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chapter:
23 8

ECONOMICS

MACROECONOMICS
Unemployment and Inflation
1. Each month, usually on the first Friday of the month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
releases the Employment Situation Summary for the previous month. Go to www.bls.
gov and find the latest report. (On the Bureau of Labor Statistics home page, at the top
of the page, select the “Subject Areas” tab, on the left side of the page. “Unemployment”
and select “National Unemployment Rate.” You will find the Employment Situation
under “News Releases”) How does the unemployment rate compare to the rate one
month earlier? How does the unemployment rate compare to the rate one year earlier?

Solution
1. Answers will vary with the latest data. For December 2011, the unemployment rate
was 8.5%, down 0.2 percentage points from November 2011, when it was 8.7%.
Since December 2010, the unemployment rate has fallen by 0.9 percentage points.

2. In general, how do changes in the unemployment rate vary with changes in real
GDP? After several quarters of a severe recession, explain why we might observe a
decrease in the official unemployment rate. Explain why we could see an increase in
the official unemployment rate after several quarters of a strong expansion.

Solution
2. In general, the change in the unemployment rate varies inversely with the rate of
growth in real GDP: when the rate of real GDP growth is above average, we expect the
unemployment rate to fall rapidly. However, after several quarters of a severe reces-
sion, unemployed workers may become discouraged and stop looking for work. Since
the definition of unemployed persons requires that they be looking for work, officially
measured unemployment falls as workers become discouraged and stop looking. We
could see an increase in the official unemployment rate after several quarters of a
strong expansion as existing workers, encouraged by an increase in wages, leave exist-
ing jobs to search for new ones and discouraged workers begin to search for jobs again.

3. In each of the following situations, what type of unemployment is Melanie facing?

a. After completing a complex programming project, Melanie is laid off. Her pros-
pects for a new job requiring similar skills are good, and she has signed up with a
programmer placement service. She has passed up offers for low-paying jobs.
b. When Melanie and her co-workers refused to accept pay cuts, her employer out-
sourced their programming tasks to workers in another country. This phenom-
enon is occurring throughout the programming industry.
c. Due to the current slump, Melanie has been laid off from her programming job.
Her employer promises to rehire her when business picks up.

Solution
3. a. Melanie is frictionally unemployed because she is refusing offers for low-paying
jobs in favor of engaging in job search for a higher-paying job.
b. Melanie is structurally unemployed because she is demanding a higher wage than
the current equilibrium wage in her industry. In this case, the equilibrium wage
has been lowered by the outsourcing of work to other countries.
c. Melanie is cyclically unemployed because her bout of unemployment is tied to the
business cycle. It is likely she will be reemployed once the economy picks up.
S-111

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S-112 MACROECONOMICS, CHAPTER 8

ECONOMICS, CHAPTER 23

4. Part of the information released in the Employment Situation Summary concerns

how long individuals have been unemployed. Go to www.bls.gov to find the latest
report. Use the same technique as in Problem 1 to find the Employment Situation
Summary. Near the end of the Employment Situation, click on table A-12, titled
“Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment.” Use the seasonally adjusted
numbers to answer the following questions.
a. How many workers were unemployed less than 5 weeks? What percentage of all
unemployed workers do these workers represent? How do these numbers compare
to the previous month’s data?
b. How many workers were unemployed for 27 or more weeks? What percentage of
all unemployed workers do these workers represent? How do these numbers com-
pare to the previous month’s data?
c. How long has the average worker been unemployed (average duration, in weeks)?
How does this compare to the average for the previous month’s data?
d. Comparing the latest month for which there are data with the previous month,
has the problem of long-term unemployment improved or deteriorated?

Solution
4. Answers will vary depending on when you look up the information.
a. In December 2011, 2,669,000 workers had been unemployed less than 5 weeks,
representing 20.3% of all unemployed workers. This was an increase from
November 2011, when 2,510,000 workers had been unemployed less than
5 weeks, representing 19.1% of the unemployed.
b. In December 2011, 5,588,000 workers had been unemployed for 27 or more
weeks, representing 42.5% of all unemployed workers. This was down from
November 2011, when 5,680,000 workers had been unemployed for 27 or more
weeks, as was the percentage of workers unemployed for 27 or more weeks, repre-
senting 43.1% of the unemployed.
c. In December 2011, the average worker was unemployed for 40.8 weeks, down
from 40.9 weeks in November 2011.
d. The problem of long-term unemployment seems to be slowly improving; the num-
bers for December 2011 were slightly better than for November 2011.

5. There is only one labor market in Profunctia. All workers have the same skills, and
all firms hire workers with these skills. Use the accompanying diagram, which shows
the supply of and demand for labor, to answer the following questions. Illustrate
each answer with a diagram.

Wage
rate
$20 S

10

D
0 50 100
Quantity of labor
(thousands)

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U N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D I N F L AT I O N S-113

a. What is the equilibrium wage rate in Profunctia? At this wage rate, what are the
level of employment, the size of the labor force, and the unemployment rate?
b. If the government of Profunctia sets a minimum wage equal to $12, what will be
the level of employment, the size of the labor force, and the unemployment rate?
c. If unions bargain with the firms in Profunctia and set a wage rate equal to $14,
what will be the level of employment, the size of the labor force, and the unem-
ployment rate?
d. If the concern for retaining workers and encouraging high-quality work leads
firms to set a wage rate equal to $16, what will be the level of employment, the
size of the labor force, and the unemployment rate?

Solution
5. a. The equilibrium wage rate is $10. At this wage rate, there will be 50,000 employed
workers, no unemployed workers, a labor force of 50,000, and an unemployment
rate of 0%.

Wage
rate
$20 S

E
10

D
0 50 100
Quantity of labor
(thousands)

b. If the government of Profunctia sets a minimum wage equal to $12, then 60,000
workers (the size of the labor force) will be looking for work but only 40,000 will
find jobs. There will be 20,000 unemployed workers, and the unemployment rate
will be 33.3% ((20,000/60,000) × 100).

Wage
rate
$20 S

12
10 Minimum
E wage

D
0 40 50 60 100
Quantity of labor
(thousands)

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S-114 MACROECONOMICS, CHAPTER 8

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c. If unions bargain with the firms in Profunctia and set a wage rate equal to $14,
then 70,000 workers (the size of the labor force) will be looking for work but only
30,000 will find jobs. There will be 40,000 unemployed workers, and the unem-
ployment rate will be 57.1% ((40,000/70,000) × 100).

Wage
rate
$20 S

14
E Union-
10 negotiated
wage

D
0 30 50 70 100
Quantity of labor
(thousands)

d. If the concern for retaining workers and encouraging high-quality work leads firms
to set a wage rate of $16, then 80,000 workers (the size of the labor force) will be
looking for work but only 20,000 will find jobs. There will be 60,000 unemployed
workers, and the unemployment rate will be 75% ((60,000/80,000) × 100).

Wage
rate
$20 S

16
Efficiency
E wage
10

D
0 20 50 80 100
Quantity of labor
(thousands)

6. A country’s labor force is the sum of the number of employed and unemployed work-
ers. The accompanying table provides data on the size of the labor force and the
number of unemployed workers for different regions of the United States.

Labor force Unemployed

(thousands) (thousands)
Region May 2010 May 2011 May 2010 May 2011
Northeast 28,303.7 28,201.9 2,482.7 2,254.1
South 55,223.5 55,544.1 5,126.3 4,896.6
Midwest 34,520.2 34,430.0 3,305.7 2,803.7
West 35,827.2 35,613.0 3,954.0 3,664.4
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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U N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D I N F L AT I O N S-115

a. Calculate the number of workers employed in each of the regions in May 2010
and May 2011. Use your answers to calculate the change in the total number of
workers employed between May 2010 and May 2011.
b. For each region, calculate the growth in the labor force from May 2010 to
May 2011.
c. Compute unemployment rates in the different regions of the country in May 2010
and May 2011.
d. What can you infer about the fall in unemployment rates over this period? Was
it caused by a net gain in the number of jobs or by a large fall in the number of
people seeking jobs?

Solution
6. a. The number of employed people equals the size of the labor force minus the num-
ber of unemployed people, as shown in the accompanying table.

Employed
(thousands)
Region May 2010 May 2011 Change
Northeast 25,821.0 25,947.8 126.8
South 50,097.2 50,647.5 550.3
Midwest 31,214.5 31,626.3 411.8
West 31,873.2 31,948.6 75.4

b. The accompanying table shows the change in the size of the labor force during the
period May 2010 to May 2011.

Growth in the labor force

Region (thousands)
Northeast −101.8
South 320.6
Midwest −90.2
West −214.2

c. The unemployment rate is calculated as (Number of unemployed workers/

labor force) × 100, as shown in the accompanying table.

Unemployment rate
Region May 2010 May 2011
Northeast 8.8% 8.0%
South 9.3 8.8
Midwest 9.6 8.1
West 11.0 10.3

d. In the northeast, midwest, and west, the fall in the unemployment rate was
caused by both a net rise in the number of jobs and a fall in the number of people
seeking jobs. While there was also a net rise in the number of jobs in the South,
more people were seeking jobs in the South. But, the number of jobs increased
more than the labor force, causing a fall in the unemployment rate.

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7. In which of the following cases is it more likely for efficiency wages to exist? Why?
a. Jane and her boss work as a team selling ice cream.
b. Jane sells ice cream without any direct supervision by her boss.
c. Jane speaks Korean and sells ice cream in a neighborhood in which Korean is the
primary language. It is difficult to find another worker who speaks Korean.

Solution
7. a. If Jane and her boss work as a team selling ice cream, Jane will want her boss to
see her doing a good job. The boss knows that the quality of her work will be high
without an efficiency wage because he is there to observe her.
b. If Jane sells ice cream without any direct supervision, the boss is not certain that
Jane will try her best to sell as much ice cream as she can. The boss may want to
pay her an efficiency wage to encourage her to work harder.
c. Jane’s boss will offer her an efficiency wage because he doesn’t want to lose an
employee who cannot be easily replaced because of her skill (speaking Korean).

8. How will the following changes affect the natural rate of unemployment?
a. The government reduces the time during which an unemployed worker can receive
unemployment benefits.
b. More teenagers focus on their studies and do not look for jobs until after college.
c. Greater access to the Internet leads both potential employers and potential
employees to use the Internet to list and find jobs.
d. Union membership declines.

Solution
8. a. If the government reduces the time during which an unemployed worker can
obtain benefits, workers will be less willing to spend time searching for a job. This
will reduce the amount of frictional unemployment and lower the natural rate of
unemployment.
b. Since teenagers have a higher rate of frictional unemployment, this will lower
the overall amount of frictional unemployment and lower the natural rate of
unemployment.
c. Greater access to the Internet would facilitate job searches, reducing frictional
unemployment and lowering the natural rate of unemployment.
d. Since strong unions negotiate wages above the equilibrium level, they are a source
of structural unemployment. A decline in union membership will reduce struc-
tural unemployment and, with it, the natural rate of unemployment.

9. With its tradition of a job for life for most citizens, Japan once had a much lower
unemployment rate than that of the United States; from 1960 to 1995, the unem-
ployment rate in Japan exceeded 3% only once. However, since the crash of its stock
market in 1989 and slow economic growth in the 1990s, the job-for-life system has
broken down and unemployment rose to more than 5% in 2003.
a. Explain the likely effect of the breakdown of the job-for-life system in Japan on
the Japanese natural rate of unemployment.

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U N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D I N F L AT I O N S-117

b. As the accompanying diagram shows, the rate of growth of real GDP has picked
up in Japan after 2001 and before the global economic crisis of 2007–2009.
Explain the likely effect of this increase in real GDP growth on the unemployment
rate. Is the likely cause of the change in the unemployment rate during this period
a change in the natural rate of unemployment or a change in the cyclical unem-
ployment rate?

Real GDP
growth rate
3%
2.7

2.2
2 1.9 1.8
1.4

0.2 0.3

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year

Source: OECD.

Solution
9. a. The job-for-life system of employment in Japan led to a very low level of frictional
unemployment. The only search for jobs occurred when workers first joined the
labor force. The low level of frictional unemployment led to a low natural rate
of unemployment. Since the stock market crash of 1989 and the slow economic
growth of the 1990s, Japan has moved away from the job-for-life system. As some
Japanese firms laid off workers who believed they had their jobs for life, it was
difficult for many to find new jobs. Consequently, frictional unemployment has
risen in Japan, leading to a higher natural rate of unemployment.
b. The increase in real GDP growth should result in a decrease in the unemployment
rate in Japan. Indeed, the unemployment rate has dropped from 5.3% in 2003 to
3.9% in 2007. The likely cause of this is a decrease in the cyclical unemployment
rate. The increase in real GDP growth indicates that the Japanese economy has
expanded during this period.

10. In the following examples, is inflation creating winners and losers at no net cost
to the economy or is inflation imposing a net cost on the economy? If a net cost is
being imposed, which type of cost is involved?
a. When inflation is expected to be high, workers get paid more frequently and make
more trips to the bank.
b. Lanwei is reimbursed by her company for her work-related travel expenses.
Sometimes, however, the company takes a long time to reimburse her. So when
inflation is high, she is less willing to travel for her job.
c. Hector Homeowner has a mortgage with a fixed nominal 6% interest rate that he
took out five years ago. Over the years, the inflation rate has crept up unexpect-
edly to its present level of 7%.
d. In response to unexpectedly high inflation, the manager of Cozy Cottages of Cape
Cod must reprint and resend expensive color brochures correcting the price of
rentals this season.

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Solution
10. a. This is an example of the effect of shoe-leather costs, a net cost of inflation to the
economy. Workers spend valuable resources going to the bank more frequently,
firms spend valuable resources (such as bookkeepers’ time) in paying workers
more frequently, and banks spend more resources in processing the greater volume
of transactions.
b. This is an example of unit-of-account costs. A dollar when Lanwei spends it on
a work-related expense is worth more than a dollar she receives much later in
reimbursement from her company. Because she is less willing to travel for her job,
there is a net cost to the economy of her forgone output.
c. This is an example of inflation creating winners and losers. As the inflation rate
creeps up unexpectedly, the real value of the funds that Hector pays to the mort-
gage company falls. So Hector is better off as inflation increases, and the lender
of his mortgage is worse off. At present, the real interest rate on his mortgage is
negative: 6% − 7% = −1%. So he is now financing his house virtually cost-free.
d. This is an example of menu costs, a net cost of inflation to the economy. The
manager of Cozy Cottages of Cape Cod must reprint and resend an expensive bro-
chure because it is necessary to raise the price of rentals due to unexpectedly high
inflation.

11. The accompanying diagram shows the interest rate on one-year loans and inflation
during 1995–2010 in the economy of Albernia. When would one-year loans have
been especially attractive and why?

Inflation rate,
interest rate
Inflation
12% rate
10
8
6
4 Interest rate on
2 one-year loans
95

98

01

04

07

10
19

19

20

20

20

20

Year

Solution
11. One-year loans in Albernia would have been especially attractive from about 1998 to
2003. During this time, inflation was higher than interest rates on one-year loans,
making real interest rates negative. Whenever nominal interest rates are lower than
inflation, borrowers are better off and lenders are worse off.

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U N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D I N F L AT I O N S-119

12. The accompanying table provides the inflation rate in the year 2000 and the average
inflation rate over the period 2001–2010 for seven different countries.
Inflation rate Average inflation
Country in 2000 rate in 2001–2010
Brazil 7.06% 6.70%
China 0.4 2.16
France 1.83 1.86
Indonesia 3.77 8.55
Japan −0.78 −0.25
Turkey 55.03 18.51
United States 3.37 2.40
Source: IMF.

a. Given the expected relationship between average inflation and menu costs, rank
the countries in descending order of menu costs using average inflation over the
period 2001–2010.
b. Rank the countries in order of inflation rates that most favored borrowers with
ten-year loans that were taken out in 2000. Assume that the loans were agreed
upon with the expectation that the inflation rate for 2001 to 2010 would be the
same as the inflation rate in 2000.
c. Did borrowers who took out ten-year loans in Japan gain or lose overall versus
lenders? Explain.

Solution
12. a. The countries with the highest average inflation rates should have the highest menu
costs. Order: Turkey, Indonesia, Brazil, United States, China, France, Japan.
b. The countries with an average inflation rate higher than the inflation rate in 2000
should favor borrowers with ten-year loans payable in 2010. The higher the dif-
ference between the average inflation rate during 2001–2010 and the inflation
rate in 2000, the lower the real value of the loan. Order: Indonesia, China, Japan,
France, Brazil, United States, Turkey.
c. During this period, borrowers would have gained at the expense of lenders in
Japan since −0.25% is greater than −0.78%. Average inflation in Japan was greater
between 2000 and 2010 than it was in 2000.

13. The accompanying diagram shows the inflation rate in the United Kingdom from
1980 to 2010.

Inflation
rate
18%
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

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S-120 MACROECONOMICS, CHAPTER 8

ECONOMICS, CHAPTER 23

a. Between 1980 and 1985, policy makers in the United Kingdom worked to lower
the inflation rate. What would you predict happened to unemployment between
1980 and 1985?
b. Policy makers in the United Kingdom react forcefully when the inflation rate rises
above a target rate of 2%. Why would it be harmful if inflation rose from 3.4%
(the level in 2010) to, say, a level of 5%?

Solution
13. a. Because of the disinflation that occurred between 1980 and 1985, one would pre-
dict that the unemployment rate rose during this period. Indeed, the unemploy-
ment rate rose from 6.5% in 1980 to a high of 11.4% in 1985.
b. There is not much evidence that 5% inflation would do a great deal of harm to
the economy. However, policy makers in the United Kingdom usually move force-
fully to bring inflation back to 2% whenever it rises above this level because expe-
rience has shown that disinflation is very difficult and costly once a higher rate of
inflation has become well established in the economy.

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 begat children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth] the Hebrew
seems to be corrupt. Read perhaps begat children of Azubah, his
wife, daughter of Jerioth; or took Azubah the wife of Jerioth. The
name Azubah = forsaken is significant: see the note on verse 42,
Caleb, ad fin.

²⁰And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezalel.

20. Bezalel] the Chronicler is naturally pleased to give
prominence in his list to Bezalel, who in Exodus xxx. (P) is
mentioned as the artificer of the Tabernacle.

²¹And afterward Hezron went in to the

daughter of Machir the father of Gilead; whom
he took to wife when he was threescore years
old; and she bare him Segub.
21. The table of Caleb is broken off at this point to introduce
verses 21‒23 a statement of further descendants of Hezron (verse
9) by another wife, the daughter of Machir. The interruption is not
unnatural, for it is convenient to refer to Hezron’s “son of old age”
immediately before the notice of his death (verse 24).

Machir] the most important clan of Manasseh (compare Numbers

xxvi. 29; Judges v. 14). The affinity of Judean Hezronites with
members of the tribe of Manasseh, implied by this verse, is
surprising. Whether the tradition has a basis in fact, or arose through
some genealogical confusion, cannot as yet be determined. There is
however considerable evidence in favour of the view that the
relationship between Machir and Caleb is at least “no isolated detail,
still less is it the invention of the Chronicler’s age,” and there may be
real historical ground for a tradition that besides the northern
movement of the Hezronites upwards to Judah there was also at
some time a movement across the northern end of Edom into the
lands east of Jordan, ending in the settlements of Machir and Jair in
Gilead here recorded; compare Numbers xxxii. 39, and for
discussion of the problem see Cook, Notes on Old Testament
History, pp. 92, 93, etc.

²²And Segub begat Jair, who had three and

twenty cities in the land of Gilead.
22. Jair] one of the Judges (Judges x. 3, 4 where thirty cities, not
twenty-three, are assigned him).

the land of Gilead] This name is sometimes restricted to that part

of the land east of Jordan which lies south of the wady Yarmuk.
Here, as often, it is applied to all the land east of Jordan occupied by
Israel.

²³And Geshur and Aram took the towns ¹ of Jair

from them, with Kenath, and the villages ²
thereof, even threescore cities. All these were
the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.
¹ Or, Havvoth-jair. ² Hebrew daughters.

23. And Geshur and Aram] Geshur was an Aramean kingdom

east of Jordan on the north-east border of Manasseh. Aram,
commonly translated “Syria” or “the Syrians,” probably here signifies
the kingdom of which Damascus was the capital. The conquest of
Manassite territory by the Arameans (“Syrians”) here described
probably took place before the days of Ahab, for in his reign they
were already established as far south as Ramoth-gilead (1 Kings
xxii. 3).

the towns of Jair] note margin Havvoth-jair, compare

Deuteronomy iii. 14; Judges x. 4. The name perhaps means “the
tent-villages of Jair” (Arabic Ḥĭvâ = “a collection of tents near
together”).
 ²⁴And after that Hezron was dead in Caleb-
ephrathah, then Abijah Hezron’s wife bare him
Ashhur the father of Tekoa.
24. And after that Hezron was dead in Caleb-ephrathah] The
Hebrew is certainly corrupt, but can easily be emended with the help
of the LXX. Read And after Hezron was dead Caleb went in to
Ephrath (verse 19) his father Hezron’s wife and she bare him,
etc. Ephrath (= Ephrathah, verse 50, iv. 4) is a name of Bethlehem
(Ruth iv. 11; Micah v. 2). “The taking of a father’s wife signified a
claim to inherit the father’s possessions (compare 2 Samuel xvi. 22),
and the phrase here expresses the legitimacy of Caleb’s residence
in northern Judea” (see note on verse 42).

Ashhur] compare iv. 4, 5. Ashhur might be a younger brother of

Hur (verses 19, 50); but quite possibly they are one and the same
(compare the contraction of Jehoahaz into Ahaz); see also iv. 5.

the father of Tekoa] i.e. the founder of the town or the eponymous
ancestor of its inhabitants. For Tekoa see 2 Chronicles xx. 20, note.

25‒41.
The Genealogy of the Jerahmeelites.

²⁵And the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of

Hezron were Ram the firstborn, and Bunah,
and Oren, and Ozem, Ahijah.
25. Jerahmeel] In David’s time they were, like Caleb, a semi-
nomadic clan in the south of Judah; compare 1 Samuel xxvii. 10;
xxx. 29. They shared in the northern movements of Caleb (see note
on verse 42), and eventually formed part of the post-exilic Jewish
community; hence their records do not appear in earlier parts of the
Old Testament, but are known to the Chronicler.
 Ozem, Ahijah] By a slight change in the Hebrew we get Ozem
his brother (so LXX.); compare xxvi. 20 for a similar confusion of
reading.

²⁶And Jerahmeel had another wife, whose

name was Atarah; she was the mother of
Onam. ²⁷And the sons of Ram the firstborn of
Jerahmeel were Maaz, and Jamin, and Eker.
²⁸And the sons of Onam were Shammai, and
Jada: and the sons of Shammai; Nadab, and
Abishur. ²⁹And the name of the wife of Abishur
was Abihail; and she bare him Ahban, and
Molid. ³⁰And the sons of Nadab; Seled, and
Appaim: but Seled died without children ¹.
¹ Or, sons.

26. Atarah] see note on Hezron, verse 5.

³¹And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons

of Ishi; Sheshan. And the sons of Sheshan;
Ahlai. ³²And the sons of Jada the brother of
Shammai; Jether, and Jonathan: and Jether
died without children ¹. ³³And the sons of
Jonathan; Peleth, and Zaza. These were the
sons of Jerahmeel.
¹ Or, sons.
 31. the sons of Sheshan; Ahlai] Ahlai is perhaps a gentilic name,
not the name of an individual, since in verse 34 Sheshan is said to
have had “no sons, but daughters.” More probably however the
Chronicler is using a different source for verses 34‒41.

³⁴Now Sheshan had no sons, but daughters.

And Sheshan had a servant, an Egyptian,
whose name was Jarha.
34. an Egyptian] Hebrew Miṣri. Render probably a Muṣrite, i.e.
inhabitant of the north Arabian district to the south of Palestine,
known as Muṣri and apparently confused at times with Miṣraim
(Egypt). For some suggestive conjectures regarding this table of
Jarha’s descendants see S. A. Cook, Encyclopedia Biblica ii. 2364.

³⁵And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his

servant to wife; and she bare him Attai. ³⁶And
Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad;
³⁷and Zabad begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat
Obed; ³⁸and Obed begat Jehu, and Jehu
begat Azariah; ³⁹and Azariah begat Helez, and
Helez begat Eleasah; ⁴⁰and Eleasah begat
Sismai, and Sismai begat Shallum; ⁴¹and
Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat
Elishama.
35. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha] This was equivalent to
making his servant his heir. Thus Abraham at first (Genesis xv. 2, 3)
regarded Eliezer his steward as his heir. The list of thirteen
descendants of Jarha ending with Elishama (verse 41) is perhaps a
proper genealogy: at least the names may be those of individuals,
although it is impossible to say why this pedigree of Elishama should
have been so carefully preserved (so Curtis). On the other hand
Cook (see previous note) regards Jarha as perhaps an eponym of
Jerahmeel, and, connecting Sheshan with the Hebronite Sheshai,
thinks the genealogy may signify a northward movement of
Jerahmeel from Muṣri to the district of Hebron.

42‒49 (compare verses 18‒24).

The Descendants of Caleb.

⁴²And the sons of Caleb the brother of

Jerahmeel were Mesha his firstborn, which
was the father of Ziph; and the sons of
Mareshah the father of Hebron. ⁴³And the
sons of Hebron; Korah, and Tappuah, and
Rekem, and Shema. ⁴⁴And Shema begat
Raham, the father of Jorkeam; and Rekem
begat Shammai.
42. Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel] Called Chelubai (verse 9)
and Caleb the son of Hezron (verse 18). As eponym of the tribe
Caleb is described as “son” of Hezron “son” of Judah, and of course
is not to be distinguished from the Caleb son of Jephunneh who is
classed as a Kenizzite in various passages (iv. 15; Numbers xiii. 6;
Joshua xiv. 6).

Important features of the fortunes of the Caleb clan can be

discerned from the lists in this chapter, verses 18‒24, 42‒50. It
appears that at first their seats were in the southern parts of Judah—
witness verses 42‒49, in which several of the names, viz. Ziph
(Joshua xv. 24 or 25), Mareshah (2 Chronicles xi. 8), Hebron,
Tappuah (Joshua xv. 34), Maon (Joshua xv. 55), and Beth-zur
(Joshua xv. 58) are names of towns in the south or south-west of
Judah. From these, their pre-exilic homes, they were driven
northwards, and during the exilic period and afterwards they
occupied many of the townships not far from Jerusalem, e.g.
Bethlehem (see verses 50‒55). Apart from the names in verses 50‒
55, we have a testimony to this northward movement in verse 24
(where see note), and probably also in verse 18, where the names
Jerioth (tents) and Azubah (forsaken) hint at the abandonment first
of nomadic life and then of the south Judean settlements. This
movement was largely no doubt compulsory, under pressure from
the Edomites to the south (compare above i. 43, note) who in their
turn were being forced north by a strong and fairly constant
encroachment of Arab tribes (see Wellhausen, De Gentibus, and
more recently Hölscher, Palästina, pp. 22, 30, on the importance of
such evidence as this notice in Chronicles for determining the
composition and conditions of Palestine in the post-exilic period).

Mesha] The Moabite king whose deeds are recorded on the

Moabite Stone bore this name. LXX. reads Mareshah (Μαρεισά) as
in the latter part of the verse.

⁴⁵And the son of Shammai was Maon; and

Maon was the father of Beth-zur. ⁴⁶And Ephah,
Caleb’s concubine, bare Haran, and Moza,
and Gazez: and Haran begat Gazez. ⁴⁷And
the sons of Jahdai; Regem, and Jotham, and
Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph.
⁴⁸Maacah, Caleb’s concubine, bare Sheber
and Tirhanah.
45. Maon] Nabal who was a Calebite lived at the town of Maon (1
Samuel xxv. 2, 3). It is improbable that Maon was ever used as the
name of a person; compare Buchanan Gray, Hebrew Proper Names,
pp. 127 f. See note on verse 42.

⁴⁹She bare also Shaaph the father of

Madmannah, Sheva the father of Machbena,
 and the father of Gibea; and the daughter of
Caleb was Achsah.
49. the daughter of Caleb was Achsah] Compare Judges i. 12.

50‒55. These verses give the post-exilic settlements of the

Calebites in the townships of northern Judea, not far from
Jerusalem: see verse 42, note.

⁵⁰These were the sons of Caleb; the son ¹ of

Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, Shobal the
father of Kiriath-jearim; ⁵¹Salma the father of
Beth-lehem, Hareph the father of Beth-gader.
¹ The Septuagint has, sons.

50. the son of Hur] Read with the LXX., the sons of Hur. Hur
was the son of Caleb (verse 19).

the firstborn of Ephrathah] see note verse 24.

⁵²And Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim had

sons; Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth.
52. Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth] The Hebrew is quite obscure,
but may perhaps be rendered, who provided for half the resting-
places, the description applying to Shobal, i.e. his work was to
supervise some of the halting stations of the caravans which passed
through the territory of Judah. Compare similar details in iv. 21‒23,
and the title Prince of the resting-places (margin quarter-master)
given to Seraiah in Jeremiah li. 59. Almost certainly, however, the
text in the present passage is corrupt, and, following iv. 2 and verse
54, we may read Reaiah and half of the Manahathites. For the
latter see below, verse 54.
 ⁵³And the families of Kiriath-jearim; the Ithrites,
and the Puthites, and the Shumathites, and
the Mishraites; of them came the Zorathites
and the Eshtaolites.
53. Zorathites, Eshtaolites] for Zorah (modern Surah) and Eshtaol
(modern Eshua), compare Judges xiii. 25.

⁵⁴The sons of Salma; Beth-lehem, and the

Netophathites, Atrothbeth-Joab, and half of
the Manahathites, the Zorites.
54. Manahathites, the Zorites] The Manahathites of Zorah must
be associated with Manoah, the father of Samson, according to the
tradition of Judges xiii. 2, 25, and an inhabitant of Zorah (see Cooke,
Judges, pp. 131, 138, in this series).

⁵⁵And the families of scribes which dwelt at

Jabez; the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, the
Sucathites. These are the Kenites that came
of Hammath, the father of the house of
Rechab.
55. families of scribes] an indication of post-exilic date.

the Kenites that came of Hammath] or perhaps, the Kenites who

came in (i.e. who attached themselves to Israel), who were from
Hammath.

father of the house of Rechab] The verse is somewhat obscure,

but it is most probable that the Chronicler preserves a correct
tradition in the connection here alleged between the Rechabites and
the Kenites. On the ancient zeal for Jehovah displayed by the
Rechabites, see 2 Kings x. 15 ff.; and for their distinctive standpoint,
Jeremiah xxxv.

Chapter III.
1‒24.
The Genealogy of the House of David.

1‒4 (= 2 Samuel iii. 2‒5).

The Sons born to David in Hebron.

¹Now these were the sons of David, which

were born unto him in Hebron: the firstborn,
Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the
second, Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess;
1. Daniel] LXX. (B) Δαμνιήλ, (A) Δαλουιά. In 2 Samuel iii. 3
Chileab, but LXX. Δαλουιά. The real name of David’s second son
remains therefore uncertain.

²the third, Absalom the son of Maacah the

daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; the fourth,
Adonijah the son of Haggith;
2. Geshur] Compare ii. 23, note.

³the fifth, Shephatiah of Abital; the sixth,

Ithream by Eglah his wife. ⁴Six were born unto
him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven
 years and six months: and in Jerusalem he
reigned thirty and three years.
3. Eglah his wife] In 2 Samuel iii. 5 “Eglah David’s wife,” where
however David is probably a wrong reading for the name of a
previous husband of Eglah.

5‒9 (= chapter xiv. 4‒7 and 2 Samuel v. 14‒16).

The Sons born to David in Jerusalem.

⁵And these were born unto him in

Jerusalem: Shimea, and Shobab, and Nathan,
and Solomon, four, of Bath-shua the daughter
of Ammiel:
5. Shimea] in xiv. 4 and 2 Samuel v. 14 (Revised Version)
Shammua.

Nathan] Through him our Lord’s descent is traced in Luke iii. 31.

Solomon] Only here are other sons besides Solomon attributed to

Bath-sheba.

Bath-shua] is a slight variation in pronunciation of Bath-sheba.

the daughter of Ammiel] of Eliam (perhaps a by-form of Ammiel)

in 2 Samuel xi. 3. An Eliam son of Ahithophel, David’s counsellor, is
mentioned in 2 Samuel xxiii. 34; Bath-sheba may therefore have
been grand-daughter to Ahithophel. Notice that the Chronicler does
not call Bath-sheba the wife of Uriah the Hittite; he nowhere refers to
David’s great sin; compare xx. 1‒3, where the silence of Chronicles
on this matter is specially to be noted.

⁶and Ibhar, and Elishama, and Eliphelet; ⁷and

Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia;
 6. Elishama] in xiv. 5 and 2 Samuel v. 15 Elishua, no doubt the
right reading, for otherwise (compare verse 8) we have two sons of
David named Elishama.

Eliphelet] in xiv. 5 Elpelet. Eliphelet cannot be right, for it occurs

again as the name of the thirteenth son in verse 8. Elpelet may be
right here and Eliphelet in verse 8, for according to Hebrew custom
two brothers might bear names of similar sound and significance.
But both Eliphelet and Nogah, the following word, are lacking in 2
Samuel v. 15; and are probably only textual errors due to
dittography.

⁸and Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet,

nine. ⁹All these were the sons of David, beside
the sons of the concubines; and Tamar was
their sister.
8. Eliada] so in 2 Samuel v. 16, but in 1 Chronicles xiv. 7 Beeliada
(i.e. Baaliada, “The Lord—the Baal—knows”). This seems to have
been changed to Eliada (i.e. God knows), when the title Baal had
come to have only heathen associations, and was accordingly
repudiated by the Jews: see the note on viii. 33.

10‒16.
The Line of Davidic Kings.

¹⁰And Solomon’s son was Rehoboam,

Abijah his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his
son; ¹¹Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash
his son;
Two things are to be noted in this list: (1) Johanan’s name is
given in verse 15, though he was never king, (2) Zedekiah’s name
appears to be twice given, once among the sons of Josiah (verse 15)
and again in his place according to the succession (verse 16).
 10. Abijah] called Abijam in 1 Kings xiv. 31, xv. 1 ff. Abia is the
Greek form of the name; Matthew i. 7 (Authorized Version).

¹²Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham

his son; ¹³Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son,
Manasseh his son; ¹⁴Amon his son, Josiah his
son.
12. Azariah] This king is usually called Uzziah, compare Isaiah vi.
1; see note on 2 Chronicles xxvi. 1.

¹⁵And the sons of Josiah; the firstborn

Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third
Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum.
15. the firstborn Johanan] This son of Josiah never came to the
throne, nor is anything known of him except from this passage.

Zedekiah] Though reckoned third here, he was younger than

Shallum (= Jehoahaz); compare 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 2 (= 2 Kings
xxiii. 31) with 2 Chronicles xxxvi. 11 (= 2 Kings xxiv. 18).

Shallum] To be identified with Jehoahaz; compare 2 Chronicles

xxxvi. 1 with Jeremiah xxii. 11.

¹⁶And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his

son, Zedekiah his son.
16. Jeconiah] This name is sometimes shortened to Coniah
(Jeremiah xxii. 24) and written (with a slight change of meaning)
Jehoiachin (2 Chronicles xxxvi. 8, 9; 2 Kings xxiv. 6 ff.).

Zedekiah his son] Zedekiah was heir, not son, to Jeconiah, whom
he succeeded in the kingdom. His relationship to Jeconiah was that
of uncle.
 17‒19a.
The Davidic Line from Jeconiah to Zerubbabel.

Note that whereas Zerubbabel is here represented apparently as

the son of Pedaiah and consequently nephew of Shealtiel (=
Salathiel), he is elsewhere called the son of Shealtiel (Ezra iii. 2;
Haggai i. 1, ii. 2; compare Luke iii. 27‒31). The LXX. solves the
difficulty by reading Salathiel (= Shealtiel) in verse 19. The view that
the names given in verse 18 (including Pedaiah) are the names of
the sons of Shealtiel is not probable. Another suggestion is that
Zerubbabel was grand-son both to Shealtiel and Pedaiah, according
to such a scheme as the following:

Pedaiah Shealtiel
| |
a daughter = a son
|
Zerubbabel.

A minor difficulty that Shealtiel (= Salathiel) is here connected

with David through Solomon, whereas in Luke iii. 27‒31 his descent
is traced through Solomon’s brother Nathan, could be explained by
an intermarriage at some point in the genealogy between the two
Davidic families.

¹⁷And the sons of Jeconiah, the captive ¹;

Shealtiel his son, ¹⁸and Malchiram, and
Pedaiah, and Shenazzar, Jekamiah,
Hoshama, and Nedabiah.
¹ Or, Assir.

17. the sons of Jeconiah] That Jeconiah had sons is not at

variance with Jeremiah’s denunciation of him (Jeremiah xxii. 30).
That passage gives the answer to Jeconiah’s expectation of a
speedy return to his kingdom (Jeremiah xxii. verse 27); Jeremiah
says that neither he nor any of his seed shall recover the lost throne:
“Reckon him childless, for no son of his shall succeed him on his
throne.”

the captive] Hebrew assir, which the Revised Version margin (=

Authorized Version), following the ancient Versions, has wrongly
taken to be a proper name. The Revised Version margin is here only
a survival of Authorized Version. The rendering of the text (the
captive) no doubt expresses the real judgment of the Revisers.

Shealtiel] the Greek form Salathiel (Authorized Version) occurs in

Luke iii. 27 (Authorized Version).

¹⁹And the sons of Pedaiah; Zerubbabel, and

Shimei: and the sons ¹ of Zerubbabel;
¹ Hebrew son.

19. the sons of Zerubbabel] so the LXX. The Hebrew has son, as
Revised Version margin.

19b‒24.
The Davidic Line from Zerubbabel.

The text of these verses is very uncertain. In verse 20 the names

of five sons are given, but their father’s name (perhaps Meshullam)
is wanting. In verses 21, 22 the LXX. differs from the Hebrew in such
a way as to affect the number of steps in the genealogy; the Hebrew
seems to reckon but one generation between Hananiah and
Shemaiah, the LXX. on the contrary reckons six; the result on the
whole genealogy being that the LXX. counts eleven generations after
Zerubbabel as against six in the Hebrew In verse 22 again the sons
of Shemaiah are reckoned to be six, but only five names are given in
both Hebrew and LXX. For the bearing of these verses upon the
date of Chronicles, see the Introduction § 3.
 Meshullam, and Hananiah; and Shelomith was
their sister: ²⁰and Hashubah, and Ohel, and
Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushab-hesed, five.
20. and Hashubah] Perhaps we should read “The sons of
Meshullam: Hashubah.” See above.

Jushab-hesed] The name means “Mercy is restored.” Many such

significant names are found in the present list, and, in general, are
characteristic of the exilic and later periods.

²¹And the sons ¹ of Hananiah; Pelatiah, and

Jeshaiah: the sons of Rephaiah, the sons of
Arnan, the sons of Obadiah, the sons of
Shecaniah. ²²And the sons of Shecaniah;
Shemaiah: and the sons of Shemaiah;
Hattush, and Igal, and Bariah, and Neariah,
and Shaphat, six.
¹ Hebrew son.

21. and Jeshaiah ... Shecaniah] The LXX. reads (with some
blunders in reproducing the names), “and Jeshaiah his son,
Rephaiah his son, Arnan his son, Obadiah his son, Shecaniah his
son,” thus adding five steps to the genealogy. The difference of
reading in the Hebrew text thus suggested is very slight. It is quite
uncertain whether the Hebrew or the reading of the LXX. is to be
preferred: see the Introduction § 3, A 2.

²³And the sons ¹ of Neariah; Elioenai, and

Hizkiah, and Azrikam, three. ²⁴And the sons of
Elioenai; Hodaviah, and Eliashib, and Pelaiah,
 and Akkub, and Johanan, and Delaiah, and
Anani, seven.
¹ Hebrew son.

23. Elioenai] A name meaning, “Mine eyes are towards Jehovah,”

compare Psalms xxv. 15; compare Jushab-hesed (verse 20) and
Hodaviah (“Give thanks to Jehovah” = Hoduiah), verse 24.
 Chapter IV.
1‒23 (compare ii. 3 ff.)
Genealogies of the Tribes of Judah.

The material contained in these verses gives rise to no little

perplexity, not only in itself but also when considered along with the
genealogies of Judah in ii. 3 ff. Whether the Chronicler himself could
have thrown any light on the points which puzzle us may well be
doubted: he was more concerned to preserve all available
genealogical matter than to consider or attempt to reconcile
conflicting elements. Both the date and relationship of these notices
must be confessed to be as yet uncertain, opinion being divided
even on the question whether the list represents pre-exilic or post-
exilic conditions. Remark that the list is essentially a Calebite one.

¹The sons of Judah; Perez, Hezron, and

Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal.
1. As Hezron was the son of Perez (chapter ii. 5) and (if the LXX.
be right) Shobal was the son of Hur (ii. 50, note), we have in this
verse five, if not six, generations.

Carmi] for the name, compare ii. 7, and v. 3. Here, however,

Carmi is certainly an error for Caleb: see ii. 4, 5, 9, 50 and also the
structure of the present chapter. Thus in accord with the usual
practice of the Chronicler the chief ancestors are first named (verse
1), and then, in reverse order, their descendants—sons of Shobal
and Hur (verses 2‒10), and sons of Chelub (= Caleb) (verses 11‒
15).
 ²And Reaiah the son of Shobal begat Jahath;
and Jahath begat Ahumai and Lahad. These
are the families of the Zorathites.
2. Reaiah] Compare note on ii. 52.

the Zorathites] Compare note on ii. 53.

³And these were the sons of the father of

Etam; Jezreel, and Ishma, and Idbash: and
the name of their sister was Hazzelelponi:
3. these were the sons of the father of Etam] The Hebrew has not
got the words the sons of, and is certainly corrupt. The LXX. reads,
These were the sons of Etam. Correction is difficult, largely owing to
the obscurity of Etam. If Etam had been named as a son of Shobal in
verse 2, we might follow the LXX. It is perhaps best to suppose that
Etam begins the list of descendants of Hur, and to read “these were
the sons of Hur the father of Etam.” Etam was a place, but whether
near Bethlehem (the Etam of 2 Chronicles xi. 6) or in southern Judah
(the Simeonite Etam of verse 32) is uncertain.

⁴and Penuel the father of Gedor, and Ezer the

father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur,
the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Beth-
lehem.
4. Hur] the first born of Ephrathah (= Ephrath) one of the wives of
Caleb (ii. 19). Hur was father of Bethlehem through his son Salma (ii.
50, 51, LXX.). For the name of the city compare Genesis xxxv. 19
(Ephrath the same is Bethlehem) and Micah v. 2 (Revised Version
Thou, Bethlehem Ephrathah).
 ⁵And Ashhur the father of Tekoa had two
wives, Helah and Naarah. ⁶And Naarah bare
him Ahuzzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and
Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah.
⁷And the sons of Helah were Zereth, Izhar ¹,
and Ethnan.
¹ Another reading is, and Zohar.

5. Ashhur the father of Tekoa] Ashhur is probably only a variant

of Hur (see note ii. 24). Hur then is the exilic or post-exilic “father”
(founder) of the Calebite population of Tekoa (5 miles from
Bethlehem), and of Bethlehem, etc., through his sons (ii. 50‒52).

Helah and Naarah] Neither the names of the wives nor those of
the children yield any certain information.

⁸And Hakkoz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and

the families of Aharhel the son of Harum.
8. And Hakkoz] But Hebrew Koz. The absence of connection with
the preceding verse is striking. Perhaps Koz was properly one of the
sons of Helah (verse 7), and a motive for the severance of his name
may be found in the wish to make less obvious his Calebite (i.e. non-
Levitical) origin, in case he were identified with the priestly Hakkoz of
xxiv. 10; Ezekiel ii. 61, a family who were unable to prove an
untainted pedigree.

⁹And Jabez was more honourable than his

brethren: and his mother called his name
Jabez, saying. Because I bare him with
sorrow.