Higher Technological Institute

Tenth of Ramadan City

Mechanical Engineering Department

Thermodynamics 2
Dr. Gamal Nada

Eng. M. ElDakroury
Section 1: The Second Law of TD,
Sheet 1
Problem 2
A steam power plant with a power output of 150 MW consumes coal at a rate of 60 tons/h. If the heating
value of the coal is 30,000 kJ/kg, determine the overall efficiency of this plant.
Given: Ẇnet,out= 150 kW, H.V= 30000 kJ/Kg, ṁ𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 60 𝑡/ℎ

Req.: 𝜂𝑡ℎ = ?

Assumptions: power plant operates steadily

-Solution-

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 Ẇnet,out

𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛

1000
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = ṁ𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ∗ H.V𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 30000 ∗ 60 ∗ = 500 MW
3600

Ẇnet,out 150
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = ∗ 100% = 30%
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 500
Problem 4
Determine the COP of a heat pump that supplies energy to a house at a rate of 8000 kJ/h for each kW of
electric power it draws. Also, determine the rate of energy absorption from the outdoor air.
Given: 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 = 8000 kJ/h, Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = 1 kJ/s

Req.: 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = ?, 𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = ?

Assumptions: the heat pump operates steadily

-Solution-
8000
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 3600
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = = = 2.22
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 Ẇ𝑖𝑛 1

# Applying Energy Balance

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄ሶ 𝐻 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐿 + Ẇ𝑖𝑛

8000
𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 − Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = − 1 = 1.22 𝑘𝑊 = 4400 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
3600
Problem 6
A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 W and a COP of 1.5 is to cool 5 large watermelons, 10
kg each, to 8°C. If the watermelons are initially at 28°C, determine how long it will take for the refrigerator
to cool them. The watermelons can be treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg·°C. Is your answer
realistic or optimistic? Explain.
Given: Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = 450 kJ/s, 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 1.5, m = 5 *10 = 50 kg, 𝑇𝐿𝑜𝑤 = 8°C, 𝑇𝐻 = 28°C, 𝐶=
4.2 kJ/kg·°C

Req.: ∆𝑡 = ?

Assumptions: 1. The refrigerator operates steadily. 2. The heat gain of the refrigerator
through its walls, door, etc. is negligible. 3. The watermelons are the only items in the
refrigerator to be cooled.
-Solution-
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
Ẇ𝑖𝑛

𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 ∗ Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = 450 ∗ 1.5 = 675 𝑘𝑊

𝑚
𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = 𝐶 ∆𝑇
∆𝑡
𝑚
∆𝑡 = 𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 6222.22 𝑠 = 102 min = 1.728 ℎ
𝑄ሶ 𝐿

# This answer is optimistic since the refrigerated space will gain some heat during this
process from the surrounding air, which will increase the workload. Thus, in reality, it will
take longer to cool the watermelons.
Problem 8
When a man returns to his well-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that the house is at 35°C. He turns
on the air conditioner, which cools the entire house to 20°C in 30 min. If the COP of the air-conditioning
system is 2.8, determine the power drawn by the air conditioner. Assume the entire mass within the house
is equivalent to 800 kg of air for which cv = 0.72 kJ/kg·°C and cp = 1.0 kJ/kg·°C
Given: 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 2.8, 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 800 kg, ∆𝑇 = 35 - 20 = 15 °C, ∆𝑡 = 30 min, 𝑐𝑃 = 1.0
kJ/kg·°C, 𝑐𝑣 = 0.72 kJ/kg·°C

Req.: Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = ?

Assumptions: 1. The air conditioner operates steadily. 2. The house is

well-sealed so that no air leaks in or out during cooling. 3. Air is an ideal
gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.

-Solution-
𝑚 800
𝑄ሶ 𝐿 =
∆𝑡
𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇 = 30∗60 ∗ 0.72 ∗ 15 = 4.8 kW

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 Ẇ𝑖𝑛

𝑄ሶ 𝐿 4.8
Ẇ𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.71 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 2.8
Problem 10
A household refrigerator runs one-fourth of the time and removes heat from the food compartment at an
average rate of 800 kJ/h. If the COP of the refrigerator is 2.2, determine the power the refrigerator draws
when running.

1
Given: 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 2.2, 𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = 800 kJ/h, ∆𝑡 = 4 day

Req.: Ẇ𝑖𝑛,𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ?

Assumptions: The refrigerator operates steadily.

-Solution-

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 Ẇ𝑖𝑛

800
𝑄ሶ 𝐿
Ẇ𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = = 3600 = 0.101 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑓 2.2

Ẇ𝑖𝑛,𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 ∗ Ẇ𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 0.404 𝑘𝑊

Problem 12
Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kPa and 35°C at a rate of 0.018
kg/s and leaves at 800 kPa as a saturated liquid. If the compressor consumes 1.2 kW of power, determine
(a) the COP of the heat pump and (b) the rate of heat absorption from the outside air.
Problem 14
A heat engine receives heat from a heat source at 1200°C and has a thermal efficiency of 40 percent. The heat
engine does maximum work equal to 500 kJ. Determine the heat supplied to the heat engine by the heat
source, the heat rejected to the heat sink, and the temperature of the heat sink.
Problem 16
An inventor claims to have developed a heat pump that produces a 200-kW heating effect for a 293 K
heated zone while only using 75 kW of power and a heat source at 273 K. Justify the validity of this claim.
Problem 18
A heat pump is used to maintain a house at 25°C by extracting heat from the outside air on a day when the
outside air temperature is 4°C. The house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 110,000 kJ/h, and the heat
pump consumes 4.75 kW of electric power when running. Is this heat pump powerful enough to do the
job?
Problem 20
A Carnot heat engine receives heat at 900 K and rejects the waste heat to the environment at 300 K. The
entire work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot refrigerator that removes heat from the cooled
space at -5°C at a rate of 250 kJ/min and rejects it to the same environment at 300 K. Determine (a) the rate
of heat supplied to the heat engine and (b) the total rate of heat rejection to the environment.