mode-converted techniques 81 PE (pulse-echo) technique 186

model, KLM 98, 138 peak number (PN) 58

modulus of elasticity (E) 24 peak-to-peak amplitude 58
modulus, Young’s (E) 24 periodic checking 153
motor control drive unit (MCDU-02) 206 petrochemical applications, offshore 255
MPSU-01 217 petrochemical industry, nozzle inspection
multiple views 181 292
top, side, and end views 184 phased array instruments 194
phased array probes
N 1.5-D matrix 104
NDE (nondestructive evaluation) 1 1-D circular 105
NDT (nondestructive testing) 1 1-D linear 103
near-field zone 39 2-D matrix 104, 130
near-surface resolution (NSR) 61, 118 2-D matrix conical 105
NOISE 62 figure 211
noise level 62 annular 103
nondestructive evaluation (NDE) 1 classification 137
nondestructive testing (NDT) 1 cluster 105
nozzle inspection 292 daisy 105
NSR (near-surface resolution) 61, 118 features 138
number, cycle (CN) 58 for industrial applications 103
number, peak (PN) 58 mechanically focused 106
rho-theta 104
O
phased array simulation software (PASS)
offset 138
active axis 129 phased array solutions to inspection prob-
passive axis 129 lems 300
offshore petrochemical applications 255 phased array system
OmniScan 3, 145, 163, 194, 212, 223, 227, basic components 16
234, 253, 257, 283, 286 phased array ultrasonic technology
connector 158 basic concepts 9
figure 195 basic scanning and imaging 16
probes 157 basic system components 16
characteristics 2
P
delay laws, or focal laws 13
parameters, TomoView ultrasonic 144 implementing 302
particles, hard-alpha 203 principles 9
parts, testing round 88 phased arrays, advantages of 299
PASS (phased array simulation software) physics guidelines for probe design 140
138, 227 physics of ultrasonics, definitions 23
passive aperture 110, 128 piezocomposites
passive axis offset 129 description 99
PATT (pulse arrival time technique) 80 manufacture 99
patterns, beam scanning 12 materials 48, 97
DDF (dynamic depth focusing) 12 PZT (lead zirconate titanate) 99
electronic 12 piezoelectric crystal 48
sectorial 12 pipe girth welds 249
patterns, scanning 163 pipe welds, inspection of 216
PCS (probe center separation) 69 pipe, full-body 266

348 Index
pipeline inspection power supply, MPSU-01 217
in-service inspection for SCC 254 power, steering focus 113
phased arrays 243 practical guidelines for probe design 143
pipe girth welds 249 pressure formulas, sound 29
risers and tendons 250 pressure vessel construction weld
small diameter piping 252 inspection 230
zone discrimination 243 inspection codes 231
pipeline welds, tie-ins 283 mechanics 239
pipes, ERW 258 PV-100 system 233
PipeWIZARD 163, 252 PV-200 system 235
figure 246 PV-300 system 237
probe design 112 pressurized water reactor 1
piping weld, inspection of 219 PRF (pulse repetition frequency) 149
piping, small diameter 252 principle, beam focusing 11
pitch, elementary 111 principle, Fermat’s 13
pitch-and-catch mode probe center separation (PCS) 69
TOFD 68 probe design
pitch-and-catch technique 86 physics guidelines 140
pixel 177 practical guidelines 143
plan circular probe 137 probe dimensions, small 2
plan linear probe 137 probe on the wedge 125
plotting, data 200 probes 97
PN (peak number) 58 characterization 153
PoD (probability of detection), TOFD 186 curved wedges 156
point length, index 126 tolerances 155
point migration, index 127 classification 59
Poisson’s ratio (μ) 24 creeper 83
polar view 179 design 139
polarization 30 ID 143
portable PA applications 277 identification 152
austenitic weld inspection 280 linear-array 111
austenitic welds 295 OmniScan 157
butt weld inspection 279 rectangular 48
composites 288 skew angle 169
compressor blade 294 probes, phased array
corrosion under gasket 283 1.5-D matrix 104
hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 281 1-D circular 105
laser welds 287 1-D linear 103
nozzles 292 2-D matrix 104, 130, 137
spindles 286 2-D matrix conical 105
threads 284 figure 211
tie-ins for pipeline welds 283 annular 103, 137
T-joint composite 290 figure 202
T-joint inspection 278 classification 137
turbine blade roots 292 cluster 105
position, rho 168 daisy 105
power generation features 138
inspection problems 1 for industrial applications 103
turbine blade root inspection 292 mechanically focused 106

Index 349
 plan circular 137 reactor, boiling water 1
plan linear 137 reactor, pressurized water 1
rho-theta 104, 137 recommendations, conclusions and 299
figure 202 advantages of phased arrays 299
properties, ultrasonic wave See wave prop- implementing phased array technology
erties, ultrasonic 302
PS 12 scanner 219 phased array solutions to inspection
PS 12-X scanner 197, 217 problems 300
pulse arrival time technique (PATT) 80 rectangular probes 48
pulse duration 58 reference data, ultrasonic 23
pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 149 reflected wave (TOFD) 69
pulse width 145 reflection 30
pulse-echo (PE) technique 186 refraction 30
pulse-echo technique, satellite 87 region, detectability 61
PV-100 system 233 region, Fraunhofer 51
PV-200 system 235 region, Fresnel 51
PV-300 system 237 relative arrival time technique (RATT) 78
PWR (pressurized water reactor) 1 reliability of ultrasonic inspection 92
PZT (lead zirconate titanate) 99 reliability, mechanical 299
repetition rate 149
Q requirements, layer and cable 98
QuickScan PA 163, 194, 210, 259, 260, 275, resolution
300 angular 119
figure 196 axial 118
lateral 118
R
resolution, far-surface 118
ρ (mass density) 24 resolution, near-surface (NSR) 61, 118
R/D Tech instruments 194 response, time-frequency 57
radio frequency (RF) 57 RF (radio frequency) 57
rail inspection 273 rho position 168
railroad transportation 272 rho-theta phased array probe 104
axle inspection 272 rho-theta probe 137
rail inspection 273 figure 202
wheel inspection 274 risers 250
range, focal 117 rotor disc scanner 197
range, sweep 112 rotor inspection
rapid detection technique (RDTECH) 186 low-pressure turbine rotor 224
raster scanning 69 rotor body 225
rate, acquisition 149 welded or single block rotor 224
rate, repetition 149 round parts, testing 88
ratio, Poisson’s (μ) 24 ROVER 197, 206
RATT (relative arrival time technique) 78
ray tracing 200 S
Rayleigh (surface) wave type 23 satellite pulse observation time technique
Rayleigh scattering 66 (SPOT) 78
RDTECH (rapid detection technique) 186 satellite pulse-echo technique 87
RDTIFF file format 198 scan, sectorial (S-scan) 16
reactor vessel nozzle-to-shell weld, scan-axis encoder 167, 168
inspection of 220 scanners

350 Index
 HST-X03 234 helical 167
PS 12 219 linear scan 165
PS 12-X 197, 217 skewed scan 166
ROVER 206 spiral 168
TRAKER 236 time-base scanning 171
scanning and imaging, basic 16 unidirectional 164
scanning patterns 163 others 170
angular 166 setup file 150
beam directions 169 setup flexibility 2, 299
bidirectional 164 setup, ultrasonic 144
helical 167 acquisition rate 149
linear 69 averaging 148
linear scan 165 band-pass filters 145
raster 69 compression 148
skewed 166 data file size 151
spiral 168 digitalization 150
time-base 171 digitizing frequency 147
unidirectional 164 pulse width 145
others 170 repetition rate 149
scanning patterns, beam 12 setup file 150
DDF (dynamic depth focusing) 12 smoothing 146
electronic 12 setups, electronic 2
sectorial 12 shear (transverse) wave type 23
scanning speed 2, 299 shroud, BWR core 214
scattering side lobes 119
diffuse 66 side view 172
Rayleigh 66 side-drilled hole (SDH) 64
stochastic 66 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
SCC (stress corrosion cracking) 2 definition 63
detection and sizing in blade roots 229 requirement to improve 1
detection and sizing in disc rim-blade size, data file 151
attachment 228 size, maximum element 112
detection and sizing in low-pressure tur- size, small array 299
bine components 226 sizing, defect See defect sizing
detection and sizing in rotor body 225 skew angle 169
detection in low-pressure turbine rotor skew deflection on the wedge 128
224 skewed scan sequence 166
detection in welded or single block rotor small defects, measuring the lengths of 90
224 small diameter piping 252
in-service inspection of pipe 254 Smith’s theory 99
SDH (side-drilled hole) 64 smoothing 146
seam weld inspection of coiled tubing 255 Snell’s law 30, 125
sectorial (or azimuthal) deflection 128 SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
sectorial scan (S-scan) 16, 178 requirement to improve 1
semiautomated inspection 163 SNR (signal-to-noise ration)
sensitivity, phased array probe 138 definition 63
sequences software
angular scan 166 PASS 138
bidirectional 164 TomoView 138, 169, 236

Index 351
SOHIC (stress-oriented hydrogen-induced 80
cracking) 281 creeping wave 83
solutions, phased array 300 delta 85
sound fields, focused 51 mode-converted (MC) 81
sound pressure formulas 29 PATT (pulse arrival time technique) 80
cylindrical waves 29 pitch-and-catch 86
spherical waves 29 RATT (relative arrival time technique) 78
speed, scanning 2, 299 satellite pulse-echo 87
spherical waves, sound pressure formula SPOT (satellite pulse observation time
29 technique) 78
spherical-bottomed hole 65 tandem 86
spindle inspection 286 TOFD (time-of-flight diffraction) 68
spiral sequence 168 temperature effects, example 39
SPOT (satellite pulse observation time tendons 250
technique) 78 testing round parts 88
S-scan 16, 178 theory, Smith’s 99
steering focus power 113 theta angle 168
stochastic scattering 66 thread inspection 284
stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2 tie-ins for pipeline welds 283
detection and sizing in blade roots 229 time-base scanning 171
detection and sizing in disc rim-blade time-frequency response 57
attachment 228 time-of-flight corrected gain (TCG) 63
detection and sizing in low-pressure tur- time-of-flight diffraction See TOFD (time-
bine components 226 of-flight diffraction)
detection and sizing in rotor body 225 tip diffracted wave 69
detection in low-pressure turbine rotor titanium billets, inspection of 201
224 T-joint composite inspection 290
detection in welded or single block rotor T-joint inspection 278
224 TOFD (time-of-flight diffraction) 68, 184
in-service inspection of pipe 254 ASME 231
stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking limitations 72
(SOHIC) 281 PoD 186
strip chart 180 principles 69
strip charts, combined 187 PV-100 system 233
structure, bridge 257 PV-200 system 235
surface (Rayleigh) wave type 23 PV-300 system 237
formula 23 setup 185
surfaces standard display 185
circular 168 waves
cylindrical 167 backwall reflection 69
S-waves 24 lateral 69
sweep range 112 reflected 69
symbols 307 tip diffracted wave 69
tolerances 155
T Tomoscan FOCUS 2, 163, 186, 194, 206, 223,
tandem technique 86 227, 234, 252
TCG (time-of-flight corrected gain) 63 beam apodization 121
techniques figure 195, 246
AATT (absolute arrival time technique) Tomoscan III 163, 229, 234, 235, 252, 300

352 Index