ASSIGNMENT IN

ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

JEAHLYN E. PORTES TEACHER: ARIANNE NEL G. SERANO
STRAND&SECTION:
11-ABM GORRES
READING
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by
sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word
recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary,
comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji),
are not based on speech-based writing systems.[7] The common link is the interpretation of
symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of
braille).

Reading is typically an individual activity, done silently, although on occasion a person reads out
loud for other listeners; or reads aloud for one's own use, for better comprehension. Before the
reintroduction of separated text (spaces between words) in the late Middle Ages, the ability to
read silently was considered rather remarkable.

Major predictors of an individual's ability to read both alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts are
oral language skills,[12] phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and verbal IQ.

As a leisure activity, children and adults read because it is enjoyable and interesting. In the US,
about half of all adults read one or more books for pleasure each year.[14] About 5% read more
than 50 books per year.[14] Americans read more if they: have more education, read fluently
and easily, are female, live in cities, and have higher socioeconomic status.[14] Children
become better readers when they know more about the world in general, and when they
perceive reading as fun rather than another chore to be performed.

Reading vs. literacy

Reading is an essential part of literacy, yet from a historical perspective literacy is about having
the ability to both read and write.

And, since the 1990s some organizations have defined literacy in a wide variety of ways that
may go beyond the traditional ability to read and write. The following are some examples:

•the ability to read and write ... in all media (print or electronic), including digital literacy"
•"the ability to ... understand ... using printed and written materials associated with varying
contexts"
•the ability to read, write, speak and listen
•having the skills to be able to read, write and speak to understand and create meaning"
•the ability to ... communicate using visual, audible, and digital materials"
•the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals,
and to develop one's knowledge and potential".[27] It includes three types of adult literacy:
prose (e.g., a newspaper article), documents (e.g., a bus schedule), and quantitative literacy
(e.g., using arithmetic operations in a product advertisement).

REFERENCE

-A reference is a detailed description of the source of information that you

want to give credit to via a citation. The references in research papers are
usually in the form of a list at the end of the paper. The essential difference
between citations and references is that citations lead a reader to the
source of information, while references provide the reader with detailed
information regarding that particular source.

Bibliography in research papers:

A bibliography in research paper is a list of sources that appears at the end

of a research paper or an article, and contains information that may or may
not be directly mentioned in the research paper. The difference between
reference and bibliography in research is that an individual source in the list
of references can be linked to an in-text citation, while an individual source
in the bibliography may not necessarily be linked to an in-text citation.

It’s understandable how these terms may often be used interchangeably as

they are serve the same purpose – namely to give intellectual and creative
credit to an original idea that is elaborated in depth in a research paper.
One of the easiest ways to understand when to use an in-text citation in
research papers, is to check whether the information is an ongoing work of
research or if it has been proven to be a ‘fact’ through reproducibility. If the
information is a proven fact, you need not specifically add the original
source to the list of references but can instead choose to mention it in your
bibliography. For instance, if you use a statement such as “The effects of
global warming and climate changes on the deterioration of environment
have been described in depth”, you need not use an in-text citation, but can
choose to mention key sources in the bibliography section. An example of a
citation in a research paper would be if you intend to elaborate on the
impact of climate change in a particular population and/or a specific
geographical location. In this case, you will need to add an in-text citation
and mention the correct source in the list of references.

THE WRITING PROCESS

Five Qualities of Good Writing

What is good writing? This is not an easy question to answer. Many very different kinds
of writing are considered "good" and for many different reasons. There is no formula or
program for writing well. However, there are certain qualities that most examples of
good writing share. The following is a brief description of five qualities of good writing:
focus, development, unity, coherence, and correctness. The qualities described here
are especially important for academic and expository writing.

FIVE QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITING

FOCUS An essay should have a single clear central idea.

Each paragraph should have a clear main point or
topic sentence.

DEVELOPMENT Each paragraph should support or expand the

central idea of the paper. The idea of each
paragraph should be explained and illustrated
through examples, details, and descriptions.

UNITY Every paragraph in an essay should be related to

the main idea. Each paragraph should stick to its
main point.

COHERENCE An essay or paper should be organized logically,

flow smoothly, and "stick" together. In other words,
everything in the writing should make sense to a
reader.

CORRECTNESS A paper should be written in generally correct

standard English, with complete sentences, and
be relatively error-free.
One additional quality, not part of this list, but nevertheless, very important,
is creativity. The best writing carries some of the personality and
individuality of its author. Follow the above guidelines, but always work to
make your writing uniquely your own.

DIRECT
-to cause to turn, move, or point undeviatingly or to follow a straight course

X-rays directed through the body

: to point, extend, or project in a specified line or course

direct the nozzle downward

A:: to regulate the activities or course of

directs a staff of over 200 employees

B:: to carry out the organizing, energizing, and supervising of

direct a project

directed a call center

C:: to train and lead performances of

direct a movie

directing a famous actor

D:: to dominate and determine the course of

… will not find it preposterous that the past should be altered by the
present as much as the present is directed by the past.

—T. S. Eliot

A:: to impart orally

directed the remark to her fellow senators

B:: to mark with the name and address of the intended recipient

C:: to adapt in expression so as to have particular applicability

arguments directed at the emotions

obsolete : to write (a letter) to a person

D:: to show or point out the way for

signs directing us to the entrance

: to request or enjoin (see ENJOIN sense 1) with authority

the judge directed the jury to acquit

The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips

Good academic writing requires effective planning, drafting,

and revision.

The writing process looks different for everyone, but there are
five basic steps that will help you structure your time when
writing any kind of text.

Table of contents

Step 1: Prewriting
Step 2: Planning and outlining
Step 3: Writing a first draft
Step 4: Redrafting and revising
Step 5: Editing and proofreading
Other interesting articles
Frequently asked questions about the writing process

Step 1: Prewriting
Before you start writing, you need to decide exactly what you’ll write about
and do the necessary research.

Step 2: Planning and outlining

Especially in academic writing, it’s important to use a logical structure to
convey information effectively. It’s far better to plan this out in advance than
to try to work out your structure once you’ve already begun writing.

Step 3: Writing a first draft

Once you have a clear idea of your structure, it’s time to produce a full first
draft.

Step 4: Redrafting and revising

Now it’s time to look critically at your first draft and find potential areas for
improvement. Redrafting means substantially adding or removing content,
while revising involves making changes to structure and reformulating
arguments.

Step 5: Editing and proofreading

Editing focuses on local concerns like clarity and sentence structure.
Proofreading involves reading the text closely to remove typos and ensure
stylistic consistency.

How To Write an Abstract in 7 steps

What is an abstract?
An abstract is a short and powerful summary that describes the focus
of a research paper,It is originally written content-not an excerpt from
the larger work-and usually contains keywords that are found
throughout the full paper itself.

Here are the basic steps to follow when writing an abstract:

1. Write your paper
Since the abstract is a summary of a research paper, the first step is
to write your paper. Even if you know what you will be including in
your paper, it's always best to save your abstract for the end so you
can accurately summarize the findings you describe in the paper.
2. Review the requirements
If you're writing for publication in a journal or as part of a work project,
there may be specific requirements regarding length or style. Review
any requirements before you start writing the abstract.
3. Consider your audience and publication
Abstracts are designed to help readers quickly determine if they want
to continue reading your work, so it's important to understand who will
be reading the abstract as you write it. For example, should it be
written in language appropriate for someone in academics or the
medical industry or does it need to be understood by a lay reader?
4. Explain the problem
This refers to the specific problem that your research addresses or
tries to solve. Identify your main claim or argument and the scope of
your study, whether it's something specific or a general problem.
5. Explain your methods
Next, you'll explain the methods you took to accomplish your study,
including the research you conducted, variables you included and your
approach. Include any evidence you had to support your assertion.
6. Describe your results
Share the general findings and answers you reached as a result of
your study. If you can’t succinctly summarize all of your results, you
can simply highlight the most important findings.
7. Give a conclusion
Finalize your summary by addressing the meaning of your findings
and the importance of the paper. While you will use a conclusion in
both types of abstracts, only in the informative abstract will you
discuss the implications of your work.

What is Precis Writing?

Precis writing is summarising a comprehension in limited words,

covering all the important aspects and details of the passage given.

Rules of Precis Writing

To avoid making any errors in writing a precis, follow a set of rules as

mentioned below:

1.Read the comprehension carefully

2.Note down the important points
3.Make a rough draft of the precis
4.Make use of simple and precise language, as much as possible
5.Draft the final precis once all the points have been included

WHAT IS A REVIEW PAPER?

The purpose of a review paper is to succinctly review recent progress in a particular topic.
Overall, the paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the topic. It creates an
understanding of the topic for the reader by discussing the findings presented in recent research
papers.
A review paper is not a "term paper" or book report. It is not merely a report on some references
you found. Instead, a review paper synthesizes the results from several primary literature
papers to produce a coherent argument about a topic or focused description of a field.

Examples of scientific reviews can be found in:

Scientific American
Science in the "Perspectives" and "Reviews" sections
Nature in the "News and Views" section
Compilations of reviews such as:
Current Opinion in Cell Biology

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

Annual Review of Physiology

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

Almost every scientific journal has special review articles.

You should read articles from one or more of these sources to get examples of how your paper
should be organized.

Scientists commonly use reviews to communicate with each other and the general public. There
are a wide variety of review styles from ones aimed at a general audience (e.g., Scientific
American) to those directed at biologists within a particular subdiscipline (e.g., Annual Review of
Physiology).

A key aspect of a review paper is that it provides the evidence for a particular point of view in a
field. Thus, a large focus of your paper should be a description of the data that support or refute
that point of view. In addition, you should inform the reader of the experimental techniques that
were used to generate the data.

The emphasis of a review paper is interpreting the primary literature on the subject. You need
to read several original research articles on the same topic and make your own conclusions
about the meanings of those papers.

CHOOSING A TOPIC

Click here for advice on choosing a topic.

RESEARCHING A TOPIC

Click here for advice on doing research on your topic.

HOW TO WRITE THE PAPER

Overview of the Paper:

Your paper should consist of four general sections:
Introduction
The body of the paper
Conclusion and future directions
Literature cited
Review articles contain neither a materials and methods section nor an abstract.
Organizing the Paper.
Use topic headings. Do not use a topic heading that reads, "Body of the paper." Instead the
topic headings should refer to the actual concepts or ideas covered in that section.

How to Write a Concept Paper in 7 Steps

Before you can write a research paper, or begin your research, you may have to write a concept
paper.

A concept paper is a short academic paper that explains the research you plan to conduct. It
covers your research goals, how you’ll carry out the research, how you’ll collect data, and the
questions you aim to answer through your research.

7 steps for writing a concept paper

1 Title
A concept paper’s title should directly express the paper’s content. Think of it as a preview for
the reader. The title can be the question the proposed project aims to answer, or it can be a
short statement that summarizes the paper.

2 Introduction outlining problem and gaps in knowledge

In the introduction section, provide an overview of your research project. This should include a
short overview of the current state of your research area and existing gaps in this area. After
explaining these, state which of these knowledge gaps you aim to fill with your research. This
section should also mention any contradictory theories regarding the questions you aim to
answer.

3 Mission statement
Your concept paper’s introduction should also include a mission statement. This is a sentence
or two that concisely states your research purpose in an engaging way. Remember, the goal is
to get your project approved—so your mission statement should communicate why the reader’s
approval will benefit your field.

4 Research aim
Your concept paper also needs to address the reason why you’re conducting the specific
research you’ve planned. This part, along with the following two sections, are sometimes
grouped together as a concept paper’s project description.

In this section, cover the following:

The reason why your research is important

The questions you aim to answer through your research
5 Methodology
A concept paper also needs to discuss the methodology you plan to use while conducting your
research. This is the strategy or strategies you will use to collect data, such as:

Surveys
Experiments
Case studies
Interviews
Observations
This section should also include any ethical concerns that could arise during the research
period.

6 Outline of proposed methods and potential impact

After describing your proposed methodology, write a section that discusses exactly how you’ll
conduct your research using these methods. Be as specific as possible—if you plan to utilize
resources like specialized equipment or collaborate with an expert in your field, include this
information in this section. In this section, outline how long you expect the research to take and
note the specific milestones you plan to hit during that time frame.

This section should also discuss your research’s potential impact. Discuss who your research
and results will impact and how it will impact them. For example, you might conduct a study on
undergraduate sleep schedules and publish a paper that supports campus-wide policy changes
that promote healthy sleep cycles for students who live on campus.

7 Support
A concept paper also needs to include a section that addresses the project’s budget. The
section should explain the overall cost and break it down into individual expenses so readers
can see exactly how the money will be spent.

How To Write a Position Paper in 7 Steps

What is a position paper?
A position paper is an essay that expresses an author's view on a particular topic and uses
evidence to support their stance. While you might learn to write a position paper for a high
school or college class, professionals in many industries write these resources as a part of their
daily work. In a college class, you might write a position paper to fulfill an instructor's prompt,
but in your career, you might write a position paper about a topic related to your industry. Here
are some industries where position papers are common:
•Health care
•Law
•Scientific research
•Economics
•Education
•Public policy

A position paper requires three basic parts: an introduction, a body and a conclusion. Follow
these seven steps to help write a position paper on any topic:
1. Choose a topic
In some classes or jobs, you can choose the topic of a position paper. If you're choosing your
topic, consider ones relevant to your industry or academic interests. The purpose of a position
paper is to persuade, so your ability to provide supporting evidence for a claim can be more
important than the topic itself. If a supervisor or manager assigns you a topic, consider your
argument and which perspective you support.
2. Conduct research
Position papers provide evidence to support an author's claims and persuade the audience to
accept their stance. Conduct research to ensure enough data supports the topic you choose. If
you can't find enough information to support your argument, adjust your topic or choose a
different perspective.
You can conduct research using government and academic websites for official information and
periodicals and news releases for updates. Gather a wide range of information types, like
statistics, historical facts and quotations from experts on the topic.
3. Do a pre-writing exercise
After gathering research and taking notes on your sources, use a graphic organizer or other tool
to sort the information you've collected. This process can help you define your argument and
ensure that you include the most valuable supporting evidence.
You might create a list of supporting evidence and counterarguments to help you decide your
position on the topic. If you're a visual learner, consider using a word cloud or other visual aid to
map your argument and place similar pieces of evidence together.
4. Draft a thesis
Once you've decided on your position, use your research notes to create a thesis statement,
which is a sentence that states your opinion and summarizes your key supporting evidence.
Many writers place their thesis statement at the end of their introductory paragraph to help the
reader predict the major parts of their argument. In your thesis, include information about your
major areas of evidence.
5. Create an outline
Using your thesis statement and notes, create an outline of your argument. While some people
use sentence fragments in their outlines, others create sentence outlines with topic statements,
evidence and conclusions for each section of their research paper. These are the common
sections of a position paper:
Introduction: Introduce the topic and your thesis or position for the paper. You might provide
background information or explain why the topic is important.
Body: This section contains your arguments or claims with supporting evidence. Shorter position
papers often have three body paragraphs, while longer ones might have multiple sections with
several paragraphs each.
Conclusion: The final section of a position paper emphasizes your claims and summarizes your
paper. You might also include information about the impact of this issue on your industry.
6. Write a draft of your paper
Create a draft of your position paper by following the outline and filling it in with research and
content. Remember to use appeals to the readers' logic and emotions when writing an
argument because these are powerful methods of persuasion. Ensure that substantial evidence
supports your position, and consider conducting more research if you feel it can improve the
paper. You might also include a section where you counter opposing arguments using evidence.
If you're writing a paper for a college class, follow your instructor's directions for citing external
sources. Professionals writing papers for their work can use industry standards for attribution.
7. Review and create the final draft
Review your draft and make spelling and grammar corrections to create a final draft of your
position paper. It can be helpful to have another person proofread and make suggestions for
‌improvement. When you choose a reader for your draft, consider someone with the industry
knowledge or reading comprehension level to provide useful feedback about your persuasive
techniques and writing style. For example, if you're writing a paper for a research internship,
consider asking a professor or senior student to read your paper and offer suggestions. A
position paper may require several drafts before it is ready to submit.

GENERAL STEPS IN INTERPRETING VISUALS

1.Read the title and subtitle.

2.Read the captions, keys, and labels.

3.Determine the purpose of the material.

4.Identify the organization of information.

5.Analyze the relationship of details such as changes and

trends.

6.Make a conclusion about the data, if necessary.

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ADDING

VISUALS TO YOUR TEXT

1.Determine the purpose of the visual.

2.Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the data.

3.Visuals should be accompanied by clear references within

your text

4.Visuals should be placed on the same page as the text

reference. Complex visuals should be placed on the page
opposite the text reference.

What is a report?
A report is a formal document that is structured and presented in an organized
manner, with the aim of conveying information, analyzing data, and providing
recommendations. It is often used to communicate findings and outcomes to a
specific audience, such as stakeholders, or managers. Reports can vary in
length and format, but they usually contain a clear introduction, body, and
conclusion.

Types of report writing

By understanding the different types of report writing, individuals can select
the appropriate format and structure to effectively communicate information
and achieve their objectives. However, the kind of report used will depend on
the purpose, audience, and context of the report.

1/ Informational reports: These reports provide information about a topic, such

as a product, service, or process.

Further Reading: What is an information report

2/ Analytical reports: These reports present data or information in a structured

and organized manner, often with charts, graphs, or tables, to help the reader
understand trends, patterns, or relationships.

3/ Formal Reports: These are detailed and structured reports written for a
specific audience, often with a specific objective. In comparison with informal
reports, formal reports are typically longer and more complex than other types
of reports.

4/ Progress reports: These reports provide updates on a project or initiative,

detailing the progress made and any challenges or obstacles encountered.

5/ Technical reports: These reports provide technical information, such as

specifications, designs, or performance data, often aimed at a technical
audience.

6/ Research reports: These reports present the findings of research

conducted on a particular topic or issue, often including a literature review,
data analysis, and conclusions.

7/ Feasibility Report: A feasibility report assesses the likelihood of achieving

success for a suggested project or initiative.
8/ Business Reports: These reports are used in a business setting to
communicate information about a company’s performance, operations, or
strategies. Different types of business reports include financial statements,
marketing reports, and annual reports.

REFERENCES

•https://www.englishclub.com/reading/what.php
•https://researcher.life/blog/article/citations-
references-and-bibliography-in-research-
papers-beginners-guide/#:~:text=Reference
%20in%20research%20papers%3A%20A,the
%20end%20of%20the%20paper.
•https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-
development/writing-skills
•https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
direct
•https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-
center/wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/
the-writing-process/#:~:text=The%20general
%20steps%20are%3A%20discovery,drafting
%2C%20revising%2C%20and%20editing.
•https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-
development/how-to-write-an-abstract
•https://unacademy.com/content/ca-
foundation/study-material/business-
correspondence/dos-and-donts-of-precis-
writing/
•https://essaypro.com/blog/article-review
•https://www.grammarly.com/blog/concept-
paper/
•https://www.scribd.com/document/471178295/
INTERPRETING-AND-PREPARING-VISUALS
•https://clearinfo.in/blog/what-is-report-writing/
#:~:text=Ans%3A%20The%20act%20of
%20presenting,feasibility%20reports%2C
%20and%20recommendation%20reports