Q: What is a cyclotron?

A: A cyclotron is a type of particle

accelerator that uses a magnetic field to
accelerate charged particles.
Medical isotope production: Cyclotrons can be used to produce
radioactive isotopes, such as fluorine-18, which are used in
medical imaging and cancer treatment.

Nuclear physics research: Cyclotrons can produce beams of

particles with high energies, which can be used to study the
properties of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.

Materials science research: Cyclotrons can be used to produce

thin films and nanoparticles.

Industrial applications: Cyclotrons can be used in radiation

processing and sterilization.
 0
Fluorine-18: used in positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging to diagnose and stage cancer, as well as to assess brain
function.

Technetium-99m: used in nuclear medicine imaging to evaluate

organ function, blood flow, and bone health.

Iodine-131: used in nuclear medicine imaging and therapy for

thyroid cancer.

Strontium-89: used in radiation therapy to treat bone pain from

cancer that has spread to the bones.

Yttrium-90: used in radiation therapy to treat liver cancer and

some types of lymphoma.
Cyc
 Radiation Pill

Potassion Iodide

* They contain non-radioactive iodine and can

help block absorption, and subsequent
concentration, of radioactive iodine in the
thyroid gland.
*
Radiation pills, also known as potassium
iodide (KI) tablets, are a type of
medication that can help protect the
thyroid gland from the harmful effects of
radioactive iodine in the event of a nuclear
radiation emergency.
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power plant: Ukraine

● Recently, Russian forces seized the Zaporizhzhia

Nuclear Powerplant, the largest nuclear power plant in
Europe.

● It is located on the banks of the Dnieper river, 200

kilometers from the conflicted Donbas region.
⑧
 Nuclear Power
-

reactors 2050
20
·
new
by
15000MA
is
Kakeapal Gugrati
Haryana
Gorakhpur
·

2)
Karnataka
↳ Kaiga,
MP
Chatka,
4)
Mahi Bansware, Ray
3)
 TN
si Kalkapan
fash Becade
Prototype
reactor

I Kudan kulam
 Small modular reactors

• Small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear

reactors that have a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e)
per unit, which is about one-third of the generating
capacity of traditional nuclear power reactors.

Microreactors

• Microreactors are small modular nuclear power plants

that have a capacity of fewer than 10 megawatts (MW).
 1. Generation of Energy
-
I

FUSION
Y

FISSION (in sunn stars)

in+3U-> (U) + mass iH+ 3 He High Temp,He+ iH+ Energy
converted to
Acc. to Einstein
E MC2
=

energy
Fussion
H

1 ↑P
⑧
It

⑳
=>
IP HN
I

I
Lawson criterion

● The Lawson criterion is a criterion used to

evaluate the performance of a nuclear fusion
reaction.

● It was introduced by John D. Lawson in 1955.

● It is a measure of the conditions necessary for a

fusion reaction to produce more energy than it
consumes.
 Ge
00
⑳
-

↳
Fussion
Energy Breakthrough

·
USA facility

· laser Beam concentrated

I heat

·
used for fussion
2) ITER

· International iN
experien
mach

· France

⑧ It aims to build the world's largest tokamak to prove the

feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free
source of energy.
 this
·
Inca is
part of
project
KSTAR ‘Artificial Sun’ Of Korea

● It is a superconducting fusion device, known as the Korea Superconducting

Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR).

● KSTAR is built to recreate the sun’s fusion reactions on Earth.

● The KSTAR Research Center at the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE),
succeeded in the continuous operation of plasma for 20 seconds with an ion-
temperature higher than 100 million degrees Celsius, in collaboration with:

● The duration is a new world record.

 E

r1

knypton
⑪ metal
4
Uranium-v
->

-10.77
used
in
as fuel
Earth)
M. imp.radioactive element:
radioactivity

⑭
· ->
more
↳
-238(99.3%)
Isotopes:same atomic no, diff" atomic mass no.

Isobars: same atomic mass, but diff"atomic no.

⑭ no of pl
t

-Allotropy: Property of some chemical elements to exist in

two or more differentforms.
e.g. Carbon-Graphite
↳ Diamond.
⑱"it
En
⑦
Uranium -
● It is a naturally occurring Radioactive material.

● It is not a rare element, it is more abundant than Gold, Silver or Mercury.

● World's Largest Uranium Reserves -

1. Australia (28% of World Uranium)
2. Kazakhstan (15% of World Uranium)
3. Canada (9% of World Uranium)
4. Russia (8% of World Uranium)
5. Namibia (7% of the World Uranium)

● World's Largest Uranium Mining -

1. Kazakhstan (45% of World Supply)
2. Namibia (12% of World Supply)
3. Canada (10% of World Supply)
Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL)

● Centrally Owned Public Sector Unit under Department of Atomic

Energy responsible for uranium mining and processing.

● Founded in 1967.

·
MQ= Singhabhun
Jadugora, Jharkhand
Bhatin, Jharkhand
Narwapahar, Jharkhand
Turamdih, Jharkhand
Banduhurang, Jharkhand
Tummalapalle, Andhra Pradesh
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
(NPCIL) is an Indian public sector undertaking
based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

It is wholly owned by the Government of India and

is responsible for the generation of electricity from
nuclear power.

NPCIL is administered by the Department of

Atomic Energy (DAE)
3 Phased
program

TBR.
↓
2 pFIWR.
⑧ 2. FBR 3.

I
 Structure of Nuclear Reactors:

NUCLEAR REACTOR: Device used to initiate a control self

sustained nuclear chain reaction.
 CORE: contains all the nuclear fuel

e.g. Uranium.

COOLANT: tranfers heat from fuel to a

turbine.

TURBINE: transfers heat

energy from coolant
to
electricity.
MODERATOR: material in core which slows down the neutrons
released from fission,so as to cause more fission.
be
heavy water/graphite
water, but
usually may
(D20)

'

material such as
CONTROL RODS:made with neutron
absorbing
Cd, HA, B, n are inserted or withdrawn from core
to control the rate of reaction or half it.
O
O
boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium,

I
Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen
and Heavy Water (D2O) contains two atoms
of Deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen.
This is also known as Deuterium Oxide.

Deuterium is double the mass of hydrogen

due to presence of an extra neutron in its
nucleus. P
E

Mil ⑱ i

t
 water Board
Healy

Heavy Water Board (HWB) a constituent unit of Industries and

Minerals Sector under Department of Atomic Energy, carries the
mandate of supporting the Three stage Indian Nuclear Power
Program by production of Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) &
specialty materials like Enriched Boron, Nuclear grade sodium,
Nuclear solvents for front end and back end fuel cycle, etc.
 PHWR: uses heavy
water as its coolant a

neutron moderator.

Fuel used:U23:mostly
Enrichment of 12: Process in
j238
which I composition of US has
been through process of
centrifugation.
· U.S. imposed sanctions
against Iran in response to
nuclear (i.e. blocked fascilities for enrichment
program.
process).
A) pressurised heavy water Reactor

-1238 Fuel for first

n,
stage:
1235 n' 028-> P
8235
+

(Istage)
(Istage) FBR
-
W 238
-
U
-

py239 no > 0j238

H
I

CYCLEREPEATS
[
#) FastBreeder Reactor
Th232
Fuel for 2nd stage:
-

Py239 nos no+Th=) v2 Py239

fissile

(11) Thorium based reactors:

1
-

Th232 ↑
Fuel
forstage:
-

-23 no> n°+Th232-- 8233

 239
⑬ P

-B
HORIUM: me source -

while
↑

Monazite is a primarily
India has largest reserves reddish-brown phosphate
-
Andra Pradesh mineral that contains rare-
earth elements.
-

Tamil Nadu
-

Orissa
-

Kerela.

Thorium bestfuel for nuclear

energy
-

-2. less harmful mining

-
2.less half-life-> disintegrates fast.

-3.
Weapon generation from Thorium -

difficult.
Thorium based power plants less waste
-4.
generating
·
S. India has one of largest reserves.
Monazite

● Monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate mineral and one of the

beach sand minerals that contain rare earth elements like
lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, etc.

● Monazite usually occurs in small, isolated crystals or grains

that are resistant to weathering and become concentrated in soils.

● It is an important ore of thorium and hence is radioactive

● Thorium is used in third-stage of India’s nuclear power

program.
Distribution of Monazite

● Globally, the largest deposits of monazite sands were found in

India, Madagascar, and South Africa.

In India (as per AMD) :

13 million tonnes in-situ monazite (containing ~55-60% total Rare

Earth Elements oxide) resource occurring in:

(i) the coastal beach placer sands in parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and

(ii) in the inland placers in parts of Jharkhand, West Bengal and

Tamil Nadu
Regulations of monazite soil in India

● Monazite soil contains thorium which is a prescribed substance

to be handled by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) comes
under Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules 2004.

● Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is the only body permitted

to produce and process monazite and regulate domestic use and
export.

● Monazite is defined as a “prescribed substance” under the

Atomic Energy Act. Under the law, a license is required for its
export.
 Fission Reactor
Apsara-v
~upgraded
as

1. Research Reactors:

1. Apsara: I help of U.K.

set up at BARC (Bombay).
2. Dhruva: (100 MWt)- BARC.
- India'slargest
research reactor

-largest source for weapon grade

plutonium.
3. Cirus (Canadian -
Indian Reactor
Uranium
system) (BARC)

4. Kamini (Kalpakkam mini Reactor)

3. PFBR (Prototype fast breeder

reactor) -

Kalpakkam

-developed by BHAVINZ.
India is I stage, and
currently in
entering into
stage

PFBR (kalpakkam)
by BHAVINJ:Bhartiya Nabhikya Vidyut Nigam Ltd.

⑧
&
023 8
Atomic
Energy Regulatory Board (AFRB):
-
located in Mumbai
-

gives power under AEA (Atomic Energy Act) 1962.

by President of India

->
Regulates use of radioactive elements

for medical purpose

Groundwater yearbook 2021-2022” was released
on the state of groundwater released by the
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).

· 12 have
Stats 'manimus
above limits

⑱
>30ppb.
Reasons
--

-over
exploitation of Gtal

·Extreme Bicarbonate level

can be removed by
-

Reverse osmoses