC Frame Format.

2. MAC Addressing.

3. Standard Ethernet Categories.

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.2 MAC Addressing

Each station on an Ethernet network (such as a PC,
workstation, or printer) has its own network interface card
(NIC).

The NIC fits inside the station and provides the station
with a 6-byte physical address.
 2. Standard Ethernet

2.2 MAC Addressing

NIC – 6 byte (48 bits) physical address

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.2 MAC Addressing

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.2 MAC Addressing

Source address – only unicast

Destination address – unicast, multicast, broadcast
The least significant bit of the first byte
defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

The broadcast destination address is a special case of the

multicast address in which all bits are 1s.
 2. Standard Ethernet

2.2 MAC Addressing

Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the second
hexadecimal digit from the left. If it is even, the address is unicast.
If it is odd, the address is multicast. If all digits are F’s, the address
is broadcast. Therefore, we have the following:
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
2. Standard Ethernet
1. MAC Frame Format.

2. MAC Addressing.

3. Standard Ethernet Categories.

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.3 Standard Ethernet Categories

 2. Standard Ethernet

2.3 Standard Ethernet Categories

Naming Cable

Speed Signal Method Medium

10 Base 2
100 Broad 5
1000 T
10G F
TX – CX – FX
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.1 10Base5

Known as Thicknet
Thick coaxial cable
Uses bus topology with external transceiver
Max length of each segment 500m
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.2 10Base2

Knows as Thin Ethernet

Uses bus topology with thin and flexible cable
Transceiver – part of NIC
Max length of each segment 185m
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.3 10BaseT

Knows as twisted pair Ethernet

Uses physical star topology
Stations connected to hub
Max length 100m
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.3 10BaseT

????
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.3 10BaseF

Uses star topology

Stations connected to hub
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

2.3.3 10BaseF
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

Ethernet Categories
 2. Standard Ethernet
2.3 Categories

Manchester Encoding
Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Summary and Discussion.
3. Fast Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. More about Fast Ethernet.

3. Fast Ethernet Categories.

 3. Fast Ethernet

3.1 Introduction to Fast Ethernet

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through several
changes before moving to the higher data rates.

These changes actually opened the road to the evolution

of the Ethernet to become compatible with other high-
data-rate LANs.
3.1 Introduction to Fast Ethernet

1. Bridged Ethernet

2. Switched Ethernet

3. Full-Duplex Ethernet
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Bridged Ethernet

Bridged Ethernet – divides the network; gain more

bandwidth for each segment.
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Bridged Ethernet

Bridged Ethernet – separation of collision domain – probability of collision reduced

3.1 Introduction to Fast Ethernet

1. Bridged Ethernet

2. Switched Ethernet

3. Full-Duplex Ethernet
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Switched Ethernet

Layer 2 switch is N port bridge that allows faster handling of packets

 3. Fast Ethernet
3.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Switched Ethernet

3.1 Introduction to Fast Ethernet

1. Bridged Ethernet

2. Switched Ethernet

3. Full-Duplex Ethernet
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.1 Introduction

3.1.3 Full-Duplex Ethernet

From switched to full duplex Ethernet, capacity is increased.

need to CSMA/CD ???
3. Fast Ethernet
1. Introduction

2. More about Fast Ethernet

3. Fast Ethernet Categories

 3. Fast Ethernet

3.2 More About Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN protocols
such as FDDI.
IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.
Goals
◦ 1. Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps.
◦ 2. Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet.
◦ 3. Keep the same 48-bit address.
◦ 4. Keep the same frame format.
◦ 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
 3. Fast Ethernet

3.2 More About Fast Ethernet

MAC sublayer in Fast Ethernet can operate in 2 modes
Half Duplex with CDMA/CD
Full Duplex

A new feature added to Fast Ethernet is called auto-

negotiation.

Auto-negotiation allows two devices to negotiate the mode or

data rate of operation.
3. Fast Ethernet
1. Introduction

2. More about Fast Ethernet

3. Fast Ethernet Categories

 3. Fast Ethernet

3.3 Fast Ethernet Categories

3.3 Fast Ethernet Categories
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

3.3.1 100BaseTX
Uses data rate of 100Mbps.
Uses two pairs; one for transmission and the other for reception; of
STP or category 5 UTP.
 Star topology with half duplex mode or bus with full duplex mode.
Maximum segment length (point to point links joining the switch to
the station) is 100 meters.
Maximum network is 200 meters.
 Transceivers may be internal or external.
Uses block (4B/5B) and MLT-3.
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

3.3.2 100BaseFX
 Uses data rate of 100Mbps.
Uses two optical fiber cables; one for transmission and the other for
reception.
Star or bus topology.
 Maximum segment length (point to point links joining the switch to
the station) is 100 meters.
Maximum network spam is 200 meters.
Transceivers may be internal or external.
Uses block (4B/5B) and NRZI.
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

3.3.3 100BaseT4 (why !!)

Uses data rate of 100Mbps.
Uses four pairs of unshielded twisted pair cables (UTP category 3) two
for transmission and the other two for reception.
 Star topology.
 Maximum segment length (point to point links joining the switch to
the station) is 100 meters.
 Maximum network spam is 200 meters.
 Transceivers are external.
 Uses code 8B/6T (8 binary/ 6 ternary) and NRZ.
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

3.3 Fast Ethernet Categories

Mistake ??
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

Mixed Configuration
 3. Fast Ethernet
3.3 Categories

Standard Vs Fast Ethernet

Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Discussion and Questions.
4. Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer operation mode.

3. Giga Ethernet Topologies

4. Giga Ethernet Categories.

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.1 Giga Ethernet Introduction

Motivation : The need for an even higher data rate .
The IEEE committee calls the Standard 802.3z.
◦ 1. Upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps.
◦ 2. Make it compatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet.
◦ 3. Use the same 48-bit address.
◦ 4. Use the same frame format.
◦ 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
◦ 6. To support autonegotiation as defined in Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer operation mode.

3. Giga Ethernet Topologies

4. Giga Ethernet Categories.

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.2 Mac Sublayer operation mode.

keep the MAC sublayer untouched.

Giga Ethernet operates half-duplex and full-duplex.

Almost all implementations of Gigabit Ethernet follow the

full-duplex approach.
 4. Giga Ethernet

4.2 Mac Sublayer operation mode.

In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is no
collision;
the maximum length of the cable is determined by the
signal attenuation in the cable.

Half duplex – rare (2 methods)

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.2 Mac Sublayer operation mode.

❖Carrier Extension : Increase frame size from 512 bits to
512 bytes (4096 bits) 8 times longer

• This method forces a station to add extension bits (padding).

• the maximum length of the network can be increased 8 times

to a length of 200 m.
https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/nc1998_04a.html
 4. Giga Ethernet

4.2 Mac Sublayer operation mode.

❖Frame Bursting: Carrier extension is very inefficient if we
have a series of short frames to send.

• Instead of adding an extension to each frame, multiple frames

are sent.
• padding is added between the frames.
• the method deceives other stations into thinking that a very
large frame has been transmitted
• Max Frame bursting 8192 bytes.
4. Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer operation mode.

3. Giga Ethernet Topologies

4. Giga Ethernet Categories.

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.3 Giga Ethernet Topologies

????
4. Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer operation mode.

3. Giga Ethernet Topologies

4. Giga Ethernet Categories.

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.4 Giga Ethernet Categories

Giga Ethernet Operates in 2 wire mode or 4 wire mode

 4. Giga Ethernet

4.4 Giga Ethernet Categories

Maximum Length

550m

5000m

25m
100m
 4. Giga Ethernet

Mixed Configuration
Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Discussion and Questions.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer.

3. 10 Giga Ethernet Categories.

 5. 10 Giga Ethernet

5.1 10Giga Ethernet Introduction

Motivation : The need for an even higher data rate .
The IEEE committee calls the Standard 802.3ae.
◦ 1. Upgrade the data rate to 10 Gbps.
◦ 2. Make it compatible with Standard, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet.
◦ 3. Use the same 48-bit address.
◦ 4. Use the same frame format.
◦ S. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
◦ 6. Allow the interconnection of existing LANs into a metropolitan area
network (MAN) or a wide area network (WAN).
◦ 7. Make Ethernet compatible with technologies such as Frame Relay
and ATM.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer.

3. 10 Giga Ethernet Categories.

 5. 10Giga Ethernet

5.2 10Giga Mac Layer

Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates only in full duplex mode

which means there is no need for contention; CSMA/CD is
not used in Ten-Gigabit Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet
1. Introduction.

2. Mac Sublayer.

3. 10 Giga Ethernet Categories.

 5. 10 Giga Ethernet

5.3 10Giga Ethernet Categories.

Lecture Outline:
1. History and Introduction.
2. Standard Ethernet.
3. Fast Ethernet.
4. Giga Ethernet.
5. 10 Giga Ethernet.
6. Summary and Discussion.
Lecture Summary:
1. Ethernet is the most widely used local area network
protocol.

2. The data link layer of Ethernet consists of the LLC sublayer

and the MAC sublayer.

3. Each station on an Ethernet network has a unique 48-bit

address imprinted on its network interface card (NIC).
Lecture Summary:
4. The minimum frame length for lO-Mbps Ethernet is 64 bytes;
the maximum is 1518 bytes.

5. The common implementations of lO-Mbps Ethernet are

lOBase5 (thick Ethernet), 10Base2 (thin Ethernet), lOBase-T
(twisted-pair Ethernet), and lOBase-F (fiber Ethernet).

6- A bridge can increase the bandwidth and separate the

collision domains on an Ethernet LAN.
Lecture Summary:
7. A switch allows each station on an Ethernet LAN to have
the entire capacity of the network to itself.

8. Full-duplex mode doubles the capacity of each domain

and removes the need for the CSMA/CD method.

9. Fast Ethernet has a data rate of 100 Mbps.

Lecture Summary:
10. In Fast Ethernet, autonegotiation allows two devices to
negotiate the mode or data rate of operation.

11. The common Fast Ethernet implementations are 1OOBase-TX

(two pairs of twisted pair cable), lOOBase-FX (two fiber-optic
cables), and 100Base-T4 (four pairs of voice-grade, or higher,
twisted-pair cable).

12. Gigabit Ethernet has a data rate of 1000 Mbps.

Lecture Summary:
13. Gigabit Ethernet access methods include half-duplex
mode using traditional CSMAI CD (not common) and full-
duplex mode (most popular method).

14.The common Gigabit Ethernet implementations are

1000Base-SX (two optical fibers and a short-wave laser
source), 1000Base-LX (two optical fibers and a long-wave
laser source), and 1000Base-T (four twisted pairs).
Lecture Summary:

15. The latest Ethernet standard is Ten-Gigabit Ethernet that

operates at 10 Gbps. The three common implementations
are lOGBase-S, 10GBase-L, and 10GBase-E. These
implementations use fiber-optic cables in full-duplex mode.
References

[1] Chapter 13 : Forouzan, Behrouz, Catherine Coombs, and

Sophia Chung Fegan. Introduction to data communications
and networking. McGraw-Hill.

[2] Prof. Imane Aly Saroit Lectures Slides {Previous Years}

Questions
True or False
1- Fast Ethernet has a data rate of 100 Mbps.
2- A hub allows each station on an Ethernet LAN to have the entire
capacity of the network to itself.
3- The minimum frame size for Ethernet is 64 bytes.
4- Carrier extension is very efficient if we have a series of short
frames to send.
5- In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is no collision
Thanks