PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT

Name: Rihanna Walker

Candidate Number: 1001313418

Centre Number: 100131

Teacher: Mrs. Barnett - Hemmings

School: York Castle High School

Territory: Jamaica

TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPIC PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRACK AND FIELD – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4 - 5
ANCIENT ERAS
- GREEK – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 - 7
- ROME – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8
- SPARTANS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9
- RENAISSANCE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10
HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL, – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – - – - – – - – 11 - 12
CARIBBEAN/REGIONAL AND – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – - – – – - – – - – – – – -13 - 14
JAMAICA GOVERNING BODY – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 - 16
OLYMPICS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17
- SUMMER OLYMPICS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18 - 19
- SPECIAL OLYMPICS – - – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20
- PARALYMPIC GAMES – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21
- DEAFLYMPICS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 22
LAW AND RULES – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23 - 24
WADA - WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENT – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – - – – – - – – 25
JADA - JAMAICA ANTI DOPING COMMISSION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 26
IOC - INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE – – – – – – – – – - – – - - – - 27 - 28
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 - 33
REFLECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 - 35
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude to you and my parents for your
invaluable help and support throughout my Physical Education SBA. Your guidance and
feedback have been instrumental in helping me navigate the challenges and complexities of
this project, and I am truly grateful for your time and effort.

Your dedication to your profession and your commitment to helping me succeed have been
truly inspiring. I feel very fortunate to have had such a wonderful teacher and mentor. You
have encouraged me to push myself to new heights, and I am excited to continue to build
on what I have learned in your class.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents for their unwavering support and
encouragement. Their belief in me has been a constant source of motivation and strength
throughout this process. I am grateful for the sacrifices they have made to ensure that I
have the resources and support I need to succeed.

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 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
TRACK AND FIELD

Track and field is a sport that has been around for thousands of years and is still popular
today. It is a sport that requires athleticism, skill, and dedication. The sport consists of
various events such as running, jumping, and throwing, which challenge athletes to push
their limits and compete at the highest level.
The history of track and field dates to ancient Greece, where it was part of the Olympic
Games. The ancient Greeks believed that physical fitness was essential for a healthy mind
and body, and thus, they created the Olympic Games to celebrate athleticism. The original
Olympic Games featured only one event, the stadium, which was a sprint race. However,
over time, the games grew in popularity, and new events were added, including the
pentathlon, which consisted of five events: discus throw, long jump, javelin throw, running,
and wrestling.

Track and field continued to evolve throughout the centuries, with new events being
added, and new techniques being developed. In the late 19th century, the modern Olympic
Games were established, and track and field became one of the most popular sports in the
world. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was founded in 1912
to govern the sport and promote its development globally.

Today, track and field consist of a range of events, including sprints, middle-distance and
long-distance running, hurdles, relays, jumps, and throws. Sprint races are short-distance
races, usually between 100 and 400 metres, where athletes run at maximum speed. Middle-
distance and long-distance running events are longer races, ranging from 800 metres to
10,000 metres, that require athletes to maintain a steady pace over a longer period.
Hurdles are races where athletes jump over a series of hurdles at set intervals. Relays are

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team events where four athletes each run a specified distance before passing a baton to
the next runner. Jumping events include the high jump, long jump, and triple jump, which
challenge athletes to jump as far or as high as they can. Throwing events include the shot
put, discus, hammer throw, and javelin, which require athletes to throw objects as far as
possible.

Participating in track and field offers a range of benefits to athletes. Firstly, it helps
them develop physical fitness, strength, and agility, which are essential for a healthy
lifestyle. Secondly, it promotes mental toughness, discipline, and perseverance, which are
valuable life skills. Finally, it offers opportunities to compete at the highest level and
achieve personal goals, which can be incredibly rewarding.

In conclusion, track and field is a sport with a rich history and a bright future. It has
evolved over time, with new events and techniques being added, and has become one of the
most popular sports in the world. The sport challenges athletes to push their limits and
offers a range of benefits, both physical and mental. As track and field continues to grow
and attract new fans, it is likely to remain an integral part of the international sporting
landscape for generations to come.

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 ANCIENT ERA - GREEK

Sports played a significant role in Ancient Greek culture and were an essential part of
everyday life. The ancient Greeks were passionate about sports, and they believed that
physical exercise was essential for the development of a healthy mind and body. The
ancient Olympic Games, held every four years in Olympia, were the most prestigious and
important sporting event in ancient Greece.

The ancient Olympic Games were first held in 776 BCE and continued until 393 CE, when
they were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I. The Games were held in honour
of Zeus, the king of the gods, and consisted of various athletic competitions, including
running, jumping, discus throwing, and wrestling. The winners of the Olympic Games were
heroes and were celebrated throughout Greece.

In addition to the Olympic Games, there were other major sporting events in ancient
Greece, including the Pythian Games, held in honour of Apollo, the Nemean Games, held in
honour of Zeus, and the Isthmian Games, held in honour of Poseidon. These games were
also highly respected and were attended by athletes and spectators from all over Greece.

Athletic training was taken very seriously in ancient Greece. Young men were trained in
gymnastics and various sports from an early age. Physical fitness was seen as an essential
aspect of being a good citizen and a warrior. The Greeks believed that physical strength
was necessary for success in battle, and therefore sports were seen as a way of preparing
young men for military service.

The ancient Greeks also believed that sports could promote unity and a sense of
community. Sporting events were seen as an opportunity for Greeks from different cities
and regions to come together and celebrate their common heritage. The Olympic Games, in
particular, were a time of truce between warring city-states, allowing athletes and
spectators to travel safely to Olympia to participate in the Games.

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In conclusion, sports played a vital role in ancient Greek culture. The Olympic Games, along
with other major sporting events, were highly respected and celebrated throughout
Greece. The ancient Greeks saw sports as a way of promoting physical fitness, unity, and
community, and they placed great importance on athletic training from a young age. Today,
the legacy of ancient Greek sports can be seen in modern-day sporting events, such as the
Olympic Games, which continue to inspire athletes and spectators around the world.

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 ANCIENT ERA - ROME

Ancient Rome had a variety of sports and games, some of which were very popular and
enjoyed by people from all walks of life. Here are some of the most popular sports in
Ancient Rome:

1. Chariot Racing: Chariot racing was one of the most popular and exciting sports in
Ancient Rome. The chariots were pulled by teams of horses and the races were held
in stadiums called circuses.
2. Gladiatorial Combat: Gladiatorial combat was another popular form of
entertainment in Ancient Rome. Gladiators would fight each other to the death or
until one of them was seriously injured.
3. Boxing: Boxing was a popular sport in Ancient Rome and was like modern-day boxing.
Boxers would wear leather gloves and fight until one of them was knocked out or
gave up.
4. Wrestling: Wrestling was another popular sport in Ancient Rome. Wrestlers would
grapple with each other in a ring until one of them was thrown to the ground or gave
up.
5. Athletics: Ancient Romans also enjoyed athletics such as running, jumping, and
throwing. These events were held in stadiums called palaestrae.
6. Board Games: Board games were also popular in Ancient Rome. Some of the most
popular games were chess-like games such as Ludus latrunculorum and Tabula.
7. Ball Games: Ancient Romans also enjoyed playing ball games. One of the most
popular games was harpastum, a form of rugby where the ball was passed between
players and the object was to score points by getting the ball over the opposing
team's goal line.

Overall, sports were very important in ancient Rome, and the games and tournaments
provided both amusement and a way for people to show off their physical strength and
military talents.

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 ANCIENT ERA - SPARTANS

Ancient Sparta was renowned for its focus on physical fitness and prowess. Sports were an
integral part of Spartan culture, as they believed that athletics could help produce strong
and disciplined citizens. Here are some of the most popular sports and games played by the
ancient Spartans:

1. Gymnastics - Gymnastics played a crucial role in Spartan education. Boys were

taught gymnastics from an early age, and it included various exercises such as
running, jumping, wrestling, and throwing the javelin and discus.
2. Pentathlon - The pentathlon was a combination of five events: long jump, discus
throw, javelin throw, foot race, and wrestling. It was a popular event in ancient
Greece and was part of the Olympic Games.
3. Hoplitodromos - This was a foot race where the runners wore armour and carried
shields. The race was around 200 metres long, and the winner was determined by
who crossed the finish line first.
4. Krypteia - The Krypteia was a form of training for young Spartan men. It involved
the young men hiding in the countryside and carrying out secret missions, such as
spying on the Helots (Spartan slaves).
5. Ball games - Spartans also played ball games, such as Episkyros and Phaininda.
Episkyros was played with a ball, which was thrown between two teams, and the
objective was to get the ball over the opposing team's goal line. Phaininda was a
more aggressive game, where players would tackle each other to get the ball.
6. Combat sports - Spartans were also trained in various combat sports such as
wrestling, boxing, and pankration (a combination of wrestling and boxing). These
sports were important for developing fighting skills and endurance.
Sports were an essential aspect of Spartan life, and they played a significant role in their
military training and education. Through sports, the Spartans developed their physical
strength, endurance, and discipline, which helped them become one of the most fearsome
armies in ancient Greece.

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 ANCIENT ERA - RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance was a period of significant cultural and intellectual change that followed
the Dark Ages and spanned from the 14th to the 17th century. During this time, there was
a renewed interest in the intellectual and cultural achievements of the ancient world, and
many new ideas and innovations emerged.
With the rise of humanism, there was a renewed focus on the individual and their potential
for personal achievement, including in the realm of physical fitness and sports. This led to
a renewed interest in physical education and athletic training, as well as the emergence of
new sports and games.
Some of the notable developments in sports and physical activity during the Renaissance
include:
● Emergence of fencing: Fencing, which had been used primarily for military training
during the mediaeval period, became a popular sport during the Renaissance, with
numerous fencing schools and academies established throughout Europe.
● Development of equestrian sports: Equestrian sports, such as jousting and
dressage, gained popularity during the Renaissance, particularly among the
aristocracy.
● Growth of team sports: The Renaissance saw the emergence of team sports, such
as football and rugby, which were played by groups of individuals working together
to score goals or advance the ball.
● Expansion of leisure sports: As society became more affluent and leisure time
increased, people began to engage in sports and games purely for entertainment,
including bowling, golf, and billiards.
Overall, the Renaissance was a period of significant growth and innovation in the realm of
sports and physical activity, with new sports and games emerging and existing sports
becoming more refined and sophisticated.

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 HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL
GOVERNING BODY

The international governing body of track and field is known as the International
Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The organization has a rich history dating
back to the late 19th century, and it has played a significant role in the development and
regulation of track and field sports across the globe.

The IAAF was founded in 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF)
by representatives from 17 national athletics federations. Its first president was
Sweden's Viktor Balck, and its headquarters were in Stockholm. The main purpose of the
organization was to regulate and promote amateur athletics around the world. The IAAF
became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1913, which helped to
increase its global influence.

During the first few decades of its existence, the IAAF focused primarily on organizing
international championships and establishing rules and regulations for amateur athletics.
The organization's first major event was the 1913 International Cross Country
Championships, which was held in France. The IAAF also oversaw the athletics
competitions at the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games.

In the 1930s, the IAAF faced challenges as more athletes began to compete
professionally. The organization initially resisted the trend, but eventually, it recognized
the need to accommodate professionals. In 1946, the IAAF changed its name to the
International Amateur Athletic Federation and allowed professionals to participate in
international competitions. The decision helped to boost the popularity of athletics and
allowed top athletes to earn a living from their sport.

In the following years, the IAAF continued to expand its activities and influence. The
organization established regional offices in different parts of the world and organized a
wide range of events, including the World Cross Country Championships, the World Half
Marathon Championships, and the World Junior Championships. The IAAF also worked to

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promote the sport among young people and to address issues such as doping and gender
equality.

In 2001, the IAAF changed its name again to the International Association of Athletics
Federations to reflect its broader focus on all aspects of athletics, including track and
field events, road running, cross country, and race walking. The organization also adopted a
new logo and launched a rebranding campaign to modernize its image and appeal to younger
audiences.

In recent years, the IAAF has faced significant challenges, including a doping scandal
involving high-profile athletes from Russia and other countries. The organization has taken
steps to address the issue, including the establishment of an independent anti-doping unit
and the suspension of the Russian Athletics Federation from international competition.
The IAAF has also worked to promote clean sports and to increase transparency and
accountability in its operations.

In 2019, the IAAF underwent another major transformation when it changed its name to
World Athletics. The rebranding was part of a broader effort to modernize the
organization and to appeal to a wider audience. World Athletics has continued to oversee a
wide range of events and activities, including the World Athletics Championships, the
Diamond League series, and the Continental Tour.

In conclusion, the International Association of Athletics Federations has a long and

fascinating history that spans more than a century. The organization has played a critical
role in the development and regulation of athletics around the world, and it continues to
evolve and adapt to meet the changing needs of the sport. As World Athletics, the
organization looks set to continue its mission of promoting athletics and inspiring the next
generation of athletes.

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 HISTORY OF THE
CARIBBEAN/REGIONAL GOVERNING
BODY
The Caribbean is a region in the Western Hemisphere that is made up of over 700 islands
and stretches from Florida to South America. The region has a rich history, including a
vibrant culture, beautiful landscapes, and a legacy of slavery and colonialism. One of the
most significant aspects of the Caribbean's history is its contribution to the sport of
track and field. The Caribbean region has produced some of the world's greatest athletes,
and the sport has become an essential part of the region's identity. In this essay, we will
explore the history of the Caribbean's contributions to track and field and the
establishment of the regional governing body for the sport.

The Caribbean's contribution to track and field can be traced back to the 1940s and
1950s when Jamaica began to establish itself as a dominant force in the sport. At the
1948 Olympics in London, Jamaica's Arthur Wint became the first Caribbean athlete to
win an Olympic gold medal, taking the top spot in the 400 metres. In 1952, Jamaica's Herb
McKenley won the silver medal in the 100 metres and the gold medal in the 4x400 metres
relay at the Helsinki Olympics. These early successes set the stage for the Caribbean's
dominance in the sport in the years to come.

The 1960s saw the rise of some of the Caribbean's most iconic athletes, including
Jamaica's Usain Bolt, Trinidad and Tobago's Hasely Crawford, and Cuba's Alberto
Juantorena. Bolt became the face of Caribbean track and field, winning a total of eight
Olympic gold medals and setting multiple world records. Crawford and Juantorena were
also successful, with Crawford winning the gold medal in the 100 metres at the 1976
Olympics in Montreal and Juantorena taking home the gold in the 400 metres and 800
metres at the 1976 Olympics.

The success of these athletes led to the establishment of a regional governing body for
track and field in the Caribbean. In 1972, the Caribbean Free Trade Association
(CARIFTA) Games were established, providing a platform for young athletes in the region
to compete against each other. The games quickly became popular, and over the years,
they have produced some of the Caribbean's most successful athletes, including Bolt,
Crawford, and Jamaican sprinter Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce.

In 1973, the Caribbean Amateur Athletic Association (CAAA) was established, serving as
the regional governing body for track and field in the Caribbean. The CAAA's primary
objective is to promote and develop track and field in the region, and it has been
successful in doing so over the years. The organization oversees the CARIFTA Games, as

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well as other regional competitions, including the Central American and Caribbean Games
and the Pan American Games.

In recent years, the Caribbean's dominance in track and field has continued, with athletes
such as Jamaican sprinter Elaine Thompson-Herah and Bahamian sprinter Shaunae Miller-
Uibo dominating at the highest levels of the sport. The success of these athletes is a
testament to the region's rich history in track and field and its commitment to developing
young talent through competitions such as the CARIFTA Games.

JAMAICA GOVERNING BODY

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The Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association (JAAA) is the national governing body
for athletics in Jamaica. It was founded in 1949 as the Jamaica Amateur Athletic
Association (JAAA) and was later renamed to its current name in 1972.

The JAAA is responsible for organising and regulating all athletics competitions in
Jamaica, including national championships and trials for international events such as the
Olympics and World Championships. The organisation also oversees the selection of
athletes to represent Jamaica in international competitions.

Over the years, the JAAA has played a key role in the development of Jamaican athletics,
which has produced some of the world's most successful athletes, including Usain Bolt,
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, and Elaine Thompson-Herah. The organisation has also been
involved in the development of grassroots athletics programs and the promotion of
athletics as a means of promoting health and fitness in Jamaica.

In recent years, the JAAA has faced some controversies, including allegations of financial
mismanagement and disputes over athlete selection for international competitions. Despite
these challenges, the organisation remains a key institution in Jamaican athletics and is
widely respected both locally and internationally.
The Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association (JAAA) is the national governing body
for athletics in Jamaica. It was founded in 1949 as the Jamaica Amateur Athletic
Association (JAAA) and was later renamed to its current name in 1972.

The JAAA is responsible for organising and regulating all athletics competitions in
Jamaica, including national championships and trials for international events such as the
Olympics and World Championships. The organisation also oversees the selection of
athletes to represent Jamaica in international competitions.

Over the years, the JAAA has played a key role in the development of Jamaican athletics,
which has produced some of the world's most successful athletes, including Usain Bolt,
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, and Elaine Thompson-Herah. The organisation has also been
involved in the development of grassroots athletics programs and the promotion of
athletics as a means of promoting health and fitness in Jamaica.

In recent years, the JAAA has faced some controversies, including allegations of financial
mismanagement and disputes over athlete selection for international competitions. Despite

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these challenges, the organisation remains a key institution in Jamaican athletics and is
widely respected both locally and internationally.

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 OLYMPICS
The Olympics is an international multi-sport event that has been held since ancient times.
The modern Olympics, which began in 1896, are held every four years, alternating between
Summer and Winter events, and bring together athletes from all over the world to
compete in various sports.

The Summer Olympics features a wide range of sports, including athletics, swimming,
gymnastics, and team sports such as soccer, basketball, and volleyball. The Winter
Olympics, on the other hand, includes sports such as skiing, snowboarding, ice skating, and
ice hockey.

The Olympic Games have a long history of promoting international unity and goodwill. The
event provides a platform for athletes from different countries to come together and
compete, fostering understanding and respect across cultures. The Games also serve as a
way to promote important social and environmental causes, such as gender equality,
sustainability, and peace.

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 SUMMER OLYMPICS

The Summer Olympics is one of the most celebrated and eagerly anticipated sporting
events in the world. This quadrennial event brings together athletes from all over the
globe to compete in a wide range of sports, representing their countries and showcasing
their skills on the international stage. The Summer Olympics is more than just a sporting
event; it is a celebration of human achievement, a testament to the spirit of competition,
and an opportunity for people of all backgrounds to come together and celebrate their love
for sport.

The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896, and since then, the
event has grown to become one of the largest and most watched sporting events in the
world. Today, the Summer Olympics is a massive undertaking, with thousands of athletes
competing in over 30 different sports, ranging from athletics to gymnastics, swimming to
cycling, and much more.

The Summer Olympics is much more than just a competition; it is a showcase of the best
of humanity. Athletes from all over the world come together to compete against each
other in a spirit of friendship and sportsmanship. The event is a symbol of unity, bringing
together people of all backgrounds and nationalities to celebrate the human spirit and the
joy of sport.

The Summer Olympics is also an opportunity for host cities to showcase their culture and
hospitality. The host city is responsible for putting on an unforgettable show, from the
opening and closing ceremonies to the competitions themselves. The Summer Olympics is a
chance for host cities to shine and show the world what they have to offer, from their
architecture and culture to their cuisine and hospitality.

One of the most inspiring aspects of the Summer Olympics is the dedication and
commitment of the athletes. These men and women have trained for years, sacrificing

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time, energy, and often their own personal lives to compete on the world stage. They
embody the very best of human potential, pushing themselves to their limits and beyond in
pursuit of excellence.

The Summer Olympics also has a significant economic impact, generating billions of dollars
in revenue for host cities and countries. The event attracts millions of visitors, including
athletes, coaches, spectators, and media, and creates a massive demand for local goods
and services. The economic impact of the Summer Olympics can be felt for years to come,
with increased tourism, business opportunities, and infrastructure development.

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 SPECIAL OLYMPICS

The Special Olympics is a global organisation that provides year-round sports training and
athletic competition for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. The organisation
was founded in 1968 by Eunice Kennedy Shriver and has since grown to serve more than 5
million athletes in over 190 countries.

The Special Olympics provides opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities to
develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy, and participate in a sharing
of gifts, skills, and friendship with their families, other Special Olympics athletes, and the
community.

The organisation offers a variety of sports and events, including basketball, swimming,
track and field, gymnastics, bowling, and more. These events help athletes develop physical
skills and confidence, and they also provide a platform for athletes to form friendships
and connect with others.

The Special Olympics is an important part of the global effort to promote inclusion and
acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities. It is a powerful tool for promoting
understanding and breaking down stereotypes, and it has helped to change attitudes
toward people with disabilities around the world.

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 PARALYMPIC GAMES

The Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities,
including physical, visual, and intellectual disabilities. The Paralympics is held every four
years, following the Olympic Games, and features a wide range of sports that are adapted
to meet the needs of athletes with disabilities.

The Paralympic Games were first held in Rome, Italy in 1960, and have since grown to
become the world's second-largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games. The
Paralympics is organised by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and features a
variety of sports, including athletics, swimming, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby,
and many more.

The Paralympic Games provide an opportunity for athletes with disabilities to showcase
their abilities and compete at the highest level. The event also promotes inclusion and
highlights the importance of accessibility and equal opportunities for people with
disabilities. The Paralympic Games have played a significant role in changing attitudes
towards people with disabilities and promoting a more inclusive society.

Overall, the Paralympic Games are an inspiring and powerful event that celebrates the
strength, determination, and resilience of athletes with disabilities and helps to promote a
more inclusive and accepting world.

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 DEAFLYMPICS

The Deaflympics is an international multi-sport event specifically designed for athletes

who are deaf or hard of hearing. The event is organised by the International Committee of
Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) and features a wide range of sports that are adapted to meet
the needs of deaf athletes.

The first Deaflympics were held in Paris, France in 1924, making it one of the oldest multi-
sport events in the world. The Deaflympics is held every four years, following a similar
schedule to the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games.

The Deaflympics provides a platform for athletes who are deaf or hard of hearing to
compete at the highest level and showcase their abilities. The event also helps to promote
the rights of deaf people and highlights the importance of accessibility and equal
opportunities for people with disabilities.

The Deaflympics features a variety of sports, including athletics, swimming, basketball,

football, and more. The events are held in a silent environment to ensure that all athletes
can compete on an equal footing, with visual cues and signals used to indicate the start and
end of events.

Overall, the Deaflympics is an inspiring and important event that celebrates the
achievements of athletes who are deaf or hard of hearing and promotes awareness and
understanding of the deaf community. It is an opportunity for athletes to demonstrate
their abilities and inspire others, while also promoting inclusion and accessibility for people
with disabilities.

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 LAWS AND RULES
Throwing Rules Of Track And Field
Whether throwing a discus, shot put, hammer or javelin, the main goal in throwing events is
reaching the furthest point.

● Discus: In discus throwing, athletes aren't allowed to leave the throwing circle
until their discus has landed. The thrown discus must land within an outlined
section from the throwing circle to be considered valid.
● Shot put: For a throw to be considered valid in shot put, the putter needs to
pause and set up after entering their designated circle. They also need to
complete their shot within 60 seconds to be scored.
● Hammer throw: When throwing their hammer, athletes need to stay within a
circle that has a 7-foot diameter until their hammer lands. The hammer needs
to land within an outlined section to qualify.
● Javelin: In javelin throwing, athletes aren't allowed to turn their backs on the
throwing area. They also shouldn't leave their designated spot at any time to
avoid being disqualified.

Jumping Rules Of Track And Field

These are the following rules for the various jumping activities of track and field:

● Long jump: Athletes who jump in front of the take-off line or land outside the
designated landing area are disqualified.
● High jump: Knocking the crossbar in a high jump attempt is considered a failed
attempt. Winners of this event are the ones who can clear the tallest crossbar.

Distance Running Rules Of Track And Field

These are the track and field rules that distance runners should know:

● Middle distance running: All runners are required to stay within their assigned
lanes, but only within their first run. They can always shift lanes afterward.
For those doing the 1,500-metre race, there are no designated lane
assignments for runners.
● Sprint and hurdle: In sprint and hurdle events, runners need to stay within
their assigned lanes throughout the race. Any runner who goes out of their
assigned lane will be disqualified.

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● In races with bunched starts, athletes can break inside. In the 800-metre race,
they start from staggered positions and can break inside after the first bend.

● In longer races of 1500 metres, 5000 metres, and 10000 metres, athletes can
break inside after the start.

● Sprinters shouldn’t step on white lines that mark their lanes throughout the race.
● Sensors are placed in the starting pistol and at the blocks. In case of a false start,
the athlete is disqualified.

● Before giving the ‘set’ command or before firing the starter gun, athletes cannot
touch the other side of the start line with their hands or feet.

● Athletes should not obstruct other athletes during the race.

● If an athlete is obstructed, the referee may order the race to be held again, or he
may ask the athlete to take part in the next round.

● Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends, but they cannot
come back to the track else they will be disqualified.

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WADA - WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENT

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is a global organisation that was established in
1999 to promote and coordinate the fight against doping in sports. WADA is responsible
for setting and enforcing the World Anti-Doping Code, a set of rules and guidelines that
govern the use of performance-enhancing drugs and methods in sports.

WADA is a collaborative effort between governments and sporting organisations from

around the world. The organisation works closely with national anti-doping agencies,
international sports federations, and other stakeholders to develop and implement anti-
doping policies and programs.

WADA is responsible for coordinating and conducting anti-doping testing and research, as
well as education and outreach programs to promote clean sport. The organisation also
provides support and resources to national anti-doping agencies and works to ensure that
athletes have access to fair and transparent processes for handling doping allegations and
appeals.

Overall, WADA plays a critical role in protecting the integrity of sport and promoting fair
competition. The organisation's efforts help to ensure that athletes are competing on a
level playing field and that the values of sportsmanship, respect, and fair play are upheld.

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 JADA - JAMAICA ANTI DOPING
COMMISSION

JADCO is the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission, which is the national organisation

responsible for promoting and implementing anti-doping policies and programs in Jamaica.
JADCO was established in 2008 and is recognized by the World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) as a compliant national anti-doping organisation.

JADCO's primary role is to prevent the use of performance-enhancing drugs and methods
in sports in Jamaica. The organisation works closely with national sports organisations,
athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders to develop and implement anti-doping policies
and programs, as well as education and outreach initiatives to promote clean sport.

JADCO is responsible for conducting anti-doping testing in Jamaica and managing the
results management process for anti-doping rule violations. The organisation also provides
education and outreach to athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders to promote
awareness of the dangers and consequences of doping in sport.

Overall, JADCO plays an important role in protecting the integrity of sport in Jamaica and
promoting fair and clean competition. The organisation's efforts help to ensure that
athletes are competing on a level playing field and that the values of sportsmanship,
respect, and fair play are upheld.

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 IOC

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is an international organisation responsible for

organising and overseeing the modern Olympic Games. The IOC was founded in 1894 by
Pierre de Coubertin and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The IOC's mission is to promote Olympism and the Olympic values of excellence,
friendship, and respect through the organisation of the Olympic Games, as well as other
programs and initiatives. The organisation aims to promote sports and physical activity, as
well as social and cultural exchange between nations, through the Olympic movement.

The IOC is composed of active members, honorary members, and honorary presidents, who
are elected by the IOC Session, which is the organisation's highest decision-making body.
The IOC is led by the IOC President, who is responsible for the organisation's overall
strategy and operations.

The IOC is responsible for overseeing and organising the Olympic Games, including the
Summer and Winter Games, as well as the Youth Olympic Games. The organisation is
responsible for selecting host cities for the Olympic Games and negotiating agreements
with various stakeholders, including national Olympic committees, international sports
federations, and broadcast partners.

The IOC is also responsible for promoting and supporting the Olympic movement around
the world through various programs and initiatives, including the Olympic Solidarity
program, which provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries and
athletes, as well as the Olympic Channel, which is a digital platform that features Olympic-
themed content.

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In addition to its role in organising the Olympic Games, the IOC is also responsible for
promoting and enforcing the Olympic Charter, which is a set of rules and guidelines that
govern the conduct of athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders in the Olympic movement.
The IOC is also responsible for promoting and enforcing anti-doping policies and programs
through its partnership with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Overall, the IOC plays a critical role in promoting sports and physical activity, as well as
social and cultural exchange between nations, through the Olympic movement. The
organisation's efforts help to promote global understanding and cooperation, while also
promoting the values of excellence, friendship, and respect.

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 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY
MY ROLE AS A TEAM MANAGER
1. Arrangements and attend training sessions required.
2. Ensure availability of equipment and facilities for training sessions and competition.
3. Addresses all concerns that may affect team members and the coaches’
participation and performance at training and game/event.
4. Motivates players and coaches.
5. Represents the team at meetings.

Sample Training Session

1. Warm - Up: Ran around the field twice
Stretches - quad stretches, hamstring stretch, neck stretch etc
2. Development Time: Sprinting 100m, walk back to start line then repeat
Start training with blocks.
3. Cool - Down: Jog on the spot, then stretches held for 30 seconds.

POSTER OF EVENT

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30
31
DAY OF EVENT

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33
 REFLECTION
In preparation for the SBA our class pool 8 and pool 4 had to come together to
plan an event and to execute it, the first thing was to decide what event we were
going to execute. We thought of football first which would be a good idea but with
the time of how long a football match would be and the number of matches that
would have to be played among the five classes to decide a winner we decided that
the best event to execute would be a track event. After we decided that the best
event would be a track event then met again to decide the events we came up with;
60m, sack race, 100m, lime and spoon, shuttle relay for male and female as well
doing A & B races to include more persons from each class. We also decided on a
penalty shootout to entice more people to participate. Then the next difficult
thing was deciding on the date to keep the event, we came up with multiple dates
but the dates we selected were not going to work because other events were being
held on those dates. We eventually settled on the third of November which was a
Friday. For the event we chose to use the grade 9 classes as they were more
responsible, and it would be easier for them to catch up on any missed classes
rather than a grade 10 or 11 class. Then Mrs. Hemmings assigned the coaches a
grade 9 class, there are 5 grade 9 classes and Jaden Hall, the coach I'm working
with as a team manager, was assigned to 9O. We met with the classes and
explained the events that were going to be held and who will do those races, then
we decided to meet and do a training session. As a team manager I worked with my
coach and other coaches to provide refreshments for the participants. The day of
the event arrived Jaden and I visited our participants, had a conversation and a
little pep talk with them to know if they were ready, and instructed them to come
to the field at 10am. I went back to the field and set up the tents with assistants
from Rivaldo and others. The field was supposed to be marked from the previous
day but wasn't because the equipment managers did not collect the equipment for
marking the field, so the day of the event we had to mark the field. The field was
being marked by Rivaldo but wasn't being marked properly so Shantina, Shavaughn,
Romario, Jermaine and I took over and started marking the lanes. The participants
came down to the field and Jaden and I started doing warmups with our class, we
did some jogs and stretches and selected the person that were to run in each

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races, Dazhalia our competition manager started the event with a little
introduction and moral booster, after which Yorkari or secretary said a prayer for
us, and Doreike our competition director said what was expected and rules of the
event. We started off with the 60m race for the boys then the 60m race for girls
and all the events after that, after each race we gave the runners some water and
glucose, after each race the person that came first, second and third received
medals. After all the races were concluded our scorekeeper Janelle and Shanoy
tallied the scores, and our class (9O) came second. For our participants' efforts
and hard work in being second they were awarded a cake and we sliced it evenly and
gave it to each one of the runners. The event was successful, and I got full marks
for my efforts.

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 REFERENCES
Teacher - Mrs. Barnett-Hemmings, Mrs. Cole-Smith
Father - Ronald Walker
Classmate - Tashniel, Azahria
Textbook - Physical Education & Sports by Kenny Kitsingh. M.SC. (KINESIOLOGY)

Penn Museum. “The Games | The Real Story of the Ancient Olympic Games -
Penn Museum.” Www.penn.museum, 2023,
www.penn.museum/sites/olympics/olympicorigins.shtml#:~:text=Although
%20the%20ancient%20 Games%20 were.

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