Ge5 Module 2

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Biosystems and Engineering
GE 5
Purposive Communication
12/30/1899 M
NAME: MISCY JANE P. MANAOIS

COURSE, YEAR & SECTION: BSABE-2
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SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE
IN
GE 5 (PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION)
Prepared by:
AILYN JOY T. PERALTA
Executed by
LEAH GRACE R. BAGUILAT

Subject Instructor
AY 2020-2021
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INTRODUCTION
Communication examines the basic elements of interpersonal communication and
culture as the two relate to one another. Emphasis is given to the influence of culture
on the interpretation of the communication act and to the communication skills that
enhances cross-cultural communication. Communication requires the ability to
understand language, but just think about how much of your communication with
even you friends is nonverbal: our body language, our attitude, the rituals from hand-
shaking to the stink eye. Some researchers estimate that up to 93% of all human
communication is nonverbal, although according to recent studies, it is actually closer
to 60%.
It provides several commonly accepted academic and applied definitions to clarify
this concept and process. The term ―intercultural communication‖, represent broad
ideas that are difficult to express in just one way. Thus, we present several working
definitions as starting points for exploring this topic.
Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from
two different cultures. (Chen & Starosta, 1998:28). It is a symbolic, interpretive,
transactional, contextual process, in which people create shared meanings. (Lustig &
Koester, 2007:46). It also refers to the effects on communication behavior, when
different cultures interact together. Hence, one way of viewing intercultural
communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
(Arasaratnam, 2013:48).
Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between
people from different cultural backgrounds. Basically, “inter” is a prefix that means
between and “cultural” means from a culture, so intercultural communication is the
communication between cultures. Sometimes this is used to describe a single person
trying to interact in a foreign environment but more often, it is a two-way street, where
people from both cultures are trying to improve their communication. It is important
to understand intercultural communication because it allows us for positive and
productive interaction. Intercultural communication refers to the effective
communication between people/ workers/ clients of different cultural background. It
also includes managing thought patterns and nonverbal communication.
Still, that means that more than half of communication is never spoken. So,
intercultural communication is going to take a lot more than just learning a language.
It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally
appears within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It this sense it seeks to
understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and
perceived the world around them.
Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology,
cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. It also referred to
as the base of international businesses. Several cross-cultural services providers
assist with the development of intercultural communication skills, in a way the
―interaction with speakers of other languages of equal terms and respecting their
identities‖.
Identity and culture are also studies within the discipline of communication to
analyze how globalization influences ways of thinking, beliefs, values, and identity,
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within and between cultural environments. Language is an important example of a
cultural component that is linked to intercultural understanding.
MODULE II
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Topics:
1. Communication and Globalization
2. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
3. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language
4. Exploring Texts Reflecting Different Cultures
5. Coping with the Challenges of Intercultural Communication
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
COMPTENCIES
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:
1. define and identify elements of interpersonal communication, culture, cultural

systems and global communication;
2. explain how cultural and global issues affect communication; and
3. present ideas on the impact of communication on society and the world.
DISCUSSION
As technology advances, the world is getting smaller. Today we are able to communicate
with people across the globe at the touch of a button. While globalization, or
communication between nations beyond their borders, is an old concept, with the onset of
new technology globalization is affecting the ways we communicate and learn in
fascinating ways. We are expanding our understanding of fellowship and as we become
more connected, we are deepening our educational experiences. The rise in the use of the
internet in particular has been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways in which we
connect with one another.
Because of technologies like the internet, we have the opportunity to view diverse
perspectives that overlooks outside of our scope before. We are able to fully connect with
someone who is thousands of miles away in real time and the effects are profound.
The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication
Increased Business Opportunities

Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using
communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues
across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also
makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to
streamline relationship through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With
this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of
opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global
level.
Fewer Cultural Barriers

Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When
people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their
body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person.
The way people approach problems and how they participate in communities is all
influenced by culture.
Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand
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how someone in the U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural
barriers are becoming less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and
frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps people understand each
other‘s cultures a little better.
Creation of a Global Village

You‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall
McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is
created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by
technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many
people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling
in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant
jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with
companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other
business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet.
Why do we need to study this?

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a lot of
factors. These include cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our
location. However, because of globalization, communication goes well and easy. These
topics made the students aware of the following:
 Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the
other side of the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land.
There is so much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online
that it‘s no longer a complete mystery.
 Some effects of globalization to global communication are having or increased

business opportunities, fewer cultural barriers as well as creating a global village
or making the world or the community connected with the use of technology.
Key Terms:
 Globalization - the process of interaction and integration among people,
companies and governments worldwide.
 Global village - refer to the world emphasize that all the different parts of the
world form one community linked together by electronic communications,
especially the internet.
 Cultural barriers - when people of different cultures are unable to understand

each other’s customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Task: Infographics about Globalization
Prepare an infographic about globalization. The following information should be found in

the infographic:
1.Definition of globalization,
2.Causes of globalization,
3.Effects of globalization, and
4. Effects of globalization to communication.
Your presentation will be graded based on the following

criteria:
Content =8
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Creativity of presentation = 8
Task achievement =4
Total: 20 pts
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Directions: Encircle the correct answer.
1. In global village, people are no longer distant and isolated because they are being
connected by what?
a. Transportation c. Technology
b. Family gatherings d. Communication
2. How does globalization contributes to cultural, economic, and political partnerships

uplifting the economic stability of a particular country?
a. By giving global awareness on how to boost their economy
b. Global market, foreign investment and cultural management can be done.
c. Through assisting one‘s political advocacy.
d. None of the above
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TOPIC: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING
COMPETENCIES
1. During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:
2. demonstrate an awareness of the reality of cultural diversity through
identification of known dialects and languages; and
3. explain how cultural diversity affects effective communications.
DISCUSSION
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific

setting. It is the co- existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious,
or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and
values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.

Image 2. Source: https://bit.ly/369vcUE
The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in

communication between people with different linguistic and cultural background.
One of the most common forms of global communication is an email. A person in one
country types a message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded into
packets which are sent across the internet to the recipient. In another country, the
receiver logs in and decodes the message by opening the email, and retrieves the
message.
Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients
from different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as
when there are more layers added to the channel. For example, if a world leader makes a
speech broadcast across the globe, people from one region may rejoice at the news, while
others may find it offensive. In this case, the channel itself can involve many different
layers, as translators, news, editors and commentators each interpret the message
differently before passing it on to the intended audiences.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our

own languages and an English language, we can make a
conversation locally or globally. The main purpose of this is to
have an idea on how can we apply what we learned from them for
ourselves and for our community. It can also be the way for our
country to have sufficient knowledge to make it more
outstanding.
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Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK,
without going through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a lot of
tasks that don't require the cloud.
Multicultural education refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates

the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural
backgrounds.
The study of global communication is an interdisciplinary field focusing on global

communication, or the ways that people connect, share, relate and mobilize across
geographic, political, economic, social and cultural divides.
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its
members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because
cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age. And while some of culture‘s knowledge,
rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the information
is absorbed subconsciously.
The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide
business organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject
importance not just because of increased globalization, but also because their domestic
workforce is growing more and more diverse.
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across

different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication. It describes
the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an
organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social,
ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people
from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around
them.
CULTURES CO- CULTURES
-A culture is the system of knowledge,- Within a culture as a whole are co-

beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, andcultures, these are composed of
artefacts that are acquired shared, andmembers of the same general culture
used by its members during daily living. who differ in some ethnic or sociological
way from the parent culture.
Table 2. Cultures and Co-Cultures
BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL

SETTINGS
Some of the barriers to effective communication are language, medium of
communication, personality and culture. Culture became barrier to an effective
communication when a person has different language bearing, and they have different
interpretation to such words.
What is the difference between multicultural and cross-cultural or Intercultural?
While they all might be under the same roof, they describe entirely different rooms.
The differences in the meanings have to do with the perspectives we take when
interacting with people from other cultures.
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.
People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have
engaging interactions with each other. For example, in a multicultural neighborhood
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people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants without really interacting with
their neighbors from other countries.
Cross-cultural (Intercultural) refers to the comparison of different cultures. In cross-
cultural communication, differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring
about individual change, but not collective transformations. In cross-cultural societies,
one culture is often considered “the norm” and all other cultures are compared or
contrasted.
Synthesis
 Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple
recipients from different cultures with different languages all receiving the same
message, as well as when there are more layers added to the channel.
 Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK,
without going through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a
lot of tasks that don't require the cloud.
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the culture in your home/place/province? Give at least 5 and explain.

2. Do you think cultures can be created? Modified? Changed? Give at least 5 and explain.
3. In the school where you graduated, what is the prevailing organizational culture? What
are some of the practices/rituals that you observed? Give at least 5 and explain.
Rubric:
CRITERIA / SCALE 3- Exceeds 2- Meets 1- Needs 0- Inadequate

Expectations Expectations Improvement
Structure  Paper is logically  Paper has a clear  There is some level of  There is no apparent
• Organization organized organizational organization though organization to the
• Flow of thought  Easily followed structure with some digressions, paper. ]
• Transitions  Effective, smooth, digressions, ambiguities,  Difficult to follow
• Format and logical ambiguities or irrelevances are too  No or poor
transitions irrelevances many transitions
 Professional  Easily followed •  Difficult to follow  No format
format  Basic transitions  Ineffective transitions
 Structured format  Rambling format
Language  Vocabulary is  Vocabulary is varied,  Vocabulary is used  Vocabulary is
• Vocabulary; use of vocabulary sophisticated and specific and properly though unsophisticated, not
• Tone correct as are appropriate sentences may be used properly in very
sentences which  Frequently uses simple simple sentences.
vary in structure subjects  Infrequently uses  Uses subject specific
and length  Writer’s tone subject specific vocabulary too
 Uses and emerges and is vocabulary correctly sparingly
manipulates subject generally appropriate  Writer’s tone exhibits
specific vocabulary to audience some level of audience
for effect sensitivity
 Writer’s tone is
clear, consistent
and appropriate for
intended audience
Content/information  Central idea is well  Central idea and  The central idea is  Central idea and
 Clarity of purpose developed and clarity of purpose are expressed though it clarity purpose are
 Critical and origin thought clarity purpose is generally evident may be vague or too absent or
exhibited  Evidence of critical, broad; Some sense of incompletely
Abundance of careful thought and purpose is expressed expressed
evidence of critical, analysis and/or  Some evidence of  Little or no evidence
careful thought and insight critical careful thought of critical, careful
analysis and/or and analysis and/or thought analysis
insight insight and/or insight
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COMPREHENSION CHECK
1. Within a culture as a whole are co-cultures, these are composed of members of the
same general culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent
culture.
a. A. Cultures b. Local
c. Global communication d. None of these
2. It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our own languages and an
English language, we can make a conversation locally or globally. The main purpose
of this is to have an idea on how can we apply what we learned from them for
ourselves and for our community.
a. Local and global communication in multicultural setting
b. Intercultural communication
c. Multicultural
d. Co-cultural
3. It refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.

a. Cross cultural
b. Global communication
c. Multicultural
d. None of these
4. It is the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or

cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and
values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.
a. Cultural
b. Multiculturalism
c. Intercultural
d. Co-cultural
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TOPIC: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
COMPETENCIES

1. explain the importance of using appropriate varieties and registers of language in
certain communication context;
2. explain the Variety and Register of Oral and Written Language; and
3. explain the differences between Spoken and Written Language.
DISCUSSION
Introduction
According to an article written by Gleaner, we have six language registers: formal,
casual, intimate, private, frozen and consultative. These registers can be use depending
on the situation and people we encounter. It is essential to use appropriate varieties and
registers of language in certain communication context because in different situations
and people call for different registers. It shows the level of formality and informality of the
language used. When we use appropriate varieties and register of language we‘re showing
respect, interest, comfortableness and professionalism.
However, we have different approach in language register when it comes to face-to-

face conversation and in written mode. We characterized face-to-face conversation as
multi-modality because we can use different registers and we considered the status,
position or the way of living of the person we‘re communicating with in order to know
when and where to use or drop the formality. While in writing a paper we commonly use
the formal register since the construction of sentences, correction of grammar and
appropriate using of words really matter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

1. Permanence - means when students write something they already set in their
mind to be done in one session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their
written to be better because students think their written is subject to permanence.
In this case teacher perhaps notice all of students that they just write everything
that comes in their written.
2. Production time - this part plays a crucial issue for the agents. In this part,
students will think about the deadline. The possible case in here is the students
will just only focus on the deadline and would resort to not give importance on the
content itself. As the result, their written work will not be maximized and or to be
improved. Moreover this is a job for the teachers to push students to think about
the process of learning rather than the result itself.
3. Distance - having a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students

start to write, they have to know who will be the audience to read their output
4. Orthography - this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer
consider about the word, phrase and sentence that they will use students also
consider about the front, size and also the picture. All appearance has to connect
with the topic and target of the reader.
5. Complexity - this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple
sentence combine or complex sentence. We as a teacher will know the students’
progress of learning. And for the academic writing, students should provide
reference.
6. Vocabulary - talk about word richness we (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary
that they already acquired.
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7. Formality - this is complex convention for academic writing (describe, explain,
compare, criticize, argue, etc). If the writer creates academic writing it means the
product have to formal. Because of that the language that they use has to formal
and polite. The front or size has to consistent with the guideline that they use (APA
style, MLA etc).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

1. Variation in Speed
2. Loudness or Quietness
3. Gestures
4. Intonation
5. Stress
6. Rhythm
7. Pitch Range
8. Pausing and Phrasing
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN:

 Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and
many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have no
spoken equivalent.
 Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have
been printed/written out
 Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular
language and writing system is still understood.
 Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other graphical
effects in their written texts.
 Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of
vocabulary such as some complex chemical and legal terms.
SPOKEN:
 Tends to be full or repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions
with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted fors of speech such as
news reports and scripts for plays and films.
 Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and change
their utterances as they go along.
 Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
 Speech can us timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
 Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These include slang
expressions, and tags like y’know, like, etc.
THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE REGISTER IN WRITING
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER is appropriate for professional writing and letters to a

boss or stranger.
 Cannot instead of can‘t
 Have not instead of haven‘t
 Will not instead of won‘t
Examples: business letters, announcement, professional emails, some essay, letters
complaint.
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER is conversational and appropriate when writing to

friends and people you very well.
 They‘ve been fighting all day
 He‘s very busy
 We feel that the target in unrealistic
 I planned many different
Examples: short notes diaries and journals
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NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTER is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most
appropriate for technical writing
Register is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.
Varieties - A variety also called “lect” is a specific form of language cluster. This may
include Languages, Dialects, registers, style or other forms of language, as well as
“Standard Variety”
Varieties of the Philippines

a.Cebuano
b.Waray-waray
c.Ilocano
d.Kapampangan
e.Hiligaynon
Types of Register
A. Frozen - is a language that never changes. (Ex. Panatang Makabayan).
B. Formal - Standard English.(Ex. Speeches or School Lessons)
C. Consultative - Less formal standard English.(Ex. Newscasting)
D. Casual - Language between Friends (Ex. Vernacular Speech)
E. Intimate - language between lovers or other close family or friends.
Spoken Language is a language produced by articulate sounds, an oral language is a

produced with vocal tract. It tends to convey subjective information.
Written Language
Is a representation of Spoken or gestural by means of a writing system.
It must be taught to children.
Synthesis
 The kind of register to be us affects the way one speaks and writes.
 Language has formal and informal registers. These registers have form which define
the social situation.
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Task: Make a portfolio evaluating messages and/or images of different types of texts
reflecting different cultures using the following guide:
GUIDE QUESTIONS IN MEDIA TEXT

KEY CONCEPTS
ANALYSIS
1. What is the message of the text?

1. All media messages are
2. How effectively does it represent reality?
“constructed”.
3. How is the message constructed?
1. What lifestyles, values and points of view are represented

2. Media have embedded values and
in the text?
point of view.
2. Who or what is missing?
3. Each person interprets messages 1. What message do you perceive from the text?
differently. 2. How might others understand it differently? Why?
1. What is the purpose of the text?

4. Media have commercial, ideological 2. Who is the target audience of the text?
or political interest. 3. Who might be disadvantaged?
4. Who created the text and why?
1. What techniques are used and why?

5. Media messages are constructed
2. How effective are the techniques in supporting the
using a creative language having its
messages or themes of the text?
own rules.
3. What are other ways of presenting the message?
COMPREHENSION CHECK
1. It is a language produced by articulate sounds; it also tends to convey subjective

information.
a. Written language
b. Spoken language
c. Intimate
d. Frozen
2. It is a language between lovers or other close family or friends.

a. Frozen
b. Formal
c. Consultative
d. Intimate
3. This refers to a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.

a. Varieties
b. Register
c. Informal
d. Formal
4. It is conversational and appropriate when writing to a friends and people you very well.
a. Informal language register
b. Formal language register
c. Register of language
d. Varieties of language
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5. According to him, there are six language registers: the formal, casual, intimate,
private, frozen, and consultative.
a. Kachru and Nelson
b. Gleaner
c. Bautista
d. Gonzales
IV. EXPLORING TEXTS REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES
COMPETENCIES
1. recognize the different types of texts being shown in and by different cultures;
and
2. evaluate texts reflecting or depicting cultural differences.
DISCUSSION
A “text” isn‘t limited to something written down. A text can be a film, an artifact,
anything in a language and culture that conveys meaning. Think about the text that you
use in your language classroom: what‘s in the textbook? What do you read in class or
even at home? How do you describe the classroom, its design? Why do you think the
chairs are placed facing the tables? Those questions, with its finite answer would tell you
that there are texts that are reflection of one‘s own culture.
Text can be categorized into the following groups:
 Created texts: Texts authored by non-native speakers for non-native speakers to
achieve pre- determined curricular goals.
 Semi-authentic texts: Texts created by native and/or non-native speaker, based
on original language materials, but adapted to fit curricular needs.
 Authentic texts: Texts created by native speakers for native speakers for
consumption in a native environment.
Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural meanings.
A photo is an image, but is also a cultural text, a picture with cultural information
beyond just the picture itself. Food and clothing also suggest cultural information, and it
doesn‘t stop there. The entire place and space, all of the people and interaction, all of the
rituals and rules and the various forms in which they manifest themselves, are readable
texts, suitable for observation and analysis by the ethnographer and writer—namely by
you.
The initial description of a cultural text may make it seem as though everything is a
cultural text. While in some sense true, this doesn‘t mean that every text has particular
cultural relevance. Sometimes a book is just a book; a picture is just a picture. The
difference between relevant cultural texts, (one that has one connection with your project)
and an irrelevant cultural text, (one that may have nothing to do with your project), has
to do with the meaning transferred to that text by the people who create and/or use the
text.
Identification of a cultural text is relatively easy. Take a look around the room or place
you are in right now and briefly catalog the people and/or thing you see. These objects
and actions are cultural texts.
HOW TO EVALUATE MESSAGES AND IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT

REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURE?
The following should do:

 Understand how the specified cultures live.
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 How the people in the specified group communicate each other.
 Learn the symbolism of their culture.
 Be aware in every detail such as artifact, language, and symbolism.
Text is not literal text, but in semiotics refers to a combination of signs, signifies and
mechanism like metonymy. A text could be a sentence, paragraph an image, a story, or a
collection of stories.
Collection of signs in a single photograph or painting, a video clip, a television show, a

feature film and whenever these signs come together in the land of semiotics, they
become texts. These texts can be understood, rearranged and put together in different
combinations, with different meanings to different groups of people. But cultural texts are
not one-dimensional. A text is not simply representative of one culture; it does not belong
to one culture, even if it purposely excludes others semiotically. Cultural texts are multi-
dimensional, they are dynamic.
Formal and Informal Language

Formal and Informal language serve different purposes. The tone, the choice of words
and the way the words are put together vary between the two styles. Formal language is
less personal than informal language. It is used when writing for professional or academic
purpose like university assignments. Formal language does not use colloquialisms,
contractions or first person pronouns such as “I” or “We”.
Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is used when communicating

with friends or family either in writing or in conversation. It is used in writing personal
emails, text messages and in some business correspondents. The tone of informal
language is more personal than formal language.
Contractions
Informal: The improvements can‘t be introduced due to funding restrictions.

Formal: Improvements cannot be introduced due to funding restrictions.
Informal: I don‘t believe that the results are accurate.

Formal: The results are not believed to be accurate.
Informal: The research project won‘t continue next year.

Formal: The research project will not continue next year.
Phrasal Verbs
Informal: The balloon was blown up for the experiment.

Formal: The balloon was inflated for the experiment.
Informal: The patient got over his illness.

Formal: The patient recovered from his illness.
Informal: The results of the study were mixed up.

Formal: The results of the study were confused.
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Slang/Colloquialisms
Informal: The mob was very rowdy during the protest against cuts to university funding.
Formal: The crowd was very rowdy during the protest against the cuts to university
funding.
Informal: Lecturers still count on students to used correct grammars and punctuations in
essays.
Formal: Lecturers expect students to use correct grammars and punctuations in essays.
Informal: It was raining cats and dogs.

Formal: It was raining very heavily.
First Person Pronouns
Informal: I considered various research methods for the study.

Formal: Various research methods were considered for the study.
Informal: We believe the practice is unsustainable.

Formal: It is believed the practice is unsustainable.
Informal: During the interview I asked students about their experiences. Formal: During
the interview students were asked about their experiences.
Synthesis
 Metonymy is an extension of the idea of a metaphor in semiotics, where metonymy
covers a diverse set of strategies of association and meaning transfer between
different designs. With a metaphor, one word stands in for another word “love is
battlefield” or “apple of my eye”.
 Semiotics is the study of making meaning, the connection between a sign or
symbol. What it comes to represent and how it is understood by different people.
How we dress, the music we listen to, the individual words we use in conversation
all convey specific meaning
TASK: Discuss in at least one paragraph a technical term from one of your subjects.
Include a formal definition and technical descriptions of your chosen text. After writing the
first draft, write another draft for speaking (Use spacing and bold letters to indicate
pausing and emphasis. You may also simply shorten some sentences).
Pre-writing
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper for submission.
Formal definition (Term + class + differentiating characteristic)
Technical descriptions
Other information about the chosen topic
Output 1 (Text for reading):
Your output will be graded based on the following criteria:
Content =4
Definition and descriptions = 8
Task achievement = 8______
Total 20 pts.
Output 2 (Text for speaking):

Content =4
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Definition and descriptions = 8
Task achievement = 8______
Total 20 pts.
Directions: Identify the following sentences whether it’s formal or informal. Write the
answer on the space provided.
Informal 1. I haven‘t thought about it.
Formal 2. I haven‘t given it much thought.
Informal 3. They are going to start living together.
Formal 4. They are moving in together.
Informal 5. Sorry I couldn‘t visit you last night.
Formal 6. Sorry I couldn‘t come by last night..
Informal 7. We need to tell everybody about this thing.
Formal 8. We need to go public with this thing.
Informal 9. Go to the library.
Formal 10. Hit the library.
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V. COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
COMPETENCIES
1. explain how cultural differences affect communication;
2. identify the barriers of Intercultural Communication; and
3. formulate ways or approaches to overcome the challenges of Intercultural
Communication.
DISCUSSION
Communicating to the people around us is crucial in our everyday life. We convey
and gather information, thoughts, opinions, as well as ideas through communication.
Communication in other words is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group
to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
Our culture affects the way of our communication, which means that different culture
is equivalent to different communication style. And one‘s way of communicating may have
the same or different interpretation to the other. This may lead to miscommunication
between the participants involved.
What is Intercultural communication? What are the barriers and challenges of

intercultural communication? How to cope with these challenges?
Image 3. Source: https://bit.ly/2MQY4d3
Communication is no denying an important part of a person’s life. People

communicate with one another to reach their own goals, whether it is to gather or relay
information and ideas, and they tend to communicate with the various people from
different races and culture to reach their aims.
What is Intercultural Communication?

Intercultural communication (or cross-cultural communication) is a discipline that
studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects
communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems
that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals
from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In this sense it
seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate
and perceive the world around them.
Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines

how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and
the way messages are interpreted. With regard to intercultural communication proper, it
studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from
language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns,
and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different
cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries.
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Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as
anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies.
Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses.
Several cross-cultural service providers assist with the development of intercultural
communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural
communication skills. Intercultural communication is in a way the 'interaction with
speakers of other languages on equal terms and respecting their identities'.
Identity and culture are also studied within the discipline of communication to
analyze how globalization influences ways of thinking, beliefs, values, and identity, within
and between cultural environments. Intercultural communication scholars approach
theory with a dynamic outlook and do not believe culture can be measured nor that
cultures share universal attributes. Scholars acknowledge that culture and
communication shift along with societal changes and theories should consider the
constant shifting and nuances of the society.
The study of intercultural communication requires intercultural understanding,
which is an ability to understand and value cultural differences. Language is an example
of an important cultural component that is linked to intercultural understanding.
Functions of Intercultural Communication:

Private Function - are functions that indicated communication through the
communication behavior originating from an individual.
1. Express Social Identity - in the process of intercultural communication are some of

the communication behavior of individuals who used to express the behavior of
social identity is expressed through the act of speaking both verbal and non-
verbal of language behavior that is knowable and social identity.
2. Declares The Social Integration - core concept of social integration is to accept the
unity between individuals, between groups but still recognizes the differences of
every element. It should be understood that one of the goals of communication is
to give the same meaning for the message shared between the communicator and
the communicant.
3. To the Knowledge - often interpersonal and intercultural communication increase
knowledge together, to learn the culture of each
Social Function- means the relation between social action and the systems of which the
action is a part, alternatively, as the result of social action.
1. Supervision - practice intercultural communication between different

communicators and communicant culture of mutual monitoring functions. In any
process of intercultural communication function is useful to inform the
"development" of the environment.
2. Connection Between Culture - in the process of intercultural communication, the

communication function is carried out between two people of different cultures
was a bridge over the differences between them. The bridging functions can be
controlled via messages they exchanged, the two are explaining the differences of
interpretation on a message that produces the same meaning.
3. Value Socialization - socialization function is a function to teach and introduce

the cultural values of a society to another society.
4. Entertainment - entertaining functions are often performed in the process of

intercultural communication. For example, the arrival of outside artists shows the
differences between their cultures so that people learn the language and follow
their style.
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Barriers to Intercultural Communication
1. Anxiety - when you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to
do, it is only natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the
communication transaction. For example, you may have experienced anxiety on
your very first day on a new college campus or in a new job. You may be so
conscious of being new— and out of place—and focus so much of your attention
on that feeling that you make common mistakes and appear awkward to others.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a home

manner in the different culture it might cause a lot of problems. In order to
prepare yourself for various circumstances it is very important to assume laws,
habits, and attitudes of another society.
3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or negatively judging aspects of another culture by

the standards of one‘s own culture. To be ethnocentric is to believe in the
superiority of one‘s own culture. Everything in a culture is consistent to that
culture and makes sense if you understood that culture. For example, assume
that global warming is a fact and, as a result, assume that summers in the
United States average 43° C (109° F). It would be logical to make adjustments:
Rather than air condition buildings all day, you might close schools and
businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make
sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates
to laziness?
4. Language Problems - according to Jandt (2000) the definition of language is the

set of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and
experiences. There are five actual factors that generally produce the difficulties in
the translation. They are lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar
and syntax, experiences, and concepts. Indonesian students are having a lot of
inconveniences with studying foreign languages for the reason that in Indonesian
language there is no gender rules. That is very complicated for them to
understand why for example the French word “une table” is feminine.
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as another barrier to communication, it can be stated

that in a conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal
symbols without sharing the same nonverbal codes. There are more than a few types
of nonverbal interaction: proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, olfactics,
clothing appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of them are very different in every
culture. As an example, in a society where people don‘t kiss when they great each
other, a kissing person might be judged as a vulgar and without manners.
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both of them are to make a judgment about individuals
according to group membership. Stereotypes are the perceptions about that certain
people have particular qualities or abilities because they belong to a particular race,
sex, or social class. They can be positive and negative. Usually they are based on half-
truths. Positive examples of stereotyping are: Japanese people are good in
mathematical sciences; French are the gods in the kitchen. Negative: Russians–
Mafia–Vodka–Prostitution –Cold winter; the Arabs are terrorists. Prejudice can be
defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you
in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc. For instance, talking
about Indian people in Arabic countries, it can be affirmed that Indians do get less
salary than other nationalities. The reason for this is that Middle Eastern people are
sure that the Indian race does not deserve something more, because it is Indian
Challenges of Intercultural Communication

Any moment that we‘re dealing with people different from ourselves, the likelihood is
that they carry a similar list of hopes and fears in their back pocket. Culture" is often at
the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems,
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and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we
are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together. Our culture
influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in
communities.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences
1. Different Decision Making Styles. The roles individuals play in decision-making vary
widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently
delegated. In many Southern European and Latin American countries, there is a
strong value placed on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself. Be aware that
individuals' expectations about their own roles in shaping a decision may be
influenced by their cultural frame.
2. Different Attitudes towards Disclosure. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be

frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or
about personal information. Variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is
also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of
the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working.
3. Different Approaches to Knowing. Notable differences occur among cultural groups

when it comes to the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to
consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and
measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to
African cultures preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery
and rhythm. These different approaches to knowing could affect ways of analyzing a
community problem or finding ways to resolve it. Some members of your group may
want to do library research to understand a shared problem better and identify
possible solutions. Others may prefer to visit places and people who have experienced
challenges like the ones you are facing, and get a feeling for what has worked
elsewhere. These are ways in which cultures, as a whole, tend to vary from one
another.
4. Different Communication Styles. The way people communicate varies widely between,
and even within, cultures. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in
different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the
meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many
shades in between.
5. Different Attitudes toward Conflict. Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing,
while others view it as something to be avoided in many Eastern countries, open
conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best
worked out quietly.
6. Different Approaches toward Completing Tasks. From culture to culture, there are
different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Asian and Hispanic cultures
tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared
project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with
European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately on the task at
hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that
people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to
accomplishing the task, or value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue
them differently.
Respecting Our Differences and Working Together

An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it
means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not faultfinding or damaging.
We can learn to collaborate across cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Being
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aware of cultural differences doesn‘t have to divide us but should instead help us
communicate with each other more effectively. Communicating with people who are
different from us, gives us hope and energizes us to take on the challenge of improving
our communities and world as a whole.
Guidelines for Multi-Cultural Collaboration

As we set to work on multicultural collaboration in our communities, we should keep
the following guidelines in mind:
• Learn from generalizations about other cultures, but don't use those generalizations
to stereotype, or oversimplify your ideas about another person.
• Don‘t assume that there‘s only one write way (yours) to communicate.
• Listen actively and empathetically.
• Respect other‘s choices about whether they would like to engage in communication
with you.
• Suspend judgment and try and look at the situation as an outsider.
• Develop an understanding from the other person‘s point of view.
• Be aware of current power imbalances
Synthesis
 Intercultural communication (or cross-cultural communication) - is a discipline

that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how
culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social
context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from
different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around
them.
 There are two functions of intercultural communication: private functions

(express social identity, the social integration, and to the knowledge) and social
functions (Supervision, Connection between Culture, Value Socialization, and
Entertainment).
Barriers to Intercultural Communication

1. Anxiety - when you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to
do, it is only natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the
communication transaction.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a home
manner in the different culture it might cause a lot of problems
3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or negatively judging aspects of another culture by
the standards of one‘s own culture.
4. Language Problems - according to Jandt (2000) the definition of language is the set
of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences.
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as another barrier to communication, it can be stated
that in a conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal
symbols without sharing the same nonverbal codes.
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both of them are to make a judgment about individuals
according to group membership.
 Stereotypes are the perceptions about that certain people have particular qualities
or abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class.
 Prejudice can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are
different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences:

• Different Decision Making Styles. The roles individuals play in decision-making vary
widely from culture to culture.
• Different Attitudes towards Disclosure. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be
DIFFUN CAMPUS

frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding,
or about personal information.
• Different Approaches to Knowing. Notable differences occur among cultural groups
when it comes to the ways people come to know things.
• Different Communication Styles. The way people communicate varies widely
between, and even within, cultures. Across cultures, some words and phrases are
used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English
language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so,"
with many shades in between.
• Different Attitudes toward Conflict. Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing,
while others view it as something to be avoided.
• Different Approaches toward Completing Tasks. From culture to culture, there are
different ways that people move toward completing tasks
TASK : Conduct an informal research on different intercultural modes of communication.
Target respondents: 10 (Minimum)

• Parents, relatives, or acquaintances working abroad
• Friends, classmates, relatives living or who have lived for at least a year
in another country
• Transnational students/tourists
Interview questions (Minimum)

1. Where, when, and how did you gain experience on intercultural communication?
2. Have you experienced any problem communicating with other nationalities (cultures)?
Can you tell us more about it?
3. Have you noticed any differences with how other nationalities communicate with other
people? Please describe the differences in detail.
4. For transnational students or tourists, how are your communication practices different
from Filipinos? Please describe the differences in detail.
5. What pointers can you give to help us improve intercultural competence or at least
improve intercultural awareness?
Data collection
Interviews must either be audio or video recorded. At the start of the interview, inform the
interviewee of anonymity and confidentiality. Confirm also his/her willingness to
participate in your study.
Since face-to-face interview is not possible, online video interviews or emails should be
done with proper documentation.
Data analysis and presentation

The results of your interview should be summarized in a PowerPoint
presentation where video clips of the interview or verbal extracts are presented in the
slides. Feel free to organize your report in the best possible way you can.

+ Useful and informative content = 30
+ New insights provided by research = 30
+ Clear and interesting data presentation = 20
+ Task achievement = 20_______
Total 50 pts.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
A. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and if False, underline the
word/s that make it incorrect. Write the correct answer in the space provided before the
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number.
1. Ethnocentrism is a discipline that studies communication across
different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity is barrier of intercultural
communication wherein people are acting in a home manner in the different culture it
might cause a lot of problems. In order to prepare yourself for various circumstances it is
very important to assume laws, habits, and attitudes of another society
3. Social functions are functions that indicated communication through the
communication behavior originating from an individual.
4. Language Problems is a function of intercultural communication which is
the set of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences
(Jandt, 2000).
5. Different Attitudes toward Conflict is one of the Fundamental Patterns of
Cultural Differences where some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others
view it as something to be avoided in many Eastern countries, open conflict is
experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out
quietly.
6. Language Problems is one of the Fundamental Patterns of Cultural
Differences wherein the way people communicate varies widely between, and even within,
cultures. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For
example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies
from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between.
7. Supervision is a private function of intercultural communication which
practice intercultural communication between different communicators and
communicant cul ture of mutual monitoring functions. In any process of intercultural
communication function is useful to inform the "development" of the environment.
8. Functions of Intercultural Communication are classified into two,
namely; private and social functions.
9. Intercultural communication describes the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context
made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational
backgrounds.
10. To express social identity is a private function of intercultural
communication which is often interpersonal and intercultural communication increase
knowledge together, to learn the culture of each.
B. Identification. Identify what is asked. Write the answer on the space provided before
the number.
1. Private function of intercultural communication wherein the core
concept of social integration is to accept the unity between individuals, between groups
but still recognizes the differences of every element. It should be understood that one of
the goals of communication is to give the same meaning for the message shared between
the communicator and the communicant.
2. A social function wherein the process of intercultural communication,
the communication function is carried out between two people of different cultures was a
bridge over the differences between them. The bridging functions can be controlled via
messages they exchanged, the two are explaining the differences of interpretation on a
message that produces the same meaning.
3. As another barrier to communication, it can be stated that in a
conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal symbols without
sharing the same nonverbal codes. There are more than a few types of nonverbal
interaction: proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, olfactics, clothing
appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of them are very different in every culture. As an
example, in a society where people don‘t kiss when they great each other, a kissing
person might be judged as a vulgar and without manners.
4. It happens when people are acting in a home manner in the different
culture it might cause a lot of problems. In order to prepare yourself for various
DIFFUN CAMPUS

circumstances it is very important to assume laws, habits, and attitudes of another
society.
5. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about
the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information.
Variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider
before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and
goals of the people with whom you are working.
6. A fundamental pattern of cultural differences wherein from culture to
culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks.
7. Are the perceptions about that certain people have particular qualities or
abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class?
8. Can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are
different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc.
9. It is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures
and social groups, or how culture affects communication
10. Also called as cross cultural communication.
REFERENCES
Mudrunio, M. and Martin, I. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in

multilingual contexts. Manila: E & E Publishing, Inc.
Uychoco, M. and Santos, M. (2018). Communication for Society: Purposive communication.

1st Ed. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore.

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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

NAME: MISCY JANE P. MANAOIS

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE

LEAH GRACE R. BAGUILAT

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

1. define and identify elements of interpersonal communication, culture, cultural

The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

Increased Business Opportunities

Fewer Cultural Barriers

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Creation of a Global Village

Why do we need to study this?

 Some effects of globalization to global communication are having or increased

 Cultural barriers - when people of different cultures are unable to understand

Task: Infographics about Globalization

Prepare an infographic about globalization. The following information should be found in

Your presentation will be graded based on the following

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Directions: Encircle the correct answer.

2. How does globalization contributes to cultural, economic, and political partnerships

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific

values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.

The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Multicultural education refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates

The study of global communication is an interdisciplinary field focusing on global

COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across

CULTURES CO- CULTURES

-A culture is the system of knowledge,- Within a culture as a whole are co-

Table 2. Cultures and Co-Cultures

BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the culture in your home/place/province? Give at least 5 and explain.

CRITERIA / SCALE 3- Exceeds 2- Meets 1- Needs 0- Inadequate

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Directions: Encircle the correct answer.

3. It refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.

4. It is the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:

However, we have different approach in language register when it comes to face-to-

CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

3. Distance - having a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN:

THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE REGISTER IN WRITING

FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER is appropriate for professional writing and letters to a

INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER is conversational and appropriate when writing to

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

Register is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.

Varieties of the Philippines

Spoken Language is a language produced by articulate sounds, an oral language is a

College of Agriculture Forestry and Engineering

GUIDE QUESTIONS IN MEDIA TEXT