nkSaM rkywdk dyk o okf.

kT; egkfo|ky;
nkSaM]o lkfo=hckbZ Qqys iq.ks fo|kihB
dyk foHkkx
izFke o”kZ dyk inO;qRRkj ¼,e , izFke½
izdYi vgokykps

O;ogkfjd bfrgkl
&y?kq’kks/k fuca/k&
bfrgkl ys[kd jaWdh
ekxZn’kZd

MkW-izk-v#.kk eksjs
Lka’kks/kdkps
lkcGs ukao oS’kkyh
izfo.k

‘kS{kf.kd o”kZ

2017&18

1
 izek.ki=

izekf.kr dj.;kr ;srs dh] lkcGs oS’kkyh izfo.k] dk;e

layXu egkfo|ky; nkSaM] rk-nkSaM] ft-iq.ks dyk ¼,e-,-½
ph fo|kfFkZuh vkgs- ^^O;ogkfjd bfrgkl ys[ku** ;k
fo"k;kpk y?kq 'kks/k fuca/k ^^bfrgkl ys[kd jWdh** ;k
fo"k;kojhy 'kks/k izca/k ekÖ;k ekxZn'kZuk[kkyh iw.kZ
dsysyk vkgs-

lnj izca/k lkfo=hckbZ iq.ks fo|kihBkP;k izFke o"kZ

dyk bfrgkl foHkkx inO;qRrj¼ ½ inohlkBh lknj dj.;kl
ek>h vuqerh vkgs-

ekxZn'kZd

MkW- izk-v#.kk eksjs

LFkG %
2
fnukad %

_.kfunsZ'k

lnj izdYi vgoky r;kj dj.;kph th vewY; la/kh eyk feGkyh]

R;kcn~ny eh] uk;xkao ,T;wds'ku lkslk;Vh f'k{k.k laLFkk
eqacbZ vkf.k nkSaM rkyqdk dyk o okf.kT; egkfo|ky; o
lkfo=hckbZ Qqys iq.ks fo|kihBkph eh 'kr'k% _.kh vkgs-

^^O;ogkfjd bfrgkl **;k fo"k;kpk ^^bfrgkl ys[kd jWdh ** gk y?

kq ‘kks/k fuca/k r;kj dj.;klkBh lanHkZ xzaFk lwphph ekfgrh
feGoh.;klkBh T;kauh enr dsyh- R;keqGs eh d`rKrk O;Dr djrs
dh] eyk ;k izdYi vgokykr cgqewY; lYyk o ekxZn'kZd MkW-
izk- v#.kk eksjs eWMeaps ykHkys- R;kcn~ny eh R;kaps vkHkkj
ekurs-

3
4
vuqØef.kdk
izLrkouk 5
bfrgkldkj jWads % 6
jads bfrgklys[ku% 7
j¡dsps bfrgkl ys[ku’kkL=krhy ;ksxnku 11
vkWxLV dkWErpk izR;{kkKkuokn %& 19
vfHktkr ekDlZokn ¼Classical Marxism½ 24

5
izLrkouk
fyvksiksYM Ogu jkads 1995 rs 1885

teZu bfrgkldj jadsus 'kkL='kq/n bfrgklys[kukpk ik;k ?kkryk

Eg.kwu jkadsyk vk/kqfud bfrgkl fy[uk'kkL=kpk tud vls Eg.krkr-
jkadspk tUe 20 fMls- 1795 e/;s lDLuh çkrkar ,dk e/;e dqVqackr
>kyk- R;kps oMhy çflnq/k odhy gksrs- dqVqacke/;s laL—r o
'ks{kf.kd okrkoj.k gksrs- f'k{k.kklkBh jads fyif>d osn;kikBhr
xsyk- R;kus Hkk"kk'kkL=h o /keZ'kkL= ;k nksu fo"k;kapk
vH;kl dsyk- dkaVpk ^ (kant) Critiquee of Pure Reason ^o fQLrs
Fichte pk Address to the German Nation gs nksu xzaFk R;kaP;k n`"Vhus

vfr'k; egRokps gksrs] nksUghgh fopk.khZpk R;kapk eukoj

[kwip çHkko iMysyk gksrk-

6
bfrgkldkj jWads %
çkjaHkh jkadsyk bfrgklkps vkoM uOgrh Vh xzhd 'ksdkafrdk ,d
dyk Eg.kwu okpr gksrk-R;keqGs R;kps eu Hkkouk ç/kku >kys
gksrs-fyif>d ;sFks f'k{k.k ?ksrs vlrkauk R;kus fgCkzq
Hkk"ksrhy okpys vkf.k R;kps fopkj cnyys eqGs rks x‚VfÝM
geZu ;kP;k dkO;kdMs oGyk- ;k dkO;keqGs rks xzhd
bfrgklkdMs oGyk vkf.k rks bfrgkldkj Eg.kwu uko #ikyk vkyk-
j‚dsa fyOgh vkf.k fgjksMksVl ;kaP;k fy[kkukeqGs çHkkfor
>kyk gksrk- R;kus uscqjps ys[ku okpys R;kps fopkj letkowu ?
ksrys-c‚p us fygysyk vFksUl laL/kukpk oLrqfu"B bfrgkl R;kus
okjaokj okpyk R;kyk bfrgklkph xksMh fuekZ.k>kyh vkf.k jads
çkphu dky[kaMkdMs oGys-b-l-1825 e/;s jads cfyZu fo|kihBkr
bfrgklkps çk/;kid >kys- bfrgkfld ekfgrh eksBîkçek.kkoj
feGfo.;klkBh jads v‚fLVª;kph jkt/kkuh fOg,Uuk ;sFks
xsyk-;sFks v‚fLVª;u pkUlyj esVjfud ;kph HksV >kyh-
esVjfuDus R;kyk loZ lanHkZ lk/kus miyC/k d:u fnyh jadsus
bfrgklys[ku 'kkL=klkBh Lor%yk >ksdwu fnys- xzhd o ykfVu
okM~e;kpk vH;kld jads iq<s bfrgkldkj >kys-

7
jads bfrgklys[ku%
rks vk/kqfud dkGkrhy 1 yk bfrgkl dkj ekuyk tkrks -R;kus
oLrqfu"Brk ] rarksrari.kk o Hkk"ksps lkSan;kZ ;k lokaZpk
rVLFkkui.ks fopkj dsyk o ;krwup R;kP;k ys[ku i)rhpk mn;
>kyk- jadspk bfrgklkdMs ikg.;kpk nq#"Vhdksu 'kkL='kq)
gksrk- jadsus dYiuk'käh o uohu 'kks/kk ;kauk VkGwu ?kVusyk
yk egRo fnys- tkxfrd bfrgkl]O;fäokn vkf.k mRØkafrokn ;k
dYiuk jadsyk ekU; gksrk- R;kpk ys[kukr ekfVZu Y;qFkjph
fopkjlj.kh fnlwu ;srs rlsp fQLrspk ph)kn vkf.k gMZj vkf.k
xks,Fk ;kaps rÙoKku ;kapk çHkkoh fnlwu ;srs-jads cgqHkkf"kd
gksrs-

jadsps xzaFk laink

1) Histories of Romans and Teutonic People*
2) Ottomans and the Spanish monarchy of the siÛteenth and
seventeenth centuries-*
3) The History of Revolution in servia*
4) venice at the end of the siÛteenth century*
5) Histoische zeitschirft*
6) History of popes*
7) German History in the Time of Rreformation*
8) Prussion History
9) English History
10) contributions to German History ¼1555 to 1618½
11) History of wallensstein
12) The seven year war

8
13) The origin of the wars of Revolution

9
1) History of Romans and Teutonic People – gk xzaFk jkseu o
VîqVksfud yksdkaP;k oj fygysyk vkgs-;k xzaFk Eg.kts fo'ks"k
Eg.kts ys[kuke/;s oLrqfu"V~rspk iw.kZi.ks okij dsyk vkgs-

2½ Ottomans and Spanish monarchy of the siÛteenth and

seventeenth centuries –;k xzaFk Likfu'k lkezkT;kph ekfgrh nsysyh
vkgs-lkezkT;kph ?kVuk] O;kikj] vFkZO;oLFkk ;k lac/kh ekfgrh
nsysyh vkgs- ;krp rqdhZ lkezkT;kphgh ekfgrh nsysyh vkgs-
Likfu'k bfrgkle/;s nqljk fQyhi ;kaps o.kZu egRoiw.kZ vkgs-

3½ History of Revolution in Servia –;k xzaFk lfcZ;u yksdkaph

efgrh fnysyh vkgs] ;k xzaFkkpk eq[; mnns'k lfcZ;u yksdkauk
Lora= feGo.;klkBh d'kkçdkjP;k y<k fnyk ;kph ekfgrh fnysyh
vkgs- lfcZ;u bfrgklkP;k nq#"Vhus fg Hkjho dkefxjh vkgs-

4½ Venice of the End of the siÛteenth century – jadsus fOg,Uuk

'kgjkyk HksV fnyh ;sFkhy v‚fLVª;u eqRlnfn tsUV> ;kph
HksV ?ksryh tsUV÷us jkadsyk xqIr dkxni=s fnyh vkf.k ;qjksih;
bfrgkLys[ku in/krhph ekfgrh fnyh-jadsus jkse vkf.k
¶ykjsal ;sFkhy xzaFkyk;kauk HksV nsÅu dkxni=s xksGk dsyh o
R;koj vk/kkfjr gk xzaFk fyfgyk vkgs- ;k xzaFkFkkr OghfuLP;k
çtkLrkdkph ekfgrh fnyh vkgs-

10
5½ Historische zeitschrift& jadsP;k loZ xzaFkkrhy vR;ar
egRokP;k vkgsr R;kps Lo:i fu¸Rdkyhu lkj[ks vkgsr ;k xzaFkkoj
ƒŠ…å P;k Ýsap jkT;Økarhpk çHkko fnlwu ;srks-

6½ History of the popes & gk jadsP;k ,d xktysyk xzaFk R;kps

ikp [kaM vkgsr ;qjksih; /keZlaLFkkaph ekfgrh ns.kkjk gk ,d
egRokpk xzaFk vkgs- jadsus\ /keZlaLFksrhy yksdkaps [kktxh
thou /keZlaLFksps ç'kklu vFkZO;oLFkk bR;knh ekfgrh fnysyh
vkgs-

7½ German History in the times of popes & ;k xzaFkkr ƒ‡ O;k o ƒˆ

O;k 'krdkrhy ;qjksikrhy lkoZtfud thoukph ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs-
teZuh o ;qjksie/;s jktdh; {ks=kr o /keZlq/kkj.ksP;k pGoGhe/;s
T;k ?kVuk ?kMY;k R;kph ;kr ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs-

8½ Prussian History& gk xzaFk jadsus 1847 lkyh çfl/n dsyk ;k

xzaFkkps ,dw.k 8 [kaM vkgsr- ;k xzaFkke/;s çFkep ljdkjh vf/k
—r lk/kukapk okij d:u ?kVuk fyfgY;k vkgsr- ;krwu jadsph
la'kks/ku ço`Ùkh fnlwu ;srs- ;k xzaFkkpk fo"k; ;qjksie/;s lÙkspk
mn; dlk gksr xsyk gk vkgs-fo'ks"k lanHkZ ÝsMfjd foY;e
ifgyk ;kpk dky[kaMk'kh vkgs-

11
9½ English History& jadsus ;qjksipk vusdosGk çokl dsyk- jadsus
esd‚yspk ^iksil* gk lqçfl) fuca/k okpyk R;keqGs rks
baXyaMdMs vkdf"kZr >kyk- baXyaMe/;s vkY;kuarj yaMu o
MCyhu ;sFkhy xzaFkky;kauk HksVh fnY;k ;k HksVhe/kwu
English History gk xzaFk r;kj >kyk- jadsP;k ers ÝkUle/;s
vfu;feri.kk o vkØedi.kk fnlwu ;srks- rj ;kmyV baXyaMe/;s
f'kLrc)i.kk o iqjk.kerokn fnlwu ;srks-

10½ Contributions to German History& ;k xzaFkkr /keZ lq/kkj.kk

pGoGhph loZ ekfgrh fnysyh vkgs- QfMZukaM ifgyk]
eWD>hfeyku nwljk o :MkWYQ nwljk ;kaph vkRepfj¾s fnysyh
vkgsr&

11½ History of the Wallensstein – jWadsP;k ers oWysLVhu gk 30

o"kkZP;k ;qn/kkrhy ,d Js"B ;ks/nk gksrk& jaWdsus R;kps vR;ar
?kesaM[kksj] v/kk’kh ] vkiY;k ?kjk.;kyk jkt?kjk.;kpk ntkZ
ns.kkjk ;ks/nk vls o.kZu dsys vkgs gk xzazaFk euksjatd vkgs-

12½ Unniversal History& gk xzazaFk fyfgrkuk jaWdsus

fgjksMksVl o FkqflMh;;l ;k nks?kkaP;k ys[kukph ’kSyh o
raa= ;kpk okij dsyk vkgs vls rks Eg.krks] vR;ar d"V
d:u ;kxzaFkkps 6 [kaM R;kus iw.kZ dsys mjysys 4 [kaM
R;kP;k e`R;quarj R;kaP;k f’k";kauh iw.kZ dsys gk j¡dsP;k
thoukrhy egÙoiq.kZ xzazaFk vkgs-

12
13
j¡dsps bfrgkl ys[ku’kkL=krhy ;ksxnku
vk/kwfud bfrgkl ys[ku’kkL=kpk tud Eg.kwu j¡ds
vksG[kyk tkrks& j¡dsP;k bfrgkl ys[ku'kkL=kpk çHkko teZuh
cjkscj baXyaM vesfjdslkj[;k çxr jk"Vªkaojgh iMyk-

ƒ½ oLrqfu"B la'kks/ku & j¡ds Eg.krks bfrgkl ys[kukr

oLrqfu"Bk o VhdkRed ifj{k.k vko';d vkgs- la'kks/kdkus
iqjkfHkys[k o dkxni=s ;kapk lw{e vH;kl dsyk ikfgts-
R;kpcjkscj iwoZxzgnwf"kr o`Ùkh cktwyk Bsoyh ikfgts-
No documents No History gs R;kps çfl) okD; vkgs-dkj.k
lk/kukauk R;kus [kwi egÙo fnys vkgs-

2½ j¡dsus jkseu o teZu laL—rhrhy lac/k Li"V dsyk- ;k nksUgh

laL—rhe/;s ,d egRokph lk[kGh vkgs vls Li"V
dsys- ;qjksih; laL—rh gh laiw.kZi.ks jkseu laL—rhP;k
vk/kkjkoj o teZu laL—rhP;k lºákus fodflr >kyh vkgs- vlks
fl)kar R;kus ekaMyk- vlk fl)kar ;kiwohZ dks.khp ekaMyk
uOgrk- ifj.kkeh bfrgkl ys[ku 'kkL=ke/;s vls laca/k
çLFkkfir dj.;kph i)r lq# >kyh-

3½ bfrgklkP;k rÙoKkukyk vkdkj fnyk- OgksYVvjiklwu

bfrgklkps rÙoKku gh dYiuk vfLrRokr vkyh- ijarq ;k
dYiusyk 'kkL='kq) vls Lo:i uOgrs- ijarq jdsus vkiY;k
çpaM fy[kk.kkrwu bfrgklkP;k rÙoKkukyk ,d pkaxys Lo:i
çkIIr d:u fnys ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ?kMr vlrkuk R;kaP;k

14
 eqyk'kh dkgh rÙo vlrs- ;kCcí~y R;kyk fo'okl okVr vls-
R;kpk ers bfrgkl gkp nSoh 'kDähpk ,deso iqjkok vkgs-

4½ bfrgklkP;k fy[kk.kkckcr vkxzgh er- jadsus bfrgkl

ys[kku'kkL=kr vkxzgh er çfriknu dsys vkgs rs Eg.kts ?
kVuk t'kkP;k r'kk ekaMY;k ikfgtsr- vkf.k gk bfrgkl
ys[kukrhy loZJs"B fu;e vkgs- vls rks eukr vls- jads Eg.krks
The fact must be produced as actually they were-

5½ ifjlaokn lq# dsys- jadus ifjlaokn lq# d:u la'kks/kdkauk ,d=

vk.kwu ppkZ >kyh ikfgts gk ç;kx lq# dsyk- ;kpk ifj.kke
Eg.kwu Ýkal] baXyaM vkf.k vesfjdse/;sgh bfrgkl foHkkx
lq# >kys-

6½ fu;rdkfyd lq# dsys- jadus fu;rdkfydk e/kwu bfrgkl

la'kks/ku i)rh d'kh vlkoh ;kph ppkZ lq# dsyh- vktps varjax
o cfgjax ijh{k.kkpk ik;k R;keqGs ?kkryk xsyk-

jadsus bfrgklys[kukr xq.k nks"k nksUgh fnlwu ;srkr- G-P-

Gooch ;kauh ^History and Historians of the 19th century * ;k
ukokus ,d xzaFk fyfgyk vkgs- ^Rank is critis and Pulpils* R;kr ;k
ukokps ,d Lora= çdj.k vkgs- R;kr jadsps Vhdkdkj R;klac/kh th
ers uksanforkr rh ekaMyh vkgsr-

1] jadsus ts bfrgkl ys[ku dsys vkgs rs çkeq[;kus jktdh; o jktuSfrd

Lo:ikpsvkgs-

2] jadsus lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkaLdwrhd bfrgklkdMs nqyZ{k

dsys vkgs-

15
3] ledkyhu yksdkauh fygysys bfrgkl gs fu#i;ksxh vkgsr gs R;kps
er cq)hl iVr ukgh-

4] jadsus rÙoKku gs fojks/kkHkklkoj vk/kkfjr gksrs dkgh

fBdk.kh rks gsxsyyk fojks/k djrks vkf.k Lork ek=
çR;sd ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk gh bZ'oj ç.kkyhr vlrs vls ekurks

5] /keZlaLFksckcr rks iqjk.ker okfn fnlrks- jkT; laLFkk o /keZ

laLFkk ;kaps lac/k rks rksMw bfPNr ukgh-

6] jads gk if'kZ;u jkts'kkghpk ,d fo'oklw lsod gksrk-/keZ laLFkk

o jkT;laLFkk ;k nksUgh laLFks pk laj{kd gksrk-R;kus ts fy[kk.k
dsys R;kr jk"Vª] iwoZxzg o fgrlac/k ;kaps laiw.kZ çfrfcac fnlrs-

7] fcvMZ gk bfrgkl ys[kd Eg.krks; Þ jads gk vR;ar i{kikrh

bfrgkldkj gksrk R;kus lkrR;kus lkekftd o vkfFkZd
fgrlaca/kkdMs nqyZ{k dsys- ;qjksikrhy rRdkyhu iqjk.keroknh
fgrlaca/kkauk /kDdk ykxsy vls ,rsgkfld fy[kk.k R;kus
vfr'k; ;'kLohi.ks VkGys-19 O;k 'krdkus R;kus fuekZ.k dsysY;k
bfrgkl dkjkrhy lokZr i{kikrh bfrgkldkj Eg.kwu jadsdMs ifgys
tkrs- G.P. Gooch gk ys[kdß History and Historian in Nineteenth century ß ;k
xzaFkkr fygrks ]He was the greatest historical writer of modern times not only
because he founded the scientific study of maeterials and possessed in an unrivalled
degree the judicial temper ]but because his power of work & length of life enabled
him to produce a larger number of first rate works than any other member of the

craft-ß bfrgkl ys[kukr la/kHkZ lk/kukauk vl.kkjs egROr ekU;

vkgsp ijarq jadsps rkfRod fopkj ek= ijLij fojks/kh okVrkr-
jadsus bfrgkl fygrkuk vls fofo/k fo"k; gkrkGys vkf.k foiqy vls
bfrgkl ys[ku dsys vk/kqfud bfrgkl ys[ku i)rhyk lqlw= vkf.k
16
'kkL= 'kq/n oG.k yko.;kps dke jadsus dsys R;kpk ys[kukr
fo'kq/n jk"Vªokn vkf.k çxrh okn ;k nksUghapk leUo; vk<Grks
jkadspk bfrgkl ys[kukP;k ladYiusps vuqdj.k ;qjksikrhy
bfrgkldkjkauh 1840 i;aZr o R;kuarj i.k dsY;kps vk<Grs bfrgkl
ys[kuklanHkkZr jadsps dk;Z Js"B ntkZps vlwu R;kus ,danj 55
xzaFk fygys ;k xzaFkkrwu 15 O;k 'krdkiklwu rs 18 O;k
'krdki;aZrP;k ?kVukaps R;kus o.kZu dsysys vkgs- R;kus
bfrgklkdMs ,d 'kkL= ;k æqLFkhus ifgys y‚MZ vDVu Eg.krks-ß
Ranke was almost the coulmbus of modern History Þ jadspk ,sfrgkfld
dk;kZps ewY;ekiu djrkar çks- vkFkZj ekfoZd Eg.krkr fd Þ
jUdsus VhdkRed ra=kpk okij d:u fn?kksZ|kus o gsrqiwoZd
la'kks/ku d:u ,d uohu o lq/kkfjr vls ;k fo#/n
izfrfØ;k ,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh fnlwu ;sÅ ykxY;k-
ekuoh thouklaca/kh izpfyr vlysY;k #< fopkjkauk Nsn ns.kkÚ;k
tksgku gMZj o fOgdks º;k rRoKkaP;k Økafrdkjh fopkj
iz.kkyhdMs fopkjoarkaps y{k vkd`"V gksÅu bfrgklkdMs
osxG;k n`"Vhus ikg.;kph xjt izrhr gksÅ ykxyh- bfrgklys[kukr
dYiusyk LFkku vlkos- rks dsoG xq<oknh uOgs rj jatd vlkok gk
fopkj ^jksekWafVd* bfrgkl ys[kdkauh iqjLd`r dsyk- izkFkfed
L=ksr lk/kukapk vH;kl d#u] dsoG ;q/ns vxj eksB;k ?kVukaps
uOgsrj jk"Vªkaps bfrgkl fyfg.;koj jk"Vªh; o`RrhP;k xVkus Hkj
fnyk- rj eqG L=ksrlk/kukaph fpfdRld Nkuuh d#u ,sfrgkfld lR;
’kks/kwu dk<.;koj y{k dsanzhr dj.kkjk bfrgkldkjkapk ,d XkV
iq<s ljlkoyk- ,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh bfrgklkP;k
lkg;~;dkjh ’kkL=kapk vH;kl xaHkhji.ks gksÅ ykxyk] ;keqGs

17
bfrgklkP;k lk/kukaph ’kkL=h; i/nrhus fpfdRlk d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k
?ksrk ;srks ;kph tk.kho vH;kldkar fuekZ.k >kyh-

bfrgklkdMs ikg.;kpk gk uok n`"Vhdks.k #tfo.;kps o

bfrgklfo"k;kP;k i/nr’khj v/;;ukps egRo izfrikfnr dj.;kps eksykps
dk;Z ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh dkGkr teZuhrhy cfyZu fo|
kihBke/khy bfrgklrTKkauh dsys- R;kaP;kiSdh ifgyk egRokpk
bfrgkldkj ckFkkZsZYM fucwj ¼Barthold Niebuhr½ gk gks;- gk
tUekus MWfu’k] ijarq izkphu jksepk bfrgkl gk R;kP;k v/;;ukpk
fo"k; gksrk- 1810 lkyh cfyZu fo|kihBkr jkseP;k bfrgklkoj
R;kus fnysyh Hkk"k.kkauh 'kkL=h; bfrgkl ys[ku i/nrhpk ifjp;
vH;kldkauk d#u fnyk- jksepk bfrgkl vH;kl.;klkBh R;kuh fyOgh
lkj[;k izkphu jkseu bfrgkldkjkapk ekxksok u ?ksrk] izkFkfed
L=ksr lk/kukapk ’kks/k ?ksryk- R’k lk/kukaP;k vk/kkjs jksepk
bfrgkl] R;kaP;k laLFkk] R;kaP;k leL;k ;kapk vH;kl dsyk-
R;kP;k v/;;u i/nrhps egRo cfyZu fo|kihBkrhy vH;kldkaP;k eukou
fcacys- v’kk izdkj uhcwjus vk/kqfud bfrgklys[kukpk ik;k r;kj
dsyk- ,sfrgkfld lR;kpk 'kks/k ?ks.;kps egRo izfriknu dj.kkjs
R;kps ,d fo/kku izfl/n vkgs- rks Eg.krks] ^In laying down the
pen, we must be able to say in the sight of God, I have not
knowingly or without earnest investigation written anything
which is not true *gs R;kps fo/kku izR;{koknh bfrgklys[kukps
ekxZn’kZd rRo cuys-

fyvksiksYM jkads ¼1795&1886½ uhcwjP;k fopkjiz.kkyhus

izHkkfor gksÅu º;k ekxkZoj HkDdei.ks ikoys Vkd.kkjk] izR;

18
{koknh bfrgklys[kukph eqgwRkZes< i/nr’khji.ks jkso.kkjk teZu
bfrgkldkj fyvksiksYM jkads gk gks;- oLrqr% R;kP;k v/;;ukph
lq#okr vfHktkr xzhd o jkseu okM~e; o /keZ’kkL=kiklwu >kyh-
R;kuarj rks vkoM Eg.kwu bfrgklkP;k vH;klkdMs oGyk- o;kP;k
rsfolkO;k o"khZ] 1818 lkyh bfrgklkpk f’k{kd Eg.kwu O;kolkf;d
thoukr R;kus inkiZ.k dsys vkf.k 1825 lkyh cfyZZu fo|kihBkr
bfrgklkpk izk/;kid Eg.kwu jtw >kyk-

izkjaHkh bfrgklkr jkadsyk Qkj #ph uOgrh- uhcwjP;k

jkseP;k bfrgklkus ek= R;kph erifjorZu >kys- uhcwjps ;kn`"Vhus
rks _.k ekU; djrks- ;k lqekjkl R;kus fofo/k xzaFkkaps okpu
dsys- R;kr xzhd o jkseu bfrgkldkj] okWYVj
LdkWVP;k ,sfrgkfld dknacÚ;k rlsp gMZj] xFks ;kaP;k
fy[kk.kkps ifj’khyu dsys- ;krwu R;kph bfrgkl fo"k;d Hkwfedk
iDdh >kyh- fofo/k izdkjP;k xzaFkkps v/;;u dsY;kuarj R;kus
dk<ysyk fu"d"kZ R;kpk iq<hy fo/kkukr Li"V fnlrks % I found
by comparison that truth was more interesting and beautiful
than romance, I turned away from it and resolved to avoid all
inventions and imagination in my works and stick to facts.”

jkadsP;k uO;k bfrgklys[ku i/nrhpk ifjp; History of the Latin

and Teutonic People º;k R;kP;k ifgY;k xzaFkkus d#u fnyk- º;k
xzaFkkrhy vk’k;kis{kk R;kyk fyfgysyh izLRkkouk o xzaFkkyk
tksMysyh ifjf’k"Vs fo’ks"k cksydh Bjyh- R;kr R;kph
bfrgklkckcrph /kkj.kk rks Li"V djrks- iwohZ fyfg.;kr vkysY;k
bfro`Rrkais{kk ,sfrgkfld O;Drhaph dkxni=s rlsp

19
bfrgklxzaFkkapk okij djrkauk ys[kdkps O;fDreRo] R;kps fopkj]
R;kus ,sfrgkfld ekfgrh dksBwu feGfoyh] ;kph Nkuuh dj.ks gs
jkads egRokps ekurks- R;kus vkiY;k xzaFkklkBh dks.krh lk/kus
okijyh ;kph ;knh rj rks nsrksp] R;kf’kok; R;kaph fo’oluh;rsP;k
n`"Vhus fpfdRld rikl.kh d’kh dsyh ;kphgh ekfgrh nsrks- rlsp
nq;~;e lk/kukaph fo’oluh;rk d’kh ikMrkGwu ikfgrh vkf.k
R;kapk okij dksBs o dka dsyk rsgh Li"V djrks- dYiuk o xq<okn
R;kT; ekuwu iqjkO;krwu ts lR; gkrh vkys rsp n’kZfo.ks rsp
n’kZfo.ks gs rks bfrgkldkjkps ifo= drZO; ekurks-

jkadsP;k ladfyr fy[kk.kkps lqekjs 54 [ka.M vkgsr- R;kr

fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; Eg.kts History of the Popes ps rhu [kaM The
German History at the time of Reformation gk ikp [kaMkpk
xzaFk] ;kf’kok; Hisotry of France, The Origins of the wars of
Revolution vkf.k o;kP;k 83 O;k o"khZ fygk;yk ?ksrysyk
Universal History º;k izpaM xzaFkkps lgk [kaM gs gksr-

O;kid Lo#ikP;k º;k bfrgklys[kuk brds R;kps nqljs egRokps

dk;Z Eg.kts vkiY;k bfrgklfo"k;d fopkj iz.kkyhpk izlkj o izpkj
dj.;klkBh R;kus 1833 iklwu ;qjksikr vusd fBdk.kh vk;ksftr
dsysY;k dk;Z’kkGk] R;krwu uoksfnr bfrgkldkjkauk dsysys
ekxZn’kZu vkf.k vkiY;k fopkj iz.kkyhP;k izlkjkps dk;e O;klihB
Eg.kwu 1859 lkyh lq# dsysys ,dk bfrgklfo"k;d fu;rdkfydkps
izdk’ku gs gks;- bfrgklys[kukpk o la’kks/kukpk mfpr ekxZ
nk[kfo.ks] bfrgklkP;k v/;;ukr gks.kkÚ;k pqdk nk[kfo.ks vkf.k

20
vpwd dkVsdksj la’kks/kukP;k ekxkZpk ifjp; d#u ns.ks gh R;kph
mfí"Vs gksrh-

fyvksiksYM jkads ;kus bfrgklkP;k v/;;ukckcr o ys[kukckcr

iq<hy eqyHkwr rRokkaoj Hkj fnyk-

1½ dks.kR;kgh ,sfrgkfld fo"k;koj fy[kk.k djrkuk R;kfo"k;h

fyfgY;k xsysY;k xzaFkkauk nq;~;e LFkku vlkos- R;k xzaFkkps
ifj’khy djrkuk rks dks.kh] d/kh o dks.kR;k ifjfLFkrhr
fyfgyk ;kph rikl.kh d#up R;krhy fo/kkus] brj iqjkos iMrkGwu
ikfgY;kuarj xzkº; ekukohr-

2½ nq¸;e bfrgklxzaFkkis{kk ewG L=ksrkaP;k vH;klkoj Hkj |

kok- ,sfrgkfld O;Drhaph] ,sfrgkfld ?kVus’kh lacaf/kr vlysY;k
O;Drhaph dkxni=s] i=O;ogkj] R;kaP;k ledkyhukaph dkxni=s gk
eksykpk iqjkok gks;-

3½ v’kk iqjkO;krwu ts lR; vH;kldkP;k gkrh iMsy] R;kpkp QDr

bfrgklys[kdkus fy[kkukr djkok- ,sfrgkfld lR;kps fp=.k gs
R;kps ,deso mfí"V vlkos-

4½ ,sfrgkfld fy[kk.kkr lanHkZ] rGVhik] lanHkZxzaFklwphauk

Qkj egRo vkgs- dkj.k R;krwu eqG vk/kkjkaph okpdkyk ekfgrh
gksrs- vkf.k fo/kkukaP;k lR;arsph rikl.kh dj.ks lqdj gksrs-

5½ ,sfrgkfld lR;kps ladyu dsY;koj ys[kdkus bfrgkl fyfgrkauk rks

oLrqfu"Bi.ks] rVLFk o`Rrhus fyfg.ks vxR;kps vkgs- R;kr
vkRefu"Bk ;sÅ nsÅ u;s] dkj.k vkRefu"Bk MksdkoY;kl ,sfrgkfld
lR;kyk ck/kk fuekZ.k gksrs-

21
6½ HkwrdkGkps ;FkkFkZ n’kZu ?kMfo.ks gs vH;kldkps drZO;
vkgs- R;keqGs bfrgkl fyfgrkauk R;krwu mins’k dj.;kpk] cks/k
ns.;kpk vxj ewY;ekiu d#u ;ksX; v;ksX;kpk fu"d"kZ ys[kdkus
dk<w u;s- vls dsY;kl fy[kkukr vkRefu"Bkr ;srs- xrdkGkrhy ?
kVuk L=ksrlk/kukrwu t’kk fun’kZukl vkY;k] R;kaps rlsP;k rls
fuosnu dj.ks ;k mfí"Vkiklwu fopfyr gksÅ u;s-

fyvksiksYM jkadsus iqjLd`r dsysY;k º;k izR;{koknh

bfrgklys[ku i/nrhoj uarjP;k dkGkr leh{kdkauh dkgh vk{ksi ?
ksrys- oLrwfu"Bsoj vokLro Hkj gh ys[ku i/nrh nsr vlY;keqGs
fy[kk.kkr jVkGi.kk ;srks- f’kok; iw.kZ oLRkqfu"B bfrgklklkj[;k
fo"k;kr v’kD; vkgs- dsoG fyf[kr iqjkO;kP;k vk/kkjs bfrgkl
fygk;Pkk >kY;kl rks izkeq[;kus jktdh;] jktuSfrd o y"djh
fo"k;kckcr jkfgy] R;keqGs] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ;klkj[ks ekuoh
thoukps brj egRokps iSyw nqyZf{kr jkgrkr- vls rs vk{ksi vkgsr-
ts MYC;w FkkWelu ;kauk jkadsyk dsysyk ‘’kkL=h;
bfrgklys[kukpk nkok leFkZuh; okVr ukgh- ,MoMZ dkj ;kaukgh
‘’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u ,sfrgkfld iw.kZ lR; gkrh ;srs gh
jkadsph Hkwfedk ekU; ukgh- pkyZl~ chvMZ] ns[khy
^,sdkf.klkO;k 'krdkrhy ,d lokZf/kd i{kikrh bfrgkldkj* Eg.kwu
jkadsph laHkkouk djrkr-

xwp ;kauh ek=] bfrgklys[kukr izkFkfed o ledkyhu L=ksr

lk/kukaoj jkadsus fnysyk Hkj] ,sfrgkfld lk/kukaP;k rikl.khph
R;kus iqjLd`r dsysysh 'kkL=h; i/nrh] lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;klkBh
R;kus okijysys ra= vkf.k bfrgklys[kukr lR;n’kZukpk R;kus
/kjysyk vkxzg gs bfrgkl ys[kui/nrhyk jkadsus dsysys
22
ekSfyd ;ksxnku gksrs] vls er ekaMys vkgs- º;k n`"Vhus jkadspk
mYys[k ^vk/kqfud bfrgklys[ku ’kkL=kpk tud* vls dsyk
tkrks- bfrgkl iw.kZr% HkkSfrd 'kkL=klkj[kh Kkuk’kk[kk ulyh
rjh] R;kpk vH;kl 'kkL=h; i/nrhus d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ksrk ;srks-
fdacgwuk rlk ?ks.ks gs bfrgkl vH;kldkps drZO; vkgs] bfrgkl
gh ,d Lok;Rr Kku’kk[kk vlwu frP;k v/;ukph fuf’pr mfí"Vs vkgsr
o fof’k"V fu/kkZfjr ra= vkgs] vls vkxzgkus izfriknu d#u jkadsus
bfrgklkyk nSooknkP;k o xw<oknkP;k pkSdVhrwu ckgsj dk<wu
R;kyk 'kkL=h; Kku’kk[kspk ntkZ izkIr d#u fnyk gs ukdkjrk ;sr
ukgh-

23
vkWxLV dkWErpk izR;{kkKkuokn %&
teZuhe/;s fyvksikYM jkad T;k dkyko/khr bfrgklys[kukr 'kkL=h;
v/;;u i/nrhps egRo o oLrwfu"Brk v/kksjsf[kr djhr gksrk- R;kp
lqekjkl teZuh toGP;k QzkUle/;s vkWxLV dkWEr ¼ August
Comte½ gk fopkjoar ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkckcr egRokps
fl/nkar izfrikfnr gksrk] vkf.k R;k vuq"kaxkus
bfrgklys[kuklaca/kh dkgh izes;s ekaMhr gksrks- R;kus
ekaMysys fopkj ^ikWf>kVhfo>e* Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrkr-
Positive Philsophy of History gk 'kCniz;ksx izFke dkWEr ;ksu
dsyk vkf.k bfrgklkfo"k;hps izR;{kKkukps rRoKku ekaMwu
jkadsP;k izR;{kn’khZ bfrgklys[ku i/nrhr uO;k fopkjkph Hkj ?
kkryh-

vBkjkP;k 'krdkr HkkSfrd 'kkL=kapk vH;kl ’kkL=kK eksB;k

izek.kkoj djhr gksrs- o ’kkL=h; i/nrhapk okij d#u HkkSfrd
txkrhy O;ogkjkaps rksoj vlysys vKku nwj djrk ;sbZy vlk fo’okl
foKkukP;k txkr fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk- ’kkL=h; v/;;u i/nrhaps
egRo fopkjoarkaP;k eukoj fcacys gksrs- ;kpk izHkko ekuoh
O;ogkjkaps v/;;u dj.kkÚ;k rRoKkaojgh iMr gksrk- R;kiSdh ,d
vkWxLV dkWEr gk gksrk- dkWEr gk O;olk;kus xf.krTK vlyk
rjh izfl/n+ Qszap fopkjoar lsaV lhekW ;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh R;kpk
lfpo Eg.kwu R;kus dke dsys- R;kdkGkr ’kkL=h; Kkukus
izHkkfor gksÅu rks ekuoh thoukpk fopkj d#u ykxyk o R;krwu
R;kP;k ^ikWf>fVfo>e*pk mn; >kyk-

24
 1830 rs 1854 P;k njE;ku ekuokP;k fodklkpk l[kksy vH;kl
’kkL=h i/nrhus d#u dkWERkus nksu izpaM xzaFk izdkf’kr
dsys- The Course of Positivist Philosophy gk lgk [kaMkr o
System of Positivist Politics gk pkj [kaMkr izdkf’kr >kys ;k
xzaFkkrwu R;kus vkiY;k izR;{kKkuizkIrh laca/khph mfí"Vs o
eqyHkwr rRos fo’kn dsyh- ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkpk 'kkL=h;
i/nrhus vH;kl dsY;kl R;kP;k rhu voLFkk fnlwu ;srkr- ifgyk VIik
ekuokP;k jkuVh voLFkspk vlwu R;kdkGkr R;kP;k cq/nhpk
fodkl >kysyk ulY;keqGs uSlfxZd ’kDrhaP;k O;ogjkaps] R;kP;k
HkkorkyP;k HkkSfrd txkps lapkyu djrkr v’kh R;kph /kkj.kk
gksrh- ek= Hkksorkyps tx tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk R;kP;kr
gksrh- fodklkP;k nqlÚ;k voLFksyk dkWERk vk/;kfRed
Hkwfedspk VIik Eg.krks- º;k dkGkr Hkksorkyps fo’o rkfRod
Hkwfedso#u letwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru ekuokus dsyk- ijarq º;k
fparuij Hkwfedsrwu fo’okP;k lapyukps eeZ rks letwu ?ksÅ
’kdyk ukgh- frljk VIik gh ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkph ifj.kr
voLFkk vkgs- º;k VII;kr laiw.kZ fo’okps] R;krhy ewyHkwr
rRokaps rkfRod Hkwfedso#u lkdY;kus vkdyu dj.;kpk iz;Ru
cktwyk lk#u] l`"Vhrhy ,sddk ?kVdkps Lora= ’kkL=h; i/nrhus
vkdyu d#u ?ks.;kpk] R;kaP;krhy vkarfjd vU;ksU;laca/k
myxMwu rs rdZfu"Bi.ks letwu ?ksÅu R;kP;krhy vkarfjd ,sD;kps
o fu;fersps lw= letwu ?ks.;kpk ekuo iz;Ru djrks- gh ’kkL=h;
Kkukph] vuqHkofl/n iz;ksxka}kjs ewyHkwr lR;kps vkdyu
dj.;kph voLFkk vkgs- º;k i/nrhus HkkSfrd txkP;k O;ogkjkekxhy
fuf’pr fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srkr- gs tx fuf’pr fu;ekuqlkj pkyr

25
vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs- o v’kk fu;ekapk ’kks/k ykxyk dh R;kapk
mi;ksx ekuoh lektkP;k fodklklkBh djrk ;srks- gh dkWERkP;k
^ikWf>fVo* Eg.kts ‘’kkL=h; i/nrhus fpjaru lR;kps vkdyu d#u ?
ks.;kP;k rRoKkukph cSBd vkgs-

fgp Hkwfedj ekuoh lektkP;k v/;;ukyk ykork ;srs vls

dkWEr izfriknu djrks- ’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u T;kizek.ks
fo’okP;k lapyukekxhy dk;e Lo#ih fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srkr]
R;kp i/nrhpk okij d#u xrdkyhu ekuoh thoukps v/;;u djrk ;sbZy]
vkf.k R;klaca/kh loZlkekU; fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srhy] R;klkBh
xrdkyhu ?kVukaps ’kkL=h; i/nrhus fo’ys"k.k d#u o R;kaP;krhy
vkarfjd laca/k ’kks/kwu dk<wu ekuoh thoukckcr loZlkekU;
fu"d"kZ dk<rk ;srkr] v’kh R;kph Bke Hkwfedk vkgs- v’kk v/;;u
i/nrhps ukedj.k rks ^lk;Ul vkWQ lks’kkWykWth* vls djrks- gk
'kCniz;ksx d#u rks bfrgkl o lekt’kkL= ;kak ,desdkuthd vk.krk-
bfrgklkP;k vH;kldkus dsoG xrdkfyu lR; ?kVukapk ’kks/k yko.ks
,o<sps bfrdrZO; u ekurk- R;k ?kVukaekxhy vkarfjd lq=
‘’kks/kwu dk<kos] R;krwu loZlkekU; fu;e ‘’kks/kkosr] ekuoh
O;ogjkaps fu;eu dj.kkÚ;k ewyHkwr lq=kaapk 'kks/k ykoyk rj
R;k vk/kkjs Hkfo";kr ekuoh thoukyk fn’kk nsrk ;sbZy- Eg.kts
ekuoh O;ogkjkfo"k;h ‘’kkL=h; Kku ekuokP;k fodklklkBh
Ik;kZ;kus ekuoh lektkP;k izxrhlkBh midkjd Bjsy v’kh
^ikWf>fVo>e* ph rkfRod Hkwfedk vkgs- dkWErP;k
fopkjiz.kkyhpk rRdkyhu oSpkfjd txkoj [kksy ifj.kke >kyk-
ekuoh thouk’kh fuxMhr vlysY;k Kku ’kk[kkaaP;k v/;;ukph
mi;ksfxrk v/kksjsf[kr >kyh-

26
 vkWxLV dkWErP;k oSpkfjd Hkwfedspk vafxdkj
bfrgklys[kukP;k {ks=kr ,dksf.kkP;k ’krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr
fy[kk.k dj.kkÚ;k gsUjh FkkWel cdy º;k bafXy’k bfrgklys[kdkus
dsyk- nksu [kaMkr fyfgysys History of Civilization In England gk
R;kpk ^ikWf>VhfoLV* Hkwfedso#u fyfgysyk izfl/nxzaFk
gks;- R;kus baXyaMP;k laLd`rhfo"k;d tkLRkhr tkLRk ekfgrh
izkFkfed L=ksr lk/kukrwu ladfyr dsyh- R;kph fpfdRld Nkuuh
d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ksryk- ;klkBh la[;k’kkL=kpkgh R;kus okij
dsyk- ekuoh lektkckcrps lR; tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh la[;k’kkL=pk
okij dj.kkjk rks ifgyk bfrgklys[kd gksrk- ekuoh O;ogkjkr
dks.krsp nSoh vxj xw< rRo ukgh- i/nr’khji.k rikl.kh dsY;kl R;kr
dkgh fuf’pr fu;e fun’kZukll ;srkr- ekoh thoukps fu;eu dj.kkjh
rRo vn`’; vlyh rjh vukdyuh; ukghr- vkf.k R;kapk myxMk
>kY;kl Hkfo";krhy ekuoh thoukckcr vkMk[ks cka/k.k v’kD;
ukgh v’kh R;kph fu%lafnX/k Hkwfedk vkgs- ;kp n`"Vhus
^MksG;kauk fnl.kkÚ;k ?kVukapk vH;kl gk ekuo tkrhpk [kjk
bfrgkl ukgh- R;krhy ewG izokgkapk] izo`RRkhapk ckSf/nd
’kkL=h; i/nrhus dssysyk vH;kl gk [kjk bfrgkl vkgs- vls fo/kku
rks djrks-

ojhy foospukpk efrrkFkZ vlk dh ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkP;k

iwokZ/kkZr uhcwj o jakds º;k bfrgkl vH;kldkauh rRdkyhu
xw<oknh bfrgklys[ku i/nrh ukdk#u ,sfrgkfld ys[kuklkBh ewG
L=ksr lk/kukaP;k vH;klkoj o ‘’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u ,sfrgkfld
lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;koj vkf.k rs lR; oLrqfu"B jhR;k ekaM.;koj
Hkj fnyk- rlsp ,sfrgkfld L=ksrkrwu lR; ’kks/kwu dk<.;kP;k
27
’kkL=h; i/nrh] izfrikfnr dsY;k- bfrgklkpk vH;kl rso<;kiqjrk lhfer
vlkok vls ikWf>Vho rRoKkukpk iqjLdrkZ dkWEr ekuhr ukgh-
rj ekuoh O;ogkjkP;k ’kkL=h; v/;;ukrwu gkrh vkysY;k lR;kP;k
vk/kkjs R;kckcr dkgh lkekU; fl/nkar ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srhy vlk
Bke fu"d"kZ R;kus dk<yk- º;k R;kP;k rRoKkukpk izHkko
ekuO; ’kkL=kaP;k v/;;ukoj >kyk- ekuoh thoukP;k izokgkekxhy
ewyHkwr lw=s ’kks/kwu dk<.;kpk iz;Ru vH;kld d# ykxys- R;kr
dkYkZ ekDlZ] vukZYM VkW;Uch ;kapk varHkkZo gksrks-
v’kkp izdkjps ’kkL=h; Lo#ikps v/;;u vkS|ksfxdj.k] gqdwe’kkgh]
olkgr] lkezkT;okn b- fo"k;kaps gksÅ ykxys-

vkWxLV dkWEr o R;kP;k vuq;k;kauk bfrgkl gs ekUkO;

’kkL= vlY;keqGs rs ’kaHkj VDds ’kkL= ekurk ;s.kkj ukgh] o
HkkSfrd ’kkL=kaP;k v/;;ukph iw.kZr% ’kkL=h; i/nrh bfrgkl
v/;;kukyk ykork ;s.kkj ukgh ;kph dYiuk gksrh- Eg.kwu rs
bfrgklkyk ’kkL= Eg.kr ukghr- ijarq fufj{k.k] fpfdRld fo’ys"k.k]
lR;klR;kpk fu.kZ; º;k i/nrhloZ Kku’kk[kkaP;k & bfrgklkP;k
ns[khy] v/;;ukr okijrk ;srkr o R;k vk/kkjs loZlkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<rk ;srkr v’kh R;kaph Hkwfedk vkgs- vls d#u rs bfrgklkyk
lektkP;k 'kkL=kpk ntkZ nsrkr- folkO;k 'krdkrhy ds- vkj- ikWij
lkj[;k ikWf>fVfoLV fopkjoarkauh xrdkyhu ?kVukaP;k
lR;’kks/kukps] R;klkBh ’kkL=h; i/nrhapk okij dj.;kps rRo ekU;
dsys vkgs- ijarq ekuoh thou ifjorZuh; vkgs- R;keqGs loZ ?kVuk
leku ulrkr- dky ?kMysyh ?kVuk r’khP;k r’kh vkt ?kM.kkj ukgh
vkf.k Eg.kwu R;krwu loZlkekU; fl/nkar ’kks/k.ks o eq[;r% R;k
vk/kkjs Hkfo";kckcr vkMk[ks cka/k.ks rdkZyk iV.;ktksxs ukgh-

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xrdkyhu vusd ?kVukaP;k v/;;ukrwu Qkj rj dkgh lkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<rk ;srhy] ijarq R;kauk fpjdkyhu Lo#ikps eku.ks o R;k
vk/kkjs Hkfo";kpk fopkj dj.ks v’kkL=h; o pqdhps Bjsy v’kh
R;kaph Hkwfedk vkgs-

folkO;k ’krdkrhy jkWfcu dksfyaxowM o ,MoMZ dkj º;k

O;klaxh fopkjoarkauhgh dkWErP;k ikWf>kVhfoLV
Hkwfedsrhy mf.kok fo’kn dsY;k vkgsr- HkkSfrd ckchapk vH;kl
dj.kkØ;k ’kkL=h; i/nrh ekuoh thoukP;k v/;;uklkBh okij.ks
la;qfDrd ukgh izR;sd ?kVuk gh vuU;lk/kkj.k vlrs] R;kpk rif’ky
fHkUu vlrks vkf.k Eg.kwu dkgh ?kVuko#u loZlkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<.ks pwdhps Bjsy vls er Idea of History º;k xzaFkkr
dksfyaxowM ekaMy vkgs- What is History º;k izfl/n
xzaFkkar ,MoMZ dkj ;kauh ,sfrgkfld lR; fpjdkyhu Lo#ikps ulrs]
rlsp rs O;fDrlkis{k vlrs- lR; gs cgqvk;keh vlrs- rs loZ vk;ke
izR;sd vH;kldkyk fnlrkr vls ukgh vkf.k Eg.kwu lkekU; fl/nkar
dk<.ks fdaok laiw.kZ lR;kps Kku >kY;kpk nkok bfrgkldkjkus
dj.ks fn’kkHkwy dj.kkjs vkgs vls izfriknu dsys vkgs] rlsp iw.kZr
% oLrwfu"B fy[kk.k v’kD;izk; vlY;kpsgh er iznf’kZr dsys vkgs-

gs loZ vk{ksi /;kukr ?ksÅugh jkads vkf.k dkWErP;k

bfrgklfo"k;d rRoK bfrgklys[kukP;k {ks=kr Økarh ?kMowu
vk.kyh] ,sfrgkfld lR;koj Hkj fnY;kus bfrgklkyk fo’ouh;rspk
HkDde vk/kkj feGkyk] ewG L=ksrkapk vH;klkyk] ladyukyk o
izdk’kukyk pkyuk feGkyh] R;klkBh lgk¸;d ’kkL=kapk okij
gksÅ ykxyk o R;k ’kkL=kaP;k fodklkykgh xrh feGkyh vkf.k ?

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kfVrke/khy ijLijlaca/k mdywu nk[kfo.;koj Hkj fnY;keqGs
bfrgklys[kukr lqlw=rk o vFkZiw.kZrk vkyh] gs loZ
bfrgklys[kukyk izR;{koknh rRoKkukp ekSfyd ;ksxnku gksrs-

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vfHktkr ekDlZokn ¼Classical Marxism½
ekuoh thoukP;k okVpkyhpk l[kksy vH;kl d#u R;klaca/kh dkgh
ewyHkwr fl/nkar ekaM.kkjs ts rRoosRrs ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkr
mn;kyk vkys- R;kaP;kr dkYkZ ekDlZyk vuU;lk/kkj.k LFkku
vkgs- rks ,d dq’kkxzcq/nhpk rRoK o nz"Vk ’kkL=K rj gksrkp]
R;kcjkscj laiw.kZ ekuotkrhP;k dY;k.kpk rGeGhus fopkj dj.kkjk
o R;klkBh vko’;d d`rhpk iqjLdkj dj.kkj d`fr’khy ekuorkoknh
fopkjoar gksrk- R;kus ’kkL=h; i/nrhus ekuoh thoukP;k vusd
’krdkaP;k izokgkpk vH;kl d#u ts eqyHkwr rRoKku izfriknhr
dsys vkgs- R;kyk ekDlZokn v’kh laKk ns.;kr vkyh-
ekDlZoknkus ekuoh thoukps fo’ys"k.k dj.;kpk ,d uok
n`"Vhdks.k txkyk fnyk- R;kP;k º;k rkfRod foospukus oSpkfjd
fo’okl izpaM [kGcG fuekZ.k dsyh- txkrhy ifgY;k lektoknh
Økarhyk R;kP;k RkRoKkukus izsj.kk fnyh- vktgh ekDlZP;k
fu/kukuarj ’krd myVwu xsY;koj ns[khy R;kP;k rRokKkukph
dkl /k#u ekuoh thoukpk vH;kl fopkjoar djhr vkgs- R;kus
izfrikfnr dsysyh eqyrRos ’kkL=h; i/nrhpk HkDde ik;koj
vk/kkjysyh vlY;keqGs] R;kus dk<ysys fu"d"kZ u iV.kkÚ;k
cqf/nok|kaukgh ekDlZoknkyk cxy nsÅu iq<s tkrk ;sr ukgh- rlsp
rks dsoG xrdkyhu ekuoh thoukpk vH;kl d#u Fkkacyk ukgh rj
R;k lanHkkZr R;kus orZekukpk vFkZ ykoy vkf.k Hkfo";krhy
loZlkekU; ekuokaps thou lq[kh dj.;klkBh ekxZn’kZu dsys-
R;kps ekxZn’kZu fo/kk;d o eqY;kf/k"Bhr vkgs- nqyZf{kr o

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’kksf"kr lektxVkaP;k leL;kaps fujkdj.k dj.;kpk o R;kaP;k
dY;k.kpk ekxZ nk[kfo.;kkjk rks izdk’ke; nhi Bjyk- ;k
lanHkkZrhy ^iwohZP;k rRoosR;kauh txkps dsoG vkdyu d#u ?
ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk] ijarq eqík vkgs- rk R;k ifjorZu dj.;kpk!* ¼
Previous Philosophers have sought only to understand the
world, the point is howerver to change it ½ vlk fopkj R;kus
ekaMyk] Eg.kwu R;kyk ;qxizoRkZd Eg.k.ks Bjrs-

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