Problem 1.

(a) The Yamabe functional is given by Q g (φ) = E(φ)/∥φ∥p

2
where

1/p
2 2 p
E(φ) = ∫ a|∇φ| + Sφ dVg , ∥φ∥p = (∫ |φ| dVg ) . (1)
M M

Let c be a constant,

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
E(cφ) = ∫ a|∇cφ| + S(cφ) dVg = ∫ a|c| |∇φ| + c Sφ dVg = c E(φ)
M M

and

2/p 2/p 2/p

2 p p p p p 2 2
∥cφ∥p = (∫ |cφ| dVg ) = (∫ |c| |φ| dVg ) = (|c| ∫ |φ| dVg ) = c ∥φ∥p
M M M

This gives us Q g
2
(cφ) = E(cφ)/∥cφ∥p = (c E(φ))/(c ∥φ∥p ) = E(φ)/∥φ∥p = Qg (φ)
2 2 2 2
.

(b) Given that {u i} is a minimizing sequence s.t. Q g (ui ) → λ(M ) . With the assumption
∥ui ∥p = 1 , we have Q g
(ui ) = E(ui ) . The Sobolev space W 1,2
(M ) is defined by

∂u
1,2 2 2
W (M ) = {u ∈ L (M ) : ∈ L (M ) for i = 1, 2, … , n} (2)
∂xi

Now, ∥u i
∥1,2 is given by

(1) 2
2 2 2 2
∥ui ∥ = ∥u ∥ + ∥ui ∥ = ∫ |∇ui | dVg + ∫ u dVg (3)
1,2 i 2 2 i
M M

Using integration by parts,

2 2
∫ |∇ui | dVg = − ∫ ∇ui Δui dVg = ∫ |Δui | dVg
M M M

1
2
= (E(ui ) − ∫ Su dVg )
i
a
M

1
2
= (Qg (ui ) − ∫ Su dVg )
i
a
M

This gives

Qg (ui ) S
2 2
∥ui ∥ = + ∫ (1 − ) u dVg
1,2 i
a a
M

By Holder inequality,
 S S
2 2 2
∫ (1 − ) u dVg ≤ ∫ (1 − ) dVg ∫ u dVg = C ∫ u dVg
i i i
a a
M M M M

Since u i
2
∈ L (M ) ∫ , M
2
u dVg = ∥ui ∥2 = 1
i
. Also Q g (ui ) → λ(M ) is a minimizing
sequence, for |Q g
(ui )| ≤ |Qg (ui ) − λ(M )| + λ(M ) < ϵ + λ(M ) < ∞ . This shows that
∥ui ∥1,2 is uniformly bounded.

Problem 2.
Given Q s
g (φ) = E(φ)/∥φ∥
2
L
s
for 2 ≤ s ≤ p and λ s = inf{Qg (φ) : φ ∈ C
s ∞
(M )} . For
some ψ ∈ C
∞
(M ) consider the pertubation of the functional Q s
g
(φ) by Q s
g
(φ + ϵψ) then

d ∣ d ∣
s 2
(Qg (φ + ϵψ))∣ = (E(φ + ϵψ))∥φ + ϵψ∥ s
)∣
L
dϵ ∣ dϵ ∣
ϵ=0 ϵ=0

−2
d d −2
= ∥φ∥ s
( E(φ + ϵψ)) + E(φ)( ∥φ + ϵψ∥ s
)
L L
dϵ dϵ
ϵ=0 ϵ=0

Now,

d d 2 2
( E(φ + ϵψ)) = ( ∫ a|∇(φ + ϵψ)| + S(φ + ϵψ) dVg )
dϵ dϵ M
ϵ=0 ϵ=0

= ∫ (2a⟨∇φ, ∇ψ⟩ + 2Sφψ)dVg

M

= ∫ (−2aΔφ + 2Sφ)ψdVg
M

and

d −2 −3
d
( ∥φ + ϵψ∥ s
) = (−2∥φ + ϵψ∥ s
∥φ + ϵψ∥Ls )
L L
dϵ dϵ
ϵ=0 ϵ=0

1/s
−3
d s
= −2∥φ∥ s
( (∫ |φ + ϵψ| dVg ) )∥
L
dϵ M

1
−1
s

−3
1
s s−1
= −2∥φ∥ s
⋅ (∫ ∥φ∥ dVg ) ∫ sφ ψdVg
L
s
M M

−3 1−s s−1
= −2∥φ∥ s
∥φ∥ s
∫ φ ψdVg
L L
M

−2−s s−1
= −2∥φ∥ s
∫ φ ψdVg
L
M

This gives us

d ∣ E(φ)
s −2 s−1
(Qg (φ + ϵψ))∣ = 2∥φ∥ s
∫ (−aΔφ + Sφ − φ ) ψdVg (4)
L s
dϵ ∣ ∥φ∥
ϵ=0 M s
L

Using variational principle, this is zero for all ψ ∈ C

∞
(M ) so we get
 s−1
φ E(φ)
s−1
−aΔφ + Sφ − E(φ) = 0 ⟹ −aΔφ + Sφ = φ
s s
∥φ∥ s
∥φ∥ s
L L

E(φ)
If φ is the minimizing functional then λ s = s
so we get
∥φ∥ s
L

s−1
−aΔφ + Sφ = λs φ

Problem 3.
From (4), for ψ ∈ C
∞
(M ) , we have

s−1
∫ (−aΔφ + Sφ − λs φ ) ψdVg = 0
M

Choose ψ = φ
1+2δ
, and with integration by parts in first term, we get

1+2δ 2+2δ 2δ 2+2δ

∫ (a⟨∇φ, ∇φ ⟩ + Sφ ) dVg = ∫ (a(1 + 2δ)φ ⟨∇φ, ∇φ⟩ + Sφ )dVg
M M

s+2δ
= λs ∫ φ dVg
M

Choose w = φ
δ+1
then we get

(1 + 2δ)
2δ δ δ
∫ (a(1 + 2δ)φ ⟨∇φ, ∇φ⟩dVg = ∫ a⟨(1 + δ)φ ∇φ, (1 + δ)φ ∇φ⟩dVg
2
M (1 + δ) M

(1 + 2δ)
1+δ 1+δ
= ∫ a⟨∇φ , ∇φ ⟩dVg
2
(1 + δ) M

(1 + 2δ)
2
= ∫ a|∇w| dVg
2
(1 + δ) M

And this equals

s+2δ 2+2δ s−2 2 2

∫ (λs φ − Sφ )dVg = ∫ (λs φ w − Sw )dVg
M M

So,

(1 + 2δ)
2 s−2 2 2
∫ a|∇w| dVg = ∫ (λs φ w − Sw )dVg (5)
2
(1 + δ) M M

From theorem 2.3 and 3.3, we have

a 2
2 2
∥w∥p ⩽ (1 + ε) ∫ |∇w| dVg + Cε ∫ w dVg
Λ M M

where Λ .
n n 2/n
= λ (S ) = Q(ḡ ) = n(n − 1) vol (S )
Using relations (5), we get

2
(1 + δ)
2 s−2 2 2 2
∥w∥p ≤ (1 + ε) ∫ (λs φ w − Sw )dVg + Cε ∫ w dVg
(1 + 2δ)Λ M M

2
(1 + δ) λs
s−2 2
≤ (1 + ε) ∫ φ w + (Cϵ +)
(1 + 2δ) M Λ