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PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION-100 ITEMS

1. On which principle is your conviction based if you provide positive reinforcement whenever a learner
performs an acceptable behavior on her own?

a. Psychoanalytic

b. Constructivism

c. Behaviorism***

d. Cognitivism

2. Which is one role of play in the pre-school and early childhood years?

a. Increase imagination due to expanding knowledge and emotional range.***

b. Develops the upper and lower limbs.

c. Separates reality from fantasy

d. Develops competitive spirit.

3. With R.A. 9155, to which body were all the functions, programs, and activities of the Department of
Education related to Sports competition transferred?

a. Technical Education Services Department Authority

b. Philippine Sports Commission***

c. National Commission for Culture and the Arts

d. Commission on Higher Education

4. In Erikson’s Stage Theory of Development, which of the following need to be developed

for a child which is 18 month old?

a. Autonomy***

b. Initiative
c. Industry

d. Trust

5. Which philosophy has the educational objective to indoctrinate Filipinos to accept the teachings of
the Catholic Church which is to foster faith in God?

a. Realism

b. Pragmatism

c. Idealism***

d. Existentialism

6. Parenting style influences children’s development. Read the following parent’s remarks for their
children then, answer the question.

Parent C – Tells her child: “You should do it my way or else. There is no discussion.”

Parent D – Tells her husband: “It is 10:00 PM, do you know where your child is?”

Parent E – Tells her child: “You know, you should have not done that. Let’s talk about it so you can
handle the situation better next time.”

Parent F – Tells her child: “You may do what you want. We will always be here for you, no matter what
you do.”

Which Parenting style is Authoritarian?

a. D b. F c. E d. C***

7. Learners are information processors. Whose thought is this?

a. Cognitivist***

b. Behaviorist

c. Metacognitivist

d. Gestalt theorist

8. Of the following, which is most true to adolescents?

a. Hormonal changes***

b. Defiance of peer groups

c. Last splurge of dependence

d. Unruly behavior

9. Two identical beakers A and B are presented to the child. Teacher Jenny pours the liquid from B to C
which is taller and thinner than A and B but has equal capacity with B. The teacher asks if the beakers A
and C have the same amount of liquid. The child says “NO” and points to C as the beaker that has more
liquid. In which cognitive developmental stage is the child?

a. Sensorimotor stage

b. Concrete operational stage

c. Pre-operational stage***

d. Formal Operational stage

10. If teacher J wants to follow Piaget’s Theory, what should she provide for her pupils

who are in the sensorimotor stage?

a. Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering

b. Games and other physical activities to develop motor skills***

c. Activities which formulates hypothesis

d. Wide space with minimal object play with

11. Which of the following is the common life stage among Ana, Alma and Amy?

a. Infancy***

b. Old age

c. Late adolescence

d. Late adulthood

12. Angela goes with her mother in school. She enjoys the workplace of her mother. Which of the
following ecological theories is illustrated by the situation?

a. Microsystem

b. Mesosystem

c. Exosystem***

d. Macrosystem
13. According to R.A. 9155, which among the following is considered the “heart of the formal education
system”?

a. The pupil

b. The teacher

c. The classroom

d. The school***

14. Learning is influenced by social interaction and interpersonal relations. What must

a teacher do?

a. Make students work collaboratively***

b. Motivate students to reflect on how they learn

c. Make students feel good about themselves

d. Give more independent study

15. Anna gets jealous whenever she sees her father showing love and affection to her mother. Which of
the following is she showing according to Freud?

a. Complex

b. Phallic

c. Electra complex***

d. Oedipus complex

16. Which method has been proven to be effective in courses that stress acquisition of knowledge?

a. Mastery learning***

b. Cooperative learning

c. Socratic method

d. Indirect instruction

17. According to Jerome Bruner, learning is a simultaneous process of acquisition, transformation and
______________.

a. Education

b. Metacognition
c. Question

d. Evaluation***

18. When a person’s moral choices are determined by the direct consequences of action, he is most like
in the stage of

a. Pre- operational

b. Pre-conventional***

c. Conventional

d. Post conventional

19. You arrange the rows of blocks in such a way that a row of 5 blocks is longer than a row of 7 blocks.
If you ask which row has more, Grade 1 pupils will say that it is the row that makes the longer line.
Based on Piaget’s cognitive development theory, what problem is illustrated?

a. Assimilation problem

b. Accommodation problem

c. Conservation problem***

d. Egocentrism problem

20. According to R.A. 9155, a school head has two roles, namely administrative manager and ____.

a. Health officer

b. Instructional leader***

c. Facilitator

d. Guidance counselor

21. What may be the best to do when the lesson is done ahead of time allotment?

a. Provide filler activities***

b. Dismiss the class

c. Give pupils homework

d. Send students to the library

22. Studies on delinquent students recommend which effective parenting style for adolescents?

a. Neglectful
b. Laizzes faire

c. Authoritative***

d. Authoritarian

23. After reading and paraphrasing Robert Frost’s Stopping by the Woods on Snowy Evening, Teacher
Macky asked the class to share any insight derived from the poem. In which domain in Bloom’s
taxonomy of objectives is the term paraphrase?

a. Analysis

b. Application

c. Comprehension***

d. Synthesis

24. Most 3 and 4 year olds believe that magic

a. Can turn a picture into a real object

b. Could change their teacher into a witch

c. Accounts for events they cannot otherwise explain***

d. Does not exist

25. Which characterizes a constructivist teaching-learning process?

a. Conceptual interrelatedness***

b. Multiple perspectives

c. Authentic assessment

d. Passive acceptance of information

26. Research says that children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful. What does this imply
to the teaching-learning process?

a. Teach words in integrated contexts.***

b. Teach new words in isolation from other lessons for greater focus.

c. Retain out-of-context classroom drills.

d. Reduce the number of new words taught for mastery.

27. On what theory is the sequencing of instruction anchored?

a. Gagne’s hierarchical theory***

b. B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory

c. Bandura’s social learning theory

d. Thorndike’s law of effect

28. A common complaint of teachers about pupils is this: “You give them assignment, the following day
they come without any. You teach them this today, asks them tomorrow and they don’t know. It is as if
there is nothing that you taught them at all.” Based on the theory of information processing, what must
teachers do to counteract pupil’s forgetting?

I. Punish every child who can’t give correct answers to questions.

II. Work for meaningful learning by connecting lesson to what pupils know.

III. Reward every child who remembers past lessons.

a. III only

b. I and III

c. II and III***

d. II only

29. Which of the following is the aim of our education during Commonwealth period?

a. Designed after Japanese education

b. Patterned after the American curriculum

c. Predominantly religious

d. Purely nationalistic and democratic***

30. A teacher who says “Girls are emotional and very sensitive while boys are not” is practicing gender
__________.

a. sensitivity

b. discrimination

c. bias

d. stereotyping***
31. When small children call all animals “dogs”, what process is illustrated, based on Piaget’s cognitive
development theory?

a. Assimilation***

b. Conservation

c. Reversion

d. Accommodation

32. Which of the following is NOT the reason why basic education curriculum has been restricted?

a. To become globally competitive during this industrial age

b. To be relevant and responsive to a rapidly changing world

c. To empower the Filipino learners for self-development through their life

d. To help raise the achievement level of students***

33. Understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even though their
outward appearance has changed is _________.

a. Animism

b. Conservation***

c. Egocentrism

d. Object permanence

34. The Department of education gives greater emphasis on the development of basic skills. What is the
philosophical basis for this?

a. Essentialism***

b. Existentialism

c. Perennialism

d. Pragmatism

35. Based on Bandura’s theory, which conditions must be present for a student to learn from a model?

I. Attention III. Motor reproduction

II. Retention IV. Motivation

a. I and II
b. I, II and III

c. I, II, III and IV***

d. III and IV

36. According to Tolman’s theory on purposive behaviorism, learning is goal-directed. What is its
implication to teaching?

a. Evaluate lessons based on your objective/s ***

b. Set as many objectives as you can

c. Stick to your objectives/s no matter what happens

d. Make the objective/s of your lesson clear and specific

37. Which is the ideal stage of moral development? Stage of _____.

a. Social contract

b. Universal ethical principle***

c. Law and order

d. Good boy/good girl

38. Which move liberalized access to education during the Spanish period?

a. The education of illiterate parents

b. The establishment of at least one primary schools for boys and girls in each municipality***

c. The hiring of tribal tutors to teach children

d. The provision of vocational training for school age children

39. Gina’s family had a family picture when she was not yet born. Unable to see herself in the family
picture, she cried despite her mother’s explanation that she was not yet born when the family picture
was taken. What does Gina’s behavior show?

a. Limited social cognition

b. Egocentrism***

c. Semi-logical reasoning

d. Rigidity of thought
40. Virtue as one component in the teaching of Rizal as a course focuses on the teaching of good and
beauty and consistent with the good and beauty in God. What philosophy supports this?

a. Existentialism

b. Idealism***

c. Progressivism

d. Social Reconstruction

41. Teacher L views his students as unique, free-choosing and responsible individuals. All classroom
activities revolve around the said premise. What theory underlies this?

a. Essentialism

b. Existentialism***

c. Progressivism

d. Realism

42. To help a student learn to the optimum, Vygotsky advises us to bridge the student’s present skill
level and the desired skill level by ______.

a. Challenging

b. Scaffolding***

c. Inspiring

d. Motivating

43. Based on Piaget’s theory, what should a teacher provide in the formal operational stage?

a. Stimulating environment with ample objects to play with

b. Games and other physical activities to develop motor skills

c. Activities for hypothesis formulation***

d. Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering

44. “Do not cheat. Cheating does not pay. If you do, you cheat yourself” says the voiceless voice from
within you. In the context of Freud’s theory, which is/are at work?

a. Id

b. Id and Superego
c. Ego

d. Superego***

45. Here are comments from School Head Carmen regarding her observations on teacher’s practice in
lesson planning:

The words “identify,” “tell” and “enumerate” are overused. Many times they make use of non-
behavioral terms. Often their lesson objectives do not include value formation and inculcation.

What can be inferred from the School Head’s comments regarding teacher formulated lesson
objectives?

a. Often lesson objectives are in the low level

b. Very often lesson objectives are in the cognitive domain***

c. Quite often lesson objectives describe teacher’s behavior

d. Often lesson objectives are in the psychomotor domain

46. Teacher Sam, a Values Education teacher emphasizes ethics in almost all the lessons. Which of the
following emphasizes the same?

a. Liberal Education

b. Moral Education***

c. Religious Training

d. Social Education

47. Religious rituals in the classroom and in the school programs prove the deep natural religiosity of the
Filipinos. Which philosophy has greatly contributed to this tradition?

a. Buddhism

b. Confucianism***

c. Hinduism

d. Islam

48. Sarah, a Grade I pupil is asked, “Why do you pray everyday?” Sarah answered, “Mommy said so.”
Based on Kohlberg’s theory, in which moral development stage is Sarah?

a. Pre-convention level***

b. Conventional level
c. In between conventional and post-conventional levels

d. In between pre- and post-conventional levels

49. Which reform in the Philippines Educational System advocates the use of English and Filipino as
media of instruction in specific learning areas?

a. Alternative Learning

b. Bilingual Education***

c. Multilingual Education

d. K-12 Program

50. Teacher Fe tells her students: “You must be honest at all times not only because you are afraid of the
punishment but more because you yourselves are convinced of the value of honesty.” Based on
Kohlberg’s theory, which level of moral development does the teacher want her students to reach?

a. Conventional level

b. Between conventional and post-conventional levels

c. Between pre-conventional and post-conventional levels

d. Post-conventional level***

51. Why is babyhood referred to as a “critical period” in personality development? Because:

a. At this time the baby is exposed to many physical and psychological hazards

b. Changes in the personality pattern take place

c. At this time the foundations are laid upon which the adult personality structure will be built***

d. The brain grows and develops at such an accelerated rate during babyhood

52. In order to make Roman education truly utilitarian, how should the day-to-day lessons be taught?

a. Taught in the student’s native dialect

b. Taught interestingly through the play way method

c. Related and linked to the events happening in everyday life***

d. Practical at home under the guidance of their respective parents

53. It is good to give students creative learning tasks because ______.

a. Development is affected by cultural changes

b. The development of individuals is unique

c. Development is the individual’s choice

d. Development is aided by stimulation***

54. According to Havighurst’s development tasks, reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in
one’s occupational career is supposed to have been attained during ____.

a. Middle age and Early adulthood

b. Middle age***

c. Old age

d. Early adulthood

55. Activities planned by school clubs/organization show school-community connection geared towards
society’s needs. What philosophy is related to this?

a. Existentialism

b. Progressivism

c. Realism

d. Social Reconstructionism***

56. Which influenced the military training requirements among students in the secondary and tertiary
levels?

a. Chinese

b. Greeks

c. Orientals

d. Romans***

57. Student Dianne says: “I have to go to school on time. This is what the rule says.” In what level of
moral development is the student?

a. Pre-conventional

b. Post-conventional

c. Conventional***

d. Cannot be specifically determined

58. Why do we need to establish classroom routines?

a. To promote organization in class

b. To make our work easy

c. To ensure order and discipline***

d. To minimize problems in class

59. In planning for instruction, can a teacher begin with assessment?

a. No, it may discourage and scare the learners

b. Yes, determine entry knowledge or skill***

c. Yes, to make the class pay attention

d. No, assessment is only at the end of a lesson

60. Which among the following is closest to the real human digestive system for study in the classroom?

a. Drawing of the human digestive system on the board

b. Model of the human digestive system***

c. The human digestive system projected on an OHP

d. Drawing of the human digestive system on a page of a textbook

61. Which one appropriately describes your lesson if you use the cognitive approach?

a. Lecture-dominated

b. Rote learning dominated

c. Highly directed teaching

d. Promotes “find out for yourself” approach***

62. Here is a question: “Is the paragraph a good one?” Evaluate. If broken down to simplify, which is the
best simplification?

a. Why is the paragraph a good one? Prove

b. Is the paragraph a good one? Why or Why not?***

c. If you asked to evaluate something, what do you do? Evaluate the paragraph?

d. What are the qualities of a good paragraph? Does the paragraph have these qualities?
63. Which one is in support of greater interaction?

a. Probing***

b. Repeating the question

c. Not allowing a student to complete a response

d. Selecting the same student respondents

64. If you are a constructivist, what assumptions about learning and learner govern your thinking?

a. Learners are empty receptacles waiting to be filled.

b. Learners are capable of constructing meaning of what is taught to them.***

c. Teachers are the only source of knowledge.

d. For learners to learn, knowledge should be transmitted directly from teachers to learners.

65. With this specific objective, to reduce fractions to their lowest terms, this is how the teacher
developed the lesson.

Step 1 – Teacher stated the rule on how to reduce fractions to their lowest term

Step 2 – Teacher wrote 2/4 , 3/6 , 4/8 , 5/10 , 6/12 and showed how to reduce them to 1/2

Step 3 – Teacher wrote 3/9 , 6/9 , 4/12 and showed how to reduce them to their lowest term.

Step 4 – Teacher gave this written exercise to the class.

Reduce the following fractions to their lowest terms: 3/12 , 7/14 , 5/10 , 8/16 , 5 /15, 4/6

Did the lesson begin with concrete experience then developed into the abstract?

a. No***

b. Yes, a little

c. Yes, by way of the examples given by the teacher

d. Yes, the pupils were involved in arriving at the rule on reducing fractions to their lowest terms

66. Which of the following will be Freud’s description of the child’s behavior if he has biting, sarcastic
manner?

a. Anally expulsive

b. Anally retentive
c. Fixated in the oral stage***

d. Experiencing the crisis of trust vs. mistrust

67. I want to compare two concepts. Which technique is most appropriate?

a. Attribute wheel

b. K-W-L techniques

c. Venn diagram***

d. Spider web organizer

68. Which activity should a teacher have more for his students if he wants them to develop logical-
mathematical thinking?

a. Focus group discussion

b. Problem solving***

c. Games

d. Small group discussion

69. Which of the following situations presents a value conflict?

a. The teacher and his students have class standing as their priorities

b. The teacher and the administrator follow a set of criteria in giving grades

c. The teacher has students whose parents want their children to obtain higher grades than what they
are capable of getting***

d. The teacher sets high expectations for her intelligent students such as getting higher grades

70. I want to use a pre-teaching strategy that will immediately engage my students in the content and
will enable me to get an insight into how students think and feel about the topic. Which is most
appropriate?

a. K-W-L chart***

b. Story boarding

c. Graphic organizer

d. Document analysis

71. For a discussion of a topic from various perspectives, it is best to hold a ______.
a. Debate

b. Brainstorming

c. Panel discussion***

d. Symposium

72. What philosophy is related to the practice of schools acting as laboratory for teaching reforms and
experimentation?

a. Essentialism

b. Existentialism

c. Progressivism

d. Social Reconstruction**

73. After establishing my learning objectives, what should I do to find out what my students already
know and what they do not yet know in relation to my lesson objectives in the cognitive domain?

a. Give a pretest***

b. Study the least learned competencies in the National Achievement Test

c. Analyze my students’ grades last year

d. Interview a sample of my students

74. What characterizes genuine change? Change in _____.

a. Appearance

b. Form

c. Substance***

d. Physical attribute

75. In which strategy, can students acquire information from various perspectives, and led to reflective
thinking and group consensus?

a. Debate

b. Small group discussion***

c. Panel discussion

d. Symposium
76. At the end of my lesson on the role of a teacher in learning, I asked the class: “In what way is a
teacher an enzyme?” With this question, it engaged the class in _______.

a. Allegorical thinking

b. Concrete thinking

c. Metaphorical thinking***

d. Symbolical thinking

77. Which must be primarily considered in the choice of instructional aide?

a. Must stimulate and maintain student interest

b. Must be updated and relevant to Filipino setting

c. Must be suited to the lesson objective ***

d. Must be new and skillfully made

78. For lesson clarity and effective retention, which should a teacher observe, according to Bruner’s
theory?

a. Begin teaching at the concrete level but go beyond it by reaching the abstract***

b. Use purely verbal symbols in teaching

c. Start at the concrete level and end there

d. End teaching with verbal symbols

79. The greatest happiness lies in the contemplative use of mind, said Plato. Which of the following
activities adheres to this?

a. Cooperative learning

b. Introspection***

c. Role playing

d. Social interaction

80. Is it advisable to use realias all the time?

a. No, for the sake of variety of instructional materials***

b. No, only when feasible

c. Yes, because there is no substitute for realias

d. Yes, because it is the real thing

81. A teacher who believes in the progressivist theory of education would embrace certain reforms on
methodology. Which reform would be consistent with this theory?

a. Active participation of the learners***

b. Formal instructional pattern

c. Strict external discipline

d. Teacher domination of class activities

82. I want my students to look at the issues on the call for President Arroyo to step down from several
perspectives. Which activity is most fitting?

a. Cross examination

b. Panel discussion***

c. Symposium

d. Debate

83. I intended to inculcate in my students the value of order and cleanliness. I begin my lesson by asking
them to share their experiences about the dirtiest and the cleanest place they have seen and how they
felt about them. From there I lead them to the consequences of dirty and clean home of surroundings.
In my lesson development plan, how do I proceed?

a. Transductively

b. Inductively***

c. Deductively

d. Concretely

84. Teacher Neru wants to develop the ability of sound judgment in his students. Which of the following
questions should he ask?

a. What is the essayist saying about judging other people?

b. With the elements of a good paragraph in mind, which one is best written?***

c. Why is there so much poverty in a country where there is plenty of natural resources?

d. Of the characters in the story, with whom do you identify yourself?

85. Homeroom advisers always emphasize the importance of cleanliness of the body. Children are
taught how to wash their hands before and after eating. What is this practice called?

a. Folkway

b. Laws

c. Mores

d. Social norm***

86. The teacher is the first audio-visual aid in the classroom. What does this imply?

a. You take care that you follow the fashion or else students won’t listen to you

b. Your physical appearance and voice should be such that students are helped to learn***

c. Make good use of the radio and TV in the classroom

d. Include singing in your teaching method

87. I used the gumamela flower, a complete flower, to teach the parts of a flower. Which method did I
use?

a. Demonstration method

b. Type-study method***

c. Drill method

d. Laboratory method

88. A teacher would use a standardized test ______.

a. To serve as a unit test

b. To serve as a final examination

c. To engage in easy scoring

d. To compare her students to national norms***

89. Other than finding out how well the course competencies were met, Teacher Lanie also wants to
know her students’ performance when compared with other students in the country. What is Teacher
Lanie interested to do?

a. Formative evaluation

b. Authentic evaluation
c. Norm-referenced evaluation***

d. Criterion-referenced evaluation

90. Which of the following is the chief aim of Spanish education?

a. Conformity and militarism

b. Perpetuation of culture

c. Propagation of the Catholic religion***

d. Utilitarianism and conformity

91. I want to help my students retain new information. Which one will I use?

a. Questions

b. Mnemonics***

c. Games

d. Simulations

92. I want to use a diagram to compare the traditional and authentic modes of assessment. Which one is
most fit?

a. Affinity diagram

b. Tree diagram

c. Venn diagram***

d. Fishbone diagram

93. A big story in your local newspaper. You want to use the headlines as an inquiry device. To increase
student participation, you might begin by ____.

a. Asking one to read the news story and interpret what he read after

b. Asking the class to infer connotations and denotations from the headline***

c. Explaining what you believe to be the underlying causes

d. Describing the background of the story as you know it

94. What is the correct sequence of prenatal stages of development?

a. Embryo, germinal, fetus

b. Germinal, fetus, embryo

c. Germinal, embryo, fetus***

d. Embryo, fetus, germinal

95. A person who has had painful experiences at the dentist’s office may become fearful at the mere
sight of the dentist’s office. Which theory can explain this?

a. Generalization

b. Classical conditioning***

c. Operant conditioning

d. Attribution theory

96. Which of the following is not a function of the school?

a. Changing cultural practices

b. Development of attitudes and skills

c. Reproduction of species***

d. Socialization among children

97. When I teach skills that are critical to the learning of the next topics, what should I employ?

a. Direct instruction

b. Mastery learning***

c. Socratic method

d. Cooperative learning

98. John Dewey said, “An ounce of experience is better than a ton of theory”. To which does this
statement point?

a. The need for theory

b. The need for experience

c. The primacy of experience***

d. The primacy of theory

99. Which curricular move served to strengthen spiritual and ethical values
a. Integration of creative thinking in all subject

b. Introduction of Values education as a separate subject area***

c. Reducing the number of subject areas into skill subject

d. Re-introducing science as a subject in Grade 1

100. I want my students to have mastery learning of a basic topic. Which can help?

a. Drill***

b. Socratic method and drill

c. Morrisonian technique and drill

d. Socratic method

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🍀ProfEd Notes!!!🍏

🖤Principles/Laws of Learning🖤

1. Law of Readiness - preparedness

2. Law of Exercise - practice makes perfect

3. Law of effect - satisfaction

4. Law of primacy - learn first / first impression

5. Law of Recency - now/most recent are best

remembered

6. Law of intensity - impact/ exciting

Ex. Role playing

7. Law of Freedom - right to freedom

8. Law of importance - essentials

📌Cognitive:

mental skills(knowledge)

📌Affective:

growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)

📌Psychomotor:

manual or physical skills (skills)

📌Principles of TEACHING

A. create an active learning

B. Focus Attention

C. Connect Knowledge

D. Help students organize their knowledge

E. Provide timely feedback

F. Demand quality

G. Balance high expectations with student support

H. Enhance motivation to learn

I. Communicate your message in variety of ways.

J. Help students to productively manage their time

📌stages of Learning
1. Acquisition - learning new skill

2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill

3. Generalization - across time & situation / variety

of setting

4. Adaptation -. Use for problem solving

5. Maintenance - performance over time

📌Bloom's Cognitive Domain

Blooms Taxonomy

Remember - recall facts & basic concepts

define, duplicate, list, memorize,state

Understand - Explain ideas or concepts

Classify, describe, discuss, explain,

locate, recognize

Apply -. Use of information in new situation

execute, implement, solve, use,

demonstrate, interpret, operate

Analyze -. Draw connection among ideas

differentiate, organize, relate, compare,

contrast, distinguish, examine,

expirement, question, test

Evaluate -. Justify a stand or decision

 appraise, argue, defend, judge, select,

support, value, critique, weigh

Create -. Produce new or original work

Design, assemble, construct,

conjecture, develop, formulate, author,

investigate

📌Anderson Taxonomy

Remembering - recalling

Understanding - making sense of the material you

have learned

Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee ways

Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts

Evaluating -. Making judgement

Creating -. Putting iNformation together in an

innovative way.

📌Affective Domain:

Receiving -

is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being
willing to tolerate them.

Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.

Responding -
os committed in some small measure to the ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by actively
responding to them.

Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.

Valuing -

is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include:
to increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.

Organization -

is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.

Characterization-

by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized.
Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to
resolve.

📌Psychomotor Domain:

Perception -

Sensory cues to guide motor.

Set -

mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a situation.

Guided response -

first attempts at a physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to better performance.
Mechanism -

responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency.

Complex Overt Response -

complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of assurance they
will be successful.

Adaptation -

Movements can modified for special situations.

Origination -

New movements can be created for special situations.

📌Learning theories

A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism , Social Learning and purposive)

PCSO

Pavlov - Classical

Skinner - Operant

🍏BEHAVIOURISM

📌A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one Natural Response.

Adhesive Principle
- response attached to stimulus to evoke new response.

Experimentation: 🐕

(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)

Ringing of bell- stimuli

Response - Naglalaway ang aso

Unconditioned Stimulus:

- automatically produces an emotional or psychological response.

Unconditioned Response:

- Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.

Neutral Stimulus:

- a stimulus that does not elicit a response.

Conditioned Stimulus:

- evokes an emotional or Physiological response.

📌B. Operant Conditioning (Bf Skinner)

Experimentation: 🐀

skinner Box (rat)

🥰Reinforcement - increase behaviour

😳Punishment - decrease behaviour

😆Positive Reinforcement -

may binigay na gusto ng bata.

🥹Negative reinforcement -

taking something away for the good of students.

😌Positive Punishment -

may binigay na ayaw mo / something unpleasant.

🥲Negative punishment -

tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.

📌C. Connectionism theory/S-R (Edward Thorndike)

- specific stimulus has specific response

Law of Readiness- hinahanda mo sila

Law of Exercise- nagpapadrills

Law of Effect - satisfying effect

Secondary Laws of Learning

RIP

Law of primacy - dapat tama ang tinuro sa una.

Law of intensity - dapat fun ang learning

Law of Recency - mas natatandaan ang previous.

Other law:

Law of association By Aristotle

Law of similarity - recall similar object

Law of contrast - recall of opposite object

Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.

📌D. Social Learning Theory

By Badura

Experimentation: Bobo dull

- may pinaggagayahan

- focus on observation learning

Social learning theory

4 steps;

1. Attention - focus

2. Retention - store information

3. Reproduction - to perform the observed

behaviour

4. Motivation - be motivated
📌E. Purposive Behaviorism/ sign Learning theory

By (tolman)

Expirement: Rats🐀

- reinforcement is not essential to learning

- bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theilory

- Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior.

According to Tolman, in all learning some intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who actively
participates on the act of getting new experience. He organises his perceptions and observations and
gives meaning to them. He explains the theory of rats in teaching the goal through many trials as a result
of insight or making cognitive map of the maze.

🍏COGNITIVIST

📌A. Meaningful Learning Theory

By (David Ausubel)

"Reception not discovery"

- advance organizer

- use of graphic organizer

📌B. Cognitive Development (piaget)

📌a). Sensory - 0 to 2 years old - permanent object

📌b). Pre-operational - 3 to 7 years old - egocentric

Symbolic function
- Centration -

refers to the tendency of the chikd to only focus on one aspects of a thing or event and exclude other
aspects EXAMPLE:

when a child presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the chikd will say
they have the same amount of water. however, once water from one of the glasses is transferred to an
obviously taller but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that there is more water in the taller glass.

"The Child only Focus (centered)".

Irreversibly-

Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is
5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.

Animism -

This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.

When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep."

Transductive reasoning -

This refers to the pre-operational child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive.

Example: since her mommy comes home everyday around six o'clock in the evening, when asked why it
is already night, the child will say, "because my mom is home".

📌c). Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years old - begin learning logical reasoning.

Decentering -

This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.

This allows child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations.
Reversibility -

The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can already
comprehend the cummutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition.

Conversation-

This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area do not
change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of the child's ability of
decentering and also reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as
when the water was shorter but wider glass.

Seriation -

This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume or size.

📌d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards years old -

Thinking becomes more logical.can solve abstract problems and can hypothesis.

Hypothetical reasoning -

The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weight data in order
to make final decisions or judgement.

(What if questions)

Analogical reasoning -

This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow
down possible answers in another similar situation or problem.

Deductive reasoning -

This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.
For example, all countries near the north pole. therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures

📌C. Schema/Schemata theory

By: Bartlet

Schema-

- refers to the prior knowledge

Assimilation -

This is this is the process if fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created schema.

Accomodation-

This is the process if creating a new schema.

Equilibrium -

Achieving proper balance between Assimilation and accommodation.

If not match our schemata we experience

"Cognitive disequilibrium"

📌D. Gestalt principle of Visual perception

By Gestalt

- determine what we see/percept.

🏓Laws of Gestalt
Gestalt means "whole".

Law of similarity -

Kapag kapareho

Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure -

Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible for example, a
monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of a
curved lines.

Law of proximity - refers to how close elements are to one another. The strongest proximity relationship
are those between overlapping subjects, but just grouping objects into a single area can have a strong
proximity effect.

Law of Continuity - posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines,
regardless of how the lines were actually drawn

Law of Closure - "fill the gap"

is one of the coolest gestalt principles and one I already touched on at the beginning of this piece. It's
the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole

📌E. Insight learning theory

By wolfgang kohler

- sudden grasping of the solution, a lash of understanding, without any process of trial and error.

Learning happen in sudden -"Eurika"

(Aha moment)

Expirement: monkey names (Sultan)

Believes that the whole is more important than the parts.so Learning takes place as a whole.

📌F. Information processing theory

By (Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin)

Sensory memory - it holds information that the

mind perceives through various senses.

(small capacity).

Short term memory - last around 30 seconds.

(Short Duration)

Long term Memory - has an unlimited amount of space as it can store memories from a long time ago to
be retrieved at a later time.

Long term memory

1. Episodic Memory

- recalling episodes (events)

2. Semantic Memory

- knowledge of a general Facts, principles and concepts.

3. Procedural Memory

- refers to "know how" as opposed to "know about".

📌G. Cumulative Learning

By Robert Gagne

Gradual development of knowledge and skills that improve over time.