Target 140+ part 2 Lecture 33

Radiation Pill
− Potacciom Iodide
− They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subsequent
concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.

Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power plant: Ukraine

• Recently, Russian forces seized the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Powerplant, the largest nuclear
power plant in Europe.
• It is located on the banks of the Dnieper river, 200 kilometers from the conflicted Donbas
region.

Q. What is a cyclotron?
Ans: A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses a magnetic field to accelerate
charged particles.

Medical isotope production: Cyclotrons can be used to produce radioactive isotopes,

such as fluorine-18, which are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment.
Nuclear physics research: Cyclotrons can produce beams of particles with high energies,
which can be used to study the properties of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.

Materials science research: Cyclotrons can be used to produce thin films and
nanoparticles.

Industrial applications: Cyclotrons can be used in radiation processing and sterilization.

Fluorine-18: used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to diagnose and stage
cancer, as well as to assess brain function.

Technetium-99m: used in nuclear medicine imaging to evaluate organ function, blood flow,
and bone health.

Iodine-131: used in nuclear medicine imaging and therapy for thyroid cancer.

Strontium-89: used in radiation therapy to treat bone pain from cancer that has spread to
the bones.

Yttrium-90: used in radiation therapy to treat liver cancer and some types of lymphoma.
Small modular reactors
• Small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors that have a power capacity
of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third of the generating capacity of
traditional nuclear power reactors.

Microreactors
• Microreactors are small modular nuclear power plants that have a capacity of fewer than
10 megawatts (MW
Lawson criterion
• The Lawson criterion is a criterion used to evaluate the performance of a nuclear fusion
reaction.
• It was introduced by John D. Lawson in 1955.
• It is a measure of the conditions necessary for a fusion reaction to produce more energy
than it consumes.

• It aims to build the world's largest tokamak to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-
scale and carbon-free source of energy.

KSTAR 'Artificial Sun' Of Korea

• It is a superconducting fusion device, known as the Korea Superconducting Tokamak
Advanced Research (KSTAR).
• KSTAR is built to recreate the sun's fusion reactions on Earth.
• The KSTAR Research Center at the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE), succeeded in the
continuous operation of plasma for 20 seconds with an ion- temperature higher than 100
million degrees Celsius, in collaboration with:
• The duration is a new world record.
Uranium -
It is a naturally occurring Radioactive material.

It is not a rare element, it is more abundant than Gold, Silver or Mercury.

World's Largest Uranium Reserves -

1. Australia (28% of World Uranium)
2. Kazakhstan (15% of World Uranium)
3. Canada (9% of World Uranium) 4. Russia (8% of World Uranium)
4. Namibia (7% of the World Uranium)
World's Largest Uranium Mining -
1. Kazakhstan (45% of World Supply)
2. Namibia (12% of World Supply)
3. Canada (10% of World Supply)

Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL)

• Centrally Owned Public Sector Unit under Department of Atomic Energy responsible for
uranium mining and processing.
• Founded in 1967.
• HQ= Singhabhum

Jadugora, Jharkhand
Bhatin, Jharkhand
Narwapahar, Jharkhand
Turamdih, Jharkhand
Banduhurang, Jharkhand
Tummalapalle, Andhra Pradesh

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is an Indian public sector undertaking
based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

It is wholly owned by the Government of India and is responsible for the generation of
electricity from nuclear power.

NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen and Heavy Water (D2O) contains two atoms of
Deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen. This is also known as Deuterium Oxide.

Deuterium is double the mass of hydrogen due to presence of an extra neutron in its nucleus.

Heavy water board

Heavy Water Board (HWB) a constituent unit of Industries and Minerals Sector under
Department of Atomic Energy, carries the mandate of supporting the Three stage Indian
Nuclear Power Program by production of Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) & specialty
materials like Enriched Boron, Nuclear grade sodium, Nuclear solvents for front end and back
end fuel cycle, etc.
Regulations of monazite soil in India
• Monazite soil contains thorium which is a prescribed substance to be handled by the
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) comes under Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection)
Rules 2004.
• Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is the only body permitted to produce and process
monazite and regulate domestic use and export.
• Monazite is defined as a "prescribed substance" under the Atomic Energy Act. Under the
law, a license is required for its export.
Groundwater yearbook 2021-2022" was released on the state of groundwater released by
the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).