Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
A Bandpass attributes, 270
Absorption, 225 226
Absorption band depths, 256
Acceleration spectrum of shear wave, 7
Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), 386
Active remote sensing, 221
Active source techniques, 69 70
Adaptive coherence estimator (ACE), 234 235, 237,
245 246, 248 250
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS),
395 396, 398 400, 402
Aftershocks, 63 64
Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, 229
Air temperature, distribution and variability in, 373 376
Alaska earthquake, 105 107
Almora thrust (AT), 218
Analytic hierarchic process (AHP), 121 122, 126 127,
130
weightage calculations by AHP pair-wise
comparison method, 129t
Antecedent rainfall thresholds for Kalimpong, 170 171
Artificial intelligence (AI), 331, 395
Artificial neural network (ANN), 331 333, 398 399.
See also Probabilistic neural network (PNN)
ASTER sensor, 223, 229 230
Atmospheric correction, 226 228
empirical line method, 227 228
image-based methods, 226 227
radiative transfer model, 227
ATREM, 227
Attenuation characteristics, 101
Atterberg limits, 191, 193 194
of soil after additives, 196
Automatic weather station (AWS), 370 372
Average shortest path length (ASPL), 147 148
Average smoothing technique, 256
AVO attributes, 270
B 245 246, 248 250
b-value, 73
Back-propagation algorithm (BP algorithm), 398 399
Backpropagation neural network (BPNN), 332 333
Band ratio, 229 230
413
Bankura anomaly, India, 29, 29t
Beach ball presentation, 61 63
Beldih Mine, Purulia, West-Bengal, India, 304 307
Beresnev and Atkinson technique, 7
Berinag Thrust (BT), 218
Betweennes centrality, 147
Binary Encoding (BE), 246 248
Body tide prediction, refinement in, 364
Body wave(s), 47 48, 52 53
magnitude, 57
Bone ash, 193
Box-counting method, 141
Bureau of Indian standard (BIS), 95
C
Central European Adriatic Danubian South-Eastern
Space (CADSES), 169
Central Seismic Gap (CSG), 36
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), 248
Chorabari Glacier, 370 372, 370f, 371f
Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC), 304 307
Chromium (Cr), 225
Classic non-linear logistic model, 397 398
Classical CWT, 400
Clayey soils, 105 107
Clustering coefficient, 146 147
Co-relation coefficient, 109 110
Coefficient of determination, 109 110
Coefficient of porosity, 320
Complex networks, 145 149
Complex systems, 139
Composite source modeling technique, 37 38, 38f
Computational-geophysical method, 82
Cone penetration test (CPT), 153
Consistency ratio, 127
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR), 237
Constrained energy minimization (CEM), 234 237,
Continuous wavelet transform (CWT), 400
Continuum removal of spectra, 233
Convolutional neural network (CNN), 331 332
Copper ore identification, 245 251
414 Index

Corner frequency, 7 solar and lunar ephemerides, 355 362

Correlation(s) Earthquake(s), 47 48, 213 214
coefficient, 133 aftereffects, 64 65
of discharge with meteorological data, 380 381 classification based on
function, 143 epicentral distance, 51
Coulomb failure function (CFF), 213 214 origin or cause of, 48 51
Coulomb failure stress (CFS), 213 214 size or magnitude, 51 52
Coulomb stress change data, 73
MHT detachment, 218 applications, 69 72
optimally oriented faults, 216 217 forecasting, 65 67
Rudraprayag earthquake (2017) and dependency on foreshocks, aftershocks, and swarm, 63 64
depth of computation, 215 hazard investigation, 73 78
frictional coefficient, 215 216 liquefaction during, 155 157
Cyclic mobility, 107 location, 54 55
Cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), 107 108, 111, 157 158 magnitude and intensity, 56 59
Cyclic stress ratio (CSR), 108, 111, 157 158 magnitude scales, 56 59
Cyclic triaxial test, 105 107 precursory research, 65 69
prediction, 67
status, 68 69
D
Daily river water temperature, 397 seismic waves, 52 53
Danube River, 396 seismo-tectonic linkage, 73
seismology, 73
Darjeeling Himalayan terrain, 122 123, 166
Daubechies at level 10 (Db10), 395 396 source characterization, 59 63
Deep sub-surface structure, 70 72 types, 48 52
Defuzzification layer, 398 399 Eigen vector, 126
Eigen-values, 126
Degree of node, 146
Department of Mines and Geology, Ministry of Electrical resistivity imaging, 81 82
Industry of Nepal (DMN), 96 Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), 82, 86 87
Dependent variable, 128 130 feasibility and restriction of ERT for demarcating soil
piping systems, 90 91
Destructive earthquakes, 78
Deterministic approach, 111 Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), 221
Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), 144 145 Electromagnetic spectrum, 222f
Empirical green’s function technique (EGF technique),
Digital Elevation, 228
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 228 35 37, 36f
Dijkstra method, 147 148, 148f Empirical line
Discharge correction, 234
method, 227 228
autocorrelations, 379 380
distribution and variability in, 376 379 Empirical methods, 168 172
Discrete Meyer wavelet (dMey wavelet), 395 396 End-Member Spectra (EMS), 250 251
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), 400 Epicenter of earthquake, 54 55
Epicentral distance, 51
Drava River, 396
Duration of rainfall, 168 169 ETM 1 , 223 224
Euclidean dimension, 140
European Macroseismic, 75 78
E Event rainfall, 168 169
Early warning systems, 165 166 Event duration thresholds for Kalimpong (ED
Earth tide, 347 thresholds for Kalimpong), 171 172
computation, 363 364 Extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCSs), 386
fluid Love number and permanent tide, 366
load Love number, 366 367
Love number, 349 F
computation, 350 355 Factor of safety (Fs), 108, 111, 111t, 153 154, 159
ocean tide model, 365 366 Fast line-of-sight atmospheric analysis of spectral
refinement in body tide prediction, 364 hypercubes (FLAASH), 227
 Index 415
Fault(ing), 61 results, 372 382
geometry, 60, 60f study area, 370 372
length, 60 Garhwal-Kumaun Himalaya region, 95
width, 60 observations, 96 101
Feature extraction and mapping techniques used in tectonics setting and data source, 96
hyperspectral images, 234 235 Gaussian weighting functions, 272
Feature identification techniques used in multispectral Gene expression programming (GEP), 331 332
data, 229 232 Generalized likelihood ratio (GLR), 237
band ratio, 229 230 Genetic programming (GP), 331 332
MNF, 231 232 Geological Survey of India (GSI), 169
PCA, 231 Geomorphological mapping, 86 87
RBD technique, 230 231 Geospatial techniques, 121 122
Feed-forward neural network (FFNN), 331 332 Geotechnical monitoring, 179 182
Field monitoring, 179 182 GIS, 121 122
Fine content, 105 107 Glaciers, 369
Finite fault stochastic simulation method, 34, 35f Global Particle Swarm Optimization (GPSO), 14, 16
First order Second Moment method (FOSM method), forward formulation for magnetic anomaly, 14 16
107, 110 results, 17 30
Fixed-mass method (FMMs), 143 144 field examples, 25 30
Fluid Love number, 366 theoretical examples, 17 25
Fly ash (FA), 189, 191, 199, 202 204 Global Positioning System (GPS), 60 61, 99 101
criteria for selecting quantity of, 193 Global seismicity map, 78
FA-quarry dust mix, 192 Goodness-of-fit measures testing, 338 342
Focal mechanism solution (FMS), 73 Gradient resistivity profiling, 307 310
Focus or hypocenter of earthquake, 54 55 Granular medium model, 320
Fold-thrust belt (FTB), 123 Graphical user interface (GUI), 250
Foreshocks, 63 64 Gravity, 347 348
Forward modeling, 290 291 Grid partition method (GP), 399 400
Fourier Transform (FT), 400 Ground motion acceleration, 334
Fractal(s), 315 Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), 33 34
complex networks, 145 149 Ground penetrating radar survey (GPR survey), 81 82
dimension, 140 141, 316 Ground rupture, 64
experimental studies, 324 329 Gutenberg Bullen Earth model, 349
fractal-based estimations of volumetric
characteristics of soil subsidence, 323 324 H
MFSD, 142 145 Haar mother wavelet, 395 396
modeling subsidence of soils with fractal properties,
Haskell’s model, 58 59
320 323 High-pass filters, 240 242
theory, 139 Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC), 98
VG method, 149 Himalaya, 369
Frequency-Wave number integration method (F-K
higher, 96
method), 5 7 lesser, 96
Full width half maximum (FWHM), 254, 256 258 outer, 96
Fuzzification layer, 398 399
Tethys, 96
Fuzzy c-means clustering (FC), 399 400 Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), 96, 218
Fuzzy inference system (FIS), 398 399 Himalayan mountain belts, 95
Fuzzy logic (FL), 398 399 Horizontal cylinder model, 20, 21t, 294
Fuzzy rule base, 399 400
Hydro-meteorological observations and analysis, 372 382
Hydrothermally altered zone detection using ASTER
G data and PCA technique, 240 245
Gamma-ray prediction, 278 282 Hyperion image, 254
Garhwal Himalaya, 369 370 Hyperspectral image analysis
data collection and methods, 372 ACE, 237
416 Index

Hyperspectral image analysis (Continued) Iron (Fe), 225

CEM, 236 237 combination, 238 240
common tools and methods used for, 232 238 detection by band ratio, 238
continuum removal of spectra, 233 FeO angle formula, 258 260
feature extraction and mapping techniques used in, ore identification using hyperspectral remote
234 235 sensing, 252 261
MF, 237 238 Iron oxide index (IOI), 229 230
PPI, 232 ISODATA, 231
SFF, 235
Spectral Analyst, 233 J
spectral angle mapping, 235 236
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 245 246
spectral polishing, 234 Jhoras, 181 182
Hyperspectral remote sensing. See also Multispectral Joint Hypocenter Determination (JHD), 55
remote sensing Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC), 386
application in geology, 245 261
JULDAT, 355
copper ore identification, 245 251
iron ore identification using hyperspectral remote
sensing, 252 261 K
in geological exploration, 224 226 K1-tide, 348 349
Hypo71, 55 Kalimpong, 166
HypoDD, 55 field monitoring, 179 182
rainfall thresholds, 168 179
study area, 166 168
I geohydrological details, 167 168
Image/imaging, 221 geology, 166 167
image-based methods, 226 227 Kashmir basin, 3, 159 161
spectrometry, 224 input parameters, 4 5
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data
shear wave velocity, 5, 6f
Management Center (IRIS), 96 source and path parameters, 5, 5t
India Meteorological Department (IMD), 96, 385 methodology, 5 8
Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), 369 results, 8 10
Indian Ocean, 65
Kashmir Himalaya, 3 4
Indian standard code, 105 108 Kashmir valley, 3
Induced earthquake, 49 50
Induced polarization imaging, 81 82
Induced seismicity, 69 L
Information value method, 122, 127 128 Landsat 8 OLI, 223 224, 229 230
weightage calculation by, 131t Landsat Thematic Mapper instrument (TM
Instantaneous attributes, 270 instrument), 222
Integral correlation partitioning, 143 Landsat TM, 223 224
Intense cyclonic storms (ICSs), 386 Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWS), 165
Intensified and rapidly intensified TC events, 389 392 Landslide susceptibility index (LSI), 128
Intensity of rainfall, 168 169 Landslide(s), 64 65, 121 122, 165, 327
Intensity-duration thresholds for Kalimpong (ID data preparation, 124 125
thresholds for Kalimpong), 169 170 influencing factors, 125f
Intensity-wise variations, 388 389 results, 130 133
Inter-plate earthquakes, 48 49 study area, 123, 123f
Interannual variations, 386 387 susceptibility analysis, 124
during two peak seasons, 388 methodology for, 126 130
International Seismological Centre (ISC), 78, 96 Lateritic soil, 192
Interpretation approaches, 13 14, 289 Least square method, 289 290
Intra-plate earthquakes, 48 49 Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), 180
Inversion, 13 Lineament, 243
attributes, 270 Linear regression models, 397 398, 401
 Index 417
Linear synthetic aperture radars (LISA), 180 Minimum distances, 231
Liquefaction, 64, 105 107 Minimum noise fraction (MNF), 231 232, 245 246
analysis of SPT borehole, 154t Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP), 386
during earthquakes, 155 157 Minimum threshold, 168
features, 153 Minimum/maximum noise fraction (MNF), 231
potential analysis Misfit error, 291 292
of Kashmir basin, NW Himalaya, 159 161 Mixture tuned matched filtering (MTNF), 248 250
methodology, 157 159 Models, 121 122
susceptibility, 105 107 Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI scale), 59, 75 78
methodology, 107 110 MODTRAN, 227
result, 111 119 Moisture content, 193
Liquefaction potential index (LPI), 153 154, 154t, 159 Monsoon season, 167 168
Liquid limit (LL), 191 Monthly and seasonal variations, 387 388
Liquid limit ratio (LL ratio), 105 107 MOONPOS, 355
Load Green’s function, 366 367 Mother wavelet, 400
Load Love number, 366 367 Multi-attribute
Local Richter magnitude, 57 analysis, 269
Logistic regression model, 121 122, 128 130 regression, 275 278
Loglikelihood (LLH), 338 341 Multi-linear regression model (MLR model), 107 109
Love number, 349 Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA),
computation, 350 355 144 145, 149
Love wave, 53, 54f Multifractal spectrum dimension (MFSD), 142 145
Low-pass filters, 240 242 Multilayer feed forward neural network (MLFN), 271
LOWTRAN, 227 Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN),
Lucey’s model, 258 260 395 396
Lunar ephemerides, 355 362 Multiple rainfall conditions (MRC), 171
Multiple structures, 298 300
M Multispectral remote sensing. See also Hyperspectral
Machine learning (ML), 331 remote sensing
application in geology, 238 245
methodology, 397 401
models, 395 in geological exploration, 222 224
results, 401 405 hydrothermally altered zone detection using ASTER
data and PCA technique, 240 245
study area and available data, 396 397
Magnetic anomaly, forward formulation for, 14 16 iron detection by band ratio, 238
Magnetite quartzite, 85 86 combination, 238 240
Magnitude scaling factor (MSF), 157 158 Multispectral scanner (MSS), 222
Multivariate regression model (MLR), 381 382
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), 96, 218
Main Central Thrust zone (MCT zone), 96, 213 214, 218 Munsiari Thrust (MT), 216 218
Manganese (Mn), 225
Mass dimension, 143 144 N
Matched filtering (MF), 234 235, 237 238, 248 250 Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient, 339 340
Maximum dry density (MDD), 192 National Earthquake Information Centre (NEIC), 75
effect of additives on, 196 204 National Institute of Disaster Management
Maximum Probability Rainfall Conditions (MPRC), 172 (NIDM), 169
Maximum sustained wind (MSW), 385 Near-infrared (NIR) domain, 252
Maximum threshold, 168 Neogene clays, 325
Mean absolute error (MAE), 332 Neural network, 271
Mean square error (MSE), 332 Neurons, 333
Meltwater storage, 369 370 Next generation attenuation model (NGA model), 334
Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, 331 Niigata earthquake, 105 107
Meteorological data, 369 370 Noise-Adjusted Principal Components transformation
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 181 (NAPC transformation). See Minimum/
Microgravity survey, 81 82 maximum noise fraction (MNF)
418 Index

Non-linear regression models, 397 398, 401 402
Normal fault, 61
Normalization, 250
Normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI),
124 125
Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), 17 20
North Indian Ocean (NIO), 385
North Singhbhum Mobile Belt (NSMB), 304 307
Northridge earthquake (1994), 37 38
Northwestern Himalaya, 215 218
Nyquist theorem, 256 258
O seismic attributes, 270
Oblique fault, 61
OC jhora, 181 182
Ocean tide model, 365 366
One dimensional Bayesian analysis for Kalimpong,
174 176, 175f
Operational Land Imager (OLI), 223 224
Optimally oriented plane (OOP), 216 217
Optimum moisture content (OMC), 191
relation between % additives and, 199 201
Ortho-rectification, 228
Overburden correction factor, 157 158
Overthrust fault, 61
Precambrian metamorphosed rocks, 85 86
Prediction of petrophysical parameters, 274 285
Primary wave (P-wave), 51 53
identification, 55
travel speeds, 53f
Principal components analysis (PCA), 231
PRISM tool, 250
Probabilistic methods, 111 119, 172 177
Probabilistic neural network (PNN), 269, 271 273
data and study area, 270 271
mathematical approach, 272 273
prediction of petrophysical parameters, 274 285
theoretical approach, 271 272
Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA), 4
Probability, 143
Probability density function (PDF), 340 341
Probability distribution of degree, 146
Probability of liquefaction (PL), 107, 111 115, 153 154,
154t, 159
Process based models, 177 179
Psuedo-acceleration spectra (PAS), 33 34
Push camera imaging, 81 82
Pyarieni jhora, 181 182
Pyroxene granulite, 85 86

P Q
P wave velocity, 278 282 qth fluctuation function, 144
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Quetta (QUE), 96
(PEER), 334
Pair-wise comparison matrix, 126 R
Parnaiba anomaly, Brazil, 29 30, 29t Radial function, 354
Particle size distribution, 317 Radiative transfer model, 227
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), 16, 17f Radiometric calibration, 246 248
Passive remote sensing, 221 Rainfall
Passive seismic technique, 70 distribution and variability in, 373
Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 33 34, 331 332 thresholds, 168 179
Peak ground velocity (PGV), 33 34 empirical methods, 168 172
Permanent tide, 366 probabilistic methods, 172 177
Petrophysical properties, 272 Rammed earth technique, 189 190
Photogrammetry, 228 Ratio combination, 238 240
Pima copper deposit, Arizona, United States, 25 26, 27t Rayleigh wave, 53, 54f
Pinder River, 98 Real time field monitoring for Kalimpong using MEMS
Pishabo Lake anomaly, Ontario, Canada, 27 28, 28t tilt sensors, 181 182
Pixel histograms, 226 227 Real-time warning, 67 68
Pixel Purity Index (PPI), 232, 245 248 Receiver function (RF), 71
Plastic limit (PL), 191 Recursive attributes, 270
Plasticity index (PI), 105 107 Reed Xiaoli (RX), 231
Pointwise dimension, 143 Reflectance, 225 226
Porosity, 316 spectroscopy, 225
Post-stack inversion, 272 Region-time-length (RTL), 66 67
Power dissipation index (PDI), 386 Regional earthquakes, 51
Pre-stack inversion, 272 Regression analysis, 333
 Index 419
Relative absorption band depth technique (RBD Seismic tomography, 69 71
technique), 230 231 Seismic waves, 51 53
Relative humidity (RH), 373 376 Seismicity, 47 48
distribution and variability in, 373 376 spatial variation of, 96 98
Reliability Seismogram, 47 48
analysis, 107, 110 Seismograph, 47 48
index, 110 116 Seismologists, 47 48
Remote sensing, 121 122, 221 Seismotectonic(s), 73
in geology, 226 261 linkage, 73
milestones in remote sensing of geological map in Kashmir basin, 4, 4f
exploration, 222 226, 223f Self-potential (SP), 307 310
Remote sensing based monitoring, 179 180 Self-similarity, 139, 315
Reservoir triggered or induced earthquake, 49 50 Semi empirical technique, 38 40, 39f
Residual analysis, 338 Sensor on borne satellite, 221
Residual gravity anomaly, 289 Shallow structure, 69 70
field examples from uranium mineralization, 304 310 Shear strength, 189
forward modeling, 290 291 Atterberg limits of soil after additives, 196
theoretical model examples, 292 304 engineering properties of soil samples, 196
VFSA global optimization method, 291 292 experimental setup, 194
Residual magnetic anomalies, 13 literature review, 190 193
Resistivity survey, 86 87, 90 91 methodology, 193 195
Resolution, 221, 290 procedure, 194 195
Reverse/thrust fault, 61, 62f qualitative results, 204
Rice husk, 192 quantitative results, 204
Rice husk ash (RHA), 189, 191, 196 198, 201 202 Shear stress reduction factor, 157 158
criteria for selecting quantity of, 193 Shear wave velocity, 5, 6f
Richter magnitude scale, 57 Shortwave infrared (SWIR), 223, 225
River water temperature, 395 396 SIDEREAL, 355
Root-mean-square error (RMS error), 235 Sigma factor, 272
ROSETTA Lite function, 178 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 231
Rupture dimension, 60 61 Similarity dimension, 141
Simple linear regression, 333
S Simulated annealing (SA), 291 292
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 155 156 Simulation techniques, 40
Satellite Pour l’ Observation de la Terre system (SPOT Singular value decomposition (SVD), 231
system), 222 Sinking zone, 181 182
Sea surface temperature (SST), 385 Site response, 5, 8
Season, 385 Smile correction, 234. See also Atmospheric correction
Seasonal variations, 387 388 Soil
Secondary wave (S-wave), 51 53 deformation, 105 107
identification, 55 liquefaction, 105 107
S-to-P receiver functions, 71 pipes, 81 82, 86 87, 89 90
travel speeds, 53f stabilization, 189 190
Seismic activation, 66 subsidence, 316 317
Seismic attributes, 270 Solar ephemerides, 355 362
Seismic hazard, 4, 73 South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ), 304 307
map of region, 75 78 South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS), 96
Seismic hazard analysis (SHA), 332, 334 Southern Western Ghats, 82 83
Seismic hidden periodicities, 66 feasibility and restriction of ERT for demarcating soil
Seismic inversion techniques, 272 piping systems, 90 91
Seismic moment magnitude, 58 59 results, 87 89
Seismic pattern recognition, 66 study area, 84 87
Seismic refraction study, 81 82 geology, 85 86
420 Index

Southern Western Ghats (Continued) Synthetic ground motions, 159

geomorphology, 84 85 at bedrock level and surface, 9 10
methodology, 86 87 Synthetic seismograms at bedrock level and at surface,
nature of event, 86 8 9
Spatial resolution, 221 222
Specific gravity (SG), 194, 196 198 T
Spectral acceleration, 332
Tectonic earthquake, 48 49
database of strong-motions, 334 Tectonic plate, 48 49
methodology, 333 Teesta basin, 166
research objectives and methodology, 334 342 Teleseismic earthquakes, 51
strong ground-motion models, 334
Tethys Himalaya, 96
Spectral Analyst, 233 Thermal infrared (TIR), 223
Spectral angle mapper (SAM), 234 235, 245 250 Thin dyke model, 20 24, 24t, 25f
Spectral angle mapping, 235 236 Thin sheet model, 24 25, 26f, 26t, 27f
Spectral feature fitting (SFF), 235, 246 248
Threshold, 168, 172
Spectral polishing, 234 Tidal potential, 347 348
Spectral reflectance, 225 226 Tilt(ing)
Spectroscopy, 225
angle, 182
Sphere model, 17 20, 21f, 292 294
sensors, 181
Standard penetration test (SPT), 5, 153, 159 Time series analysis, 379 380
Standard proctor, 194 Tomography, 69 70
Static stress change
Topographic wetness index (TWI), 124
interpretation of calculated static stress change in Topological dimension, 140 141, 141f
Northwestern Himalaya, 215 218 Transient diffusive model, 178
method, 214 215 Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional
Stepwise regression, 381
Slope-Stability model (TRIGRS model), 177
Stochastic Expectation Maximization (SEM), 231 for Kalimpong, 177 179
Stochastic finite fault based model, 5 7, 35 Triangulation method, 55
Stochastic point source model, 5 7 Trigonometric polynomials, 400
Stochastic simulation technique, 34 35
Tropical cyclones (TCs), 385
Strain energy, 54 56 data and methodology, 386
Stream power index (SPI), 122 frequency of, 385 386
Stress strain relation, 350 351
intensity of, 385 386
Strike-slip fault, 61 results, 386 392
Strong ground-motion models, 334 Tsunami, 47 48, 65
Strong motion Two dimensional Bayesian analysis for Kalimpong,
composite source modeling technique, 37 38, 38f
176 177
database of, 334
EGF technique, 35 37, 36f
semi empirical technique, 38 40, 39f U
simulation techniques, 40 Unconfined compression test, 194 195, 201f
stochastic simulation technique, 34 35 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), 201 202
studies, 33 34 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 165, 177
Strong Motion Generation Areas (SMGAs), 37 University of Missouri Rolla (UMR), 105 107
Subtractive clustering (SC), 399 400 Uranium mineralization, field examples from, 304 310
Suffusion, 325 Uranium ore, South Purulia Shear Zone, West-Bengal,
SUNPOS, 355 India, 307 310
Surface tilt sensor, 182
Surface wave(s), 47 48 V
magnitude, 57 58 Vaikrita Thrust (VT), 215
Swarm, 63 64 Value of clustering coefficient, 146 147
Symlet wavelet (Sym wavelet), 395 396 Variation effect
Synthetic aperture radars (SAR), 180 of amplitude coefficient-multiple structure, 303 304
 Index
of amplitude coefficient-single structure, 301
of depth-multiple structure, 304
of depth-single structure, 301 303
Vertical cylinder model, 294 298
Vertical electrical sounding (VES), 307 310
Vertical wind shear (VWS), 385
Very fast simulated annealing (VFSA), 289 290
global optimization method, 291 292
Very low-frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), 307 310
Visibility graph method (VG method), 149
Visible (VIS) domain, 252
Visible near infrared (VNIR), 225
Volcanic earthquake, 50 51
Volumetric moisture content sensors, 181
421
W
Warning thresholds, 168
Wavelet analysis (WA), 395 396, 400 401
coupled WA and ANFIS model, 400
model performance indicators, 401
Wavelet analysis and ANFIS model (WA-ANFIS
model), 396, 402 405
Weights of evidence (WoE), 122
Wind direction, distribution and variability in, 376
Wind speed, distribution and variability in, 376
Windowed frequency attributes, 270
WorldView-3 satellite sensor, 223 224
Worldwide Standardized Seismographic Stations
Network (WWSSN), 78