Appendix A Derivation of the second moment

of the Boltzmann equation

The second moment is obtained by multiplying the Boltzmann

equation (3.9) by 12 mv 2 and integrating over velocity space:

m ∂f m q
v2 dv + v 2 (v · ∇r ) f dv + v 2 [(E + v × B) · ∇v ] f dv
2 ∂t 2 2
 
m 2 ∂f
= v dv. (A.1)
2 ∂t coll
The first term is
m ∂f
v2dv
2 ∂t
   
m ∂ ∂ v2
= v 2 f dv − f dv (A.2a)
2 ∂t ∂t

∂ 1 ) *
= N m v2 (A.2b)
∂t 2
∂ 1
= N mu 2 , (A.2c)
∂t 2

where the last term in (A.2a) is zero since v 2 is independent of t. The

second term is
m
v 2 v · ∇ f dv
2
 
m 2
= ∇· vv f dv − f v · ∇v 2 dv − f v 2 ∇ · vdv
2
(A.3a)

261

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 262 Appendix A Second moment of the Boltzmann equation

 
1 & 2 '
=∇· N m v v (A.3b)
2
 
1 & 2 '
=∇· N m u u , (A.3c)
2
where we have used the fact that the ∇ · v and ∇v 2 terms are
zero since velocity and spatial variables are independent. The third
term is
q
v 2 [(E + v × B) · ∇v ] f dv
2
q " #
= ∇v · (E + v × B)v 2 f dv − f (E + v × B) · ∇v v 2 dv
2

− f v 2 ∇v · (E + v × B)dv (A.4a)

q
=− f (E + v × B) · ∇v v 2 dv (A.4b)
2
q & '
= − N (E + v × B) · ∇v v 2 (A.4c)
2
q
= − N (E + v × B) · ∇v (v · v) (A.4d)
2
= −qN (E + v × B) · (v · ∇v )v (A.4e)
= −qN (E + v × B) · v (A.4f)
= −qN E · v (A.4g)

= −qN E · u, (A.4h)

where the last integral in (A.4a) is zero since any Lorentz force com-
ponent Fi is independent of the corresponding velocity component
vi . The first integral in (A.4a) is also zero since the distribution
function is zero at infinite velocity (see discussion of Equation (4.7)).
Combining all terms leads to (4.26):
∂ 1 1 ) *
N mu 2 + ∇ · N m u 2 u − NqE · u
∂t 2 2
 
m ∂f
= u2 du.
2 ∂t coll

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Thompson Library, on 28 Oct 2018 at 18:12:23, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at
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