Guide to Occlusal Waxing

Third Edition

Herbert T. Shillingburg, Jr, DDS

Edwin L. Wilson, Jr, BS, DDS, MEd

Jack T. Morrison, BS, DDS

Frontmatter_01 7/23/13 4:18 PM Page 1

Guide to Occlusal Waxing

Frontmatter_01 7/23/13 4:18 PM Page 3

Guide to Occlusal Waxing

Third Edition

Herbert T. Shillingburg, Jr, DDS, FACD

David Ross Boyd Professor and Chair
Department of Fixed Prosthodontics

Edwin L. Wilson, Jr, BS, DDS, MEd

Associate Professor and Chair
Department of Occlusion

Jack T. Morrison, BS, DDS

Formerly Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Fixed Prosthodontics

University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.

Chicago, Berlin, London, Tokyo, Paris, Barcelona,
São Paulo, Moscow, Prague, and Warsaw
Frontmatter_01 7/23/13 4:18 PM Page 4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shillingburg, Herbert T.
Guide to occlusal waxing / Herbert T. Shillingburg, Jr., Edwin L. Wilson, Jr., Jack T.
Morrison.--3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-86715-385-7
1. Waxing (Dentistry) 2. Occlusion (Dentistry). I. Wilson, Edwin L. II. Morrison, Jack
T. III. Title
[DNLM: 1. Denture Design--methods. 2. Dental Occlusion. 3. Tooth--anatomy &
histology. 4. Waxes. WU 500 S556g 2000]
RK658 .S47 2000
617.6’9--dc21 99-054300

© 2000 Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

4350 Chandler Drive
Hanover Park, Illinois 60133
www.quintpub.com

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in Canada
Frontmatter_01 7/23/13 4:18 PM Page 5

Contents

Preface 7

Rationale for Occlusal Waxing 9

Review of Waxing Technique 17

Coronal Form and Function 27

Maxillary Teeth 28
central incisors 28
lateral incisors 30
canines 32
first premolars 34
second premolars 36
first molars 38
second molars 40

Mandibular Teeth 42
central incisors 42
lateral incisors 44
canines 46
first premolars 48
second premolars (H form) 50
second premolars (Y form) 52
first molars 54
second molars 56

References 58

5
Frontmatter_01 7/23/13 4:18 PM Page 7
Preface
Morphology is the organized study of
natural form and structure, with no
regard for function. In the strictest sense,
therefore, this manual is not a textbook
on morphology. Instead, it is concerned
with the function and configuration of
the occluding surfaces of cast restora-
tions and with their axial contours.
Although the patterns are based on nat-
ural form, they are stylized human inter-
pretations and not exact duplications of
any specific natural teeth. Reproduction
of the occlusal features and contours
portrayed on the following pages will
produce functional restorations which
are in physiologic harmony with the soft
tissues of the mouth.
In dental morphology courses, stu-
dents of dentistry learn the form of den-
tal structures, study distinguishing char-
acteristics of the various classes of teeth,
and, in most curricula, engage in some
waxing exercises. It has been our expe-
rience, as teachers, that students in the
more advanced stages of their dental
training forget many of the details of
occlusal form and function which they
learned earlier.
Relatively complex ridge/groove pat-
terns, cusp placement, and axial con-
tours which were learned in years past
may not spring instantly to the mind of
the student when he or she is making a
wax pattern. It is our objective to provide
a ready reference for waxing in that situ-
ation. Included are groove and ridge pat-
terns, location of occlusal contacts, paths
traced by opposing incisal tables or cusp
tips in excursions, the location and size
of proximal contacts, and axial contours.
Mastery of the mental concept of the
tooth's appearance and perfection of the
skills to translate that concept into
three-dimensional reality require repeti-
tion and practice. This manual should
aid the student while he or she acquires
the experience to make the transition
from novice to expert.
A brief review of the sequence for
forming an occlusal surface by the
"wax-added" or "drop wax" technique is
included. However, the student should
have previously developed some skills
by doing exercises described in one of
the manuals on waxing.1,2,3
The illustrations on the following
pages are not the concept of any one
individual, but rather a blend of many.
Those familiar with the study of occlusal
morphology and waxing will recognize
the influence of Payne,1 Lundeen,2
Thomas,3 Zeisz and Nuckolls,4 and
Linek.5 The illustrations in this manual
are by Dr. Jack Morrison, based on
sketches by Dr. Herbert Shillingburg.
The authors would like to express
their appreciation to Dr. Lowell D.
Whitsett, Professor Emeritus and
Former Chair of the Department of
Occlusion at the University of
Oklahoma College of Dentistry, for his
helpful criticism and suggestions.
7
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

Students frequently ask the question,
“Why put all those grooves on the
occlusal surface? Why not put simple
inclined planes on a flat table?” To
answer the question, it is necessary first
to analyze the features of the occlusal
surface of the tooth. This surface is com-
prised of positive and negative features:
the cusp tips and ridges make up the
positive features, while the grooves and
fossae are the negative. The ridges,
when properly formed, are convex in all
directions, and contacts with opposing
teeth are numerous (Fig 1).
The convex surfaces of ridges produce a
distributed contact pattern with small
contacts. In this way, occlusal forces are
distributed over a wide area of the
occlusal surface, minimizing stress and
wear. Contact areas that are small and

Fig 1 There are numerous occlusal contacts (arrows) on an occlusal surface that is cor-
rectly waxed. The lingual surface of the mandibular first molar has been cut away to show
the occlusion with the maxillary first molar.

9
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

A B

Fig 2 Properly formed occlusal morphology allows for small centric contacts (A) and com-
plete disclusion in excursions (B).

A B

Fig 3 Occlusal morphology made with only inclined planes produces large contacts in cen-
tric occlusion (A) with a likelihood that there will be continued contact in excursions (B).

10
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

A B

Fig 4 Well-formed ridges and grooves will be more convex and functional (A) than will the
occlusal surface in which grooves have been carved into a flat plane (B).

bordered by marked depressions (ie,
grooves) allow for complete and rapid dis-
clusion in excursive movements (Fig 2).
On the other hand, occluding surfaces
that are flat are more likely to produce
large contact areas (Fig 3). Broad, flat
contacting areas are more likely to
remain in apposition without disclusion
when mandibular excursions occur. The
friction resulting from teeth continuing
to touch during excursions will often
cause greater wear.
Because of the reduced contact surface
area resulting from an occlusal surface
comprised of convex ridges bordered by
grooves, the restoration is more effi-
cient. Ridge against ridge produces a
shearing action that is more effective
than the pounding or crushing action
produced by flat surface against flat sur-
face. The difference is real: patients who
have restorations with flat surfaces
replaced by those with ridges and
grooves will often comment on the
reduced effort required for chewing
food.
Triangular Ridges
The most important features on an
occlusal surface are the ridges. The
seams along which the ridges meet form
the grooves and the fossae of the
occlusal surface. Many novice waxers
attempt to create occlusal morphology
by cutting V-shaped furrows into flat
inclined planes on the occlusal surface
of a wax pattern (Fig 4). The results are
rarely, if ever, satisfactory.

11
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing
A B
Fig 5 The triangular ridge is triangular (A) and is bounded by converging grooves (B) (after
Burch6).
The triangular ridge is the major ridge
or lobe of every cusp. It extends from
the cusp tip to the central groove (Fig 5
A). It is essentially triangular: narrow at
the cusp tip and wide at its base in the
central groove. The grooves to the
mesial and distal of it converge toward
the cusp tip (Fig 5B).6
When viewed in either a faciolingual
section or a mesiodistal section, the tri-
angular ridge is convex (Fig 6). If the tri-
angular ridges are placed correctly, the
correct groove pattern will occur as a
natural by-product.
12
The grooves themselves perform an
important function in occlusal restora-
tion. If they are adequate in width and
depth, and if they transverse the
occlusal surface in the proper direc-
tions, they will permit the unimpeded
passage of opposing cusps in excursive
movements. The grooves in a wax pat-
tern are refined by moving the articu-
lated casts through the various excur-
sions in order to detect any interfer-
ences which should be removed from
the walls of the grooves (ie, the sides of
the ridges.
Page 9-16_02 7/23/13 4:24 PM Page 13

Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

Fig 6 The triangular ridge is convex in faciolingual section (A) or in mesiodistal section (B)
(after Burch6).

13
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

Fig 7 An increased vertical overlap of anterior teeth allows longer posterior cusp length
(A). Decreased vertical overlap requires a decrease in posterior cusp length (B).

The Effect of Anterior Guidance determinant through restoration, equili-

The incisors and canines are the most
anterior teeth in the dental arches. They
comprise the anterior determinant of
mandibular movement and help to
guide the mandible in its excursions for-
ward (protrusive movements) and to
the left and right (lateral movements).
Dentists have direct control over this
bration, or orthodontic movement. The
other determinants of occlusion, the
temporomandibular joints and the neu-
romuscular system, are not to be dis-
counted in their effect on mandibular
movement; however, they are not
under the direct control of the dentist.
The contact of the anterior teeth in
excursions affects the movements of the

14
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Rationale for Occlusal Waxing

Fig 8 An increased horizontal overlap of anterior teeth requires a decrease in posterior

cusp length (A). Decreased horizontal overlap allows longer posterior cusp length (B).

mandible. This in turn affects cusp
placement and height, and groove direc-
tion and depth, which will be tolerable
in the posterior restoration. Restoration
of anterior teeth must be undertaken
carefully, since changes in the morpho-
logical features of these teeth can
change the anterior guidance, with pos-
sible deleterious effect on the posterior
occlusion.
The greater the vertical overlap of the
anterior teeth, the longer the posterior
cusps may be (Fig 7). Conversely, the
less the vertical overlap, the shorter the
cusps of posterior teeth must be. The
greater the horizontal overlap of the
anterior teeth, the shorter the cusps of
posterior teeth must be (Fig 8). The
cusps may be longer when the horizon-
tal overlap is small.

15
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Review of Waxing Technique
There are two wax-added techniques
for waxing the occlusal surface of a
restoration and two basic occlusal
schemes that can be formed. The first
wax-added technique was developed by
E. V. Payne.1 This same method, using a
wax of a different color for each of the
features, has been widely promulgated
by H. C. Lundeen to teach functional
waxing.2 Buccal cusps are developed
first, progressing from cones to buccal
ridges, mesial and distal cusp ridges
(axial contours), and then triangular
ridges, before starting the same
sequence on the lingual cusps. Marginal
ridges are finally added to connect the
two, and supplemental anatomy is
refined.
This technique is usually associated
with the cusp-marginal ridge occlusion
scheme in which the functional cusp con-
tacts the opposing occlusal surfaces on
the marginal ridges of the opposing pair
of teeth, or in a fossa (Fig 9). It is basical-
ly a one-tooth-to-two-teeth arrange-
ment. Because the majority of natural
dentitions have this type of occlusion, it is
commonly used for the single restora-
tions and limited occlusal restorations
most frequently seen in daily practice.
The other wax-added technique is the
invention of P. K. Thomas.3 All cusp
cones are positioned initially, starting
with the functional cusps (maxillary lin-
gual and mandibular buccal). Marginal
ridges and cusp ridges are added next,
followed by axial ridges. The full axial
contours are finished, providing a bor-
der around the entire occlusal table
called the “fish’s mouth.” Triangular
ridges are then added, and any voids are
filled in to complete the occlusal surface.
This method is most often associated
with the cusp-fossa relation in which
each functional cusp is nestled into the
occlusal fossa of the opposing tooth (Fig
10). It is a tooth-to-tooth arrangement
that gives excellent distribution of
occlusal forces and stability to the teeth.
Because it varies from the scheme usu-
ally found in a natural occlusion, it can
be used only when restoring several
contiguous teeth and the teeth opposing
them.
The Payne/Lundeen technique is com-
monly associated with the cusp-margin-
al ridge occlusion; the Thomas tech-
nique, with the cusp-fossa occlusion. It
should be borne in mind, however, that
the method and the occlusal arrange-
ment are not inseparable. Although the
Thomas technique was meant for the
cusp-fossa scheme, it can be used for
developing a cusp-marginal ridge
occlusal relationship simply by altering
cusp placement.
17
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Review of Waxing Technique

Mandibular Cusp Placement for Cusp-Marginal Ridge Occlusion

Mandibular Contacts on Opposing

Buccal Cusps Maxillary Occlusal Surfaces

1. First Premolar Mesial marginal ridge of the

first premolar

2. Second Premolar Distal marginal ridge of the

1 first premolar and the mesial
marginal ridge of the second
2 premolar

3 3. First Molar, Distal marginal ridge of the

Mesiobuccal Cusp second premolar and the
4 mesial marginal ridge of the
5 first molar
6 4. First Molar, Central fossa of the first
Distobuccal Cusp molar
First Molar, Distal Cusp Usually nonfunctional

5. Second Molar, Distal marginal ridge of the

Mesiobuccal Cusp first molar and the mesial mar-
ginal ridge of the second
molar

6. Second Molar, Central fossa of the second

Distobuccal Cusp molar

6
5

4
3
2

Fig 9a

18
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Review of Waxing Technique

Maxillary Cusp Placement for Cusp-Marginal Ridge Occlusion

Maxillary Contacts on Opposing Lingual

Cusps Mandibular Occlusal Surfaces

1. First Premolar Distal fossa of the first

premolar

2. Second Premolar Distal fossa of the second

premolar
1
3. First Molar, Central fossa of the first
Mesiolingual Cusp molar
2
4. First Molar, Distal marginal ridge of the
Distolingual Cusp first molar and the mesial 3
marginal ridge of the second
molar 4

5. Second Molar, Central fossa of the second 5

Mesiolingual Cusp molar 6

6. Second Molar, Distal marginal ridge of the

Distolingual Cusp second molar

6
5

Fig 9b

19
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Review of Waxing Technique

Mandibular Cusp Placement for Cusp-Fossa Occlusion

Mandibular Contacts on Opposing

Buccal Cusps Maxillary Occlusal Surfaces

1. First Premolar Mesial fossa of the first pre-

molar

2. Second Premolar Mesial fossa of the second

premolar
1
3. First Molar, Mesial fossa of the first
2 Mesiobuccal Cusp molar

3 4. First Molar, Central fossa of the first

Distobuccal Cusp molar
4
5 5. First Molar, Distal Cusp Distal fossa of the first molar
6
6. Second Molar, Mesial fossa of the second
7
Mesiobuccal Cusp molar

7. Second Molar, Central fossa of the second

Distobuccal Cusp molar
Second Molar, Usually nonfunctional
Distal Cusp

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Fig 10a

20
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Review of Waxing Technique

Maxillary Cusp Placement for Cusp-Fossa Occlusion

Maxillary Lingual Contacts on Opposing

Cusps Mandibular Occlusal Surfaces

1. First Premolar Distal fossa of the first

premolar

2. Second Premolar Distal fossa of the second

premolar

3. First Molar, Central fossa of the first 1

Mesiolingual Cusp molar
2
4. First Molar, Distal fossa of the first molar
Distolingual Cusp 3
5. Second Molar, Central fossa of the second 4
Mesiolingual Cusp molar 5
6. Second Molar, Distal fossa of the second 6
Distolingual Cusp molar

1
2

3
4

Fig 10b

21
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Review of Waxing Technique

Fig 11 Cones (yellow) are placed for all cusps with a PKT No. 1. Functional cusps are locat-
ed first.

Fig 12 Form the marginal ridges and cusp ridges (blue) with a PKT No. 1.

A brief review of waxing is presented
here to expedite student progress
through a wax pattern. A more detailed
presentation of all aspects of fabricating
wax patterns can be found elsewhere.7
The functional cusps (lingual of the
maxillary and buccal of the mandibular)
are located first, using a PKT No. 1. They
should be positioned so they will contact
the appropriate fossa or marginal ridge
of the opposing tooth. Next, the non-
functional cusps are placed (Fig 11). On
the maxillary teeth, the nonfunctional
cusps should be short enough to miss

22
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Fig 13 Axial ridges (red) are placed over the cusps with a PKT No. 1.
contacting the buccal cusps of the
mandibular teeth during excursions. On
the mandibular teeth, the lingual cusps
should be slightly shorter than the buc-
cal. The lingual cusps of mandibular
molars should also be placed as far to
the lingual and as far from each other as
possible.
The marginal ridges and cups ridges
(both mesial and distal) are added next,
using a PKT No. 1 (Fig 12). The highest
points on the occlusal surfaces are the
tips of the cusp cones. The marginal
ridges should never be higher than the
cusps. The cusp tips and the edges of
the marginal ridge should be as sharp
as possible. The buccolingual dimen-
sion of each occlusal table formed by
the ridges should be approximately
55% of the overall buccolingual
dimension of the respective tooth. The
Review of Waxing Technique
occlusal surface is dusted with zinc
stearate and the articulated casts are
moved through the various excursions.
The pathways which would normally
be followed by the cusps of the respec-
tive opposing teeth are shown in the
illustrations of the individual teeth
(pages 28 to 57).
The maxillary lingual ridges or
mandibular buccal ridges are then
waxed in to provide the silhouette of the
final contour of the respective axial sur-
face (Fig 13). Next, use the PKT No. 1 to
fill in any voids or discrepancies
between the crests of the cusp ridges
and the facial or lingual axial contours.
Smooth the axial surfaces with a PKT
No. 4 to complete the “fish’s mouth,” so
named because of the appearance of the
cusp and marginal ridges at this point
(Fig 14).
23
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Review of Waxing Technique

Fig 14 Finish filling in the axial contours (green) and smooth them with a PKT No. 4.

Fig 15 Use a PKT No. 1 to make the triangular ridges (red).

Build up the triangular ridge for each
of the cusps with the PKT No. 1 (Fig 15).
The line along which the bases of these
ridges meet will be the central groove of
the occlusal surface. Remember! The
bases must be broader than the apex at
the cusp tip. The ridges should be con-
vex both buccolingually and mesiodis-
tally to provide point contacts with the
opposing cusps. Check the occlusion in
the intercuspal position, and in excur-
sions as well.

24
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Review of Waxing Technique

Fig 16 The ridges are rounded and finished with a PKT No.5.

Fig 17 Smooth the grooves and fossae with a PKT No. 3.

All voids remaining on the occlusal
surface are eliminated with a PKT No. 2.
Supplemental anatomy is formed by the
junction between the triangular ridge
and the adjacent cusp or marginal
ridges. The PKT No. 5 is used to refine
the ridges (Fig 16). Developmental and
supplemental grooves are smoothed
with a PKT No. 3 (Fig 17). Dust the wax
patterns with zinc stearate and check
the occlusal contacts in the intercuspal
and excursive positions.

25
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 27
Coronal Form and Function
In the following section, an individual
page is devoted to each of the teeth,
both right and left, with the exception of
the third molars. There are six views of
the crown of each posterior tooth:
occlusal view with proximal contacts,
occlusal contacts, geometric inclined
planes of the occlusal surface, the path-
ways of the opposing cusp tips during
excursive movements, a facial view with
proximal contacts, and a proximal sil-
houette.
Pages dealing with maxillary canines
and incisors include an incisal view with
proximal contacts, a lingual view, the
excursive pathways of opposing incisal
tables, a facial view with proximal con-
tacts, and a proximal silhouette. Four of
the same views are shown for the
mandibular anterior teeth, with the
deletion of the opposing incisal table
excursions which do not occur on
mandibular incisors and canines.
The centric contacts and the cusp loca-
tions shown are for the cusp-marginal
ridge occlusal arrangement, since it is
the type most commonly encountered.
Primary contacts are shown in red, and
secondary contacts are in yellow.
Primary contacts are those which are
most easily obtained, or those which are
most desirable. With the exception of
the maxillary first premolar, the prima-
ry contacts are cusp-fossa sets. Ideally,
every occlusal surface waxed would
demonstrate all of the contacts, primary
and secondary, which should be found
on that particular type of tooth. The fact
is that this occurs very rarely in the fab-
rication of single restorations.
The practical solution is to obtain as
many contacts as possible, with wide
distribution over the occlusal surface to
provide maximum stability. Cusps
should have tripod contacts when possi-
ble, and single contacts on sloping sur-
faces should be avoided, since they may
cause deflections. Marginal ridges some-
times will not provide good sites for con-
tacts. The opposing cusps may be too
short, necessitating a heightened mar-
ginal ridge that might be an obstruction
in excursions. There should be at least
one set of contacts on molar clinical wax
patterns. When only the minimum
number of contacts can be obtained,
every effort should be made to utilize at
least one cusp-fossa contact set.
The locations of opposing cusps are
represented in the illustrations of poste-
rior teeth by spheres, with arrows
depicting the pathways traveled by the
cusps in excursions. The course followed
in a working excursion is blue, with pro-
trusive shown in yellow, and nonwork-
ing in red.
27
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 28

Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left Central Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

28
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 29

Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right Central Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

29
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 30

Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left Lateral Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

30
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 31

Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

31
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left Canine

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

32
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right Canine

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Excursive pathways of opposing incisal tables

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

33
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left First Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

34
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right First Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

35
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left Second Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

36
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right Second Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

37
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left First Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

38
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right First Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

39
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Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Left Second Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

40
Pages 27-41_04 7/23/13 4:30 PM Page 41

Maxillary Teeth

Maxillary Right Second Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

41
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 42

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Central Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

42
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 43

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Central Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

43
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 44

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Lateral Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

44
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 45

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Lateral Incisor

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

45
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 46

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Canine

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

46
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 47

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Canine

Incisal view and proximal contacts Lingual view

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

47
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 48

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left First Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

48
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 49

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right First Premolar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

49
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 50

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Second Premolar, HForm

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

50
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 51

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Second Premolar, HForm

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

51
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 52

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Second Premolar, YForm

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

52
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 53

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Second Premolar, YForm

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusp

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

53
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 54

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left First Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

54
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 55

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right First Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

55
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 56

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Left Second Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

Protrusive Working Nonworking

56
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 57

Mandibular Teeth

Mandibular Right Second Molar

Occlusal view and proximal contacts Occlusal contacts

Inclined planes Excursive pathways of opposing cusps

Facial view and proximal contacts Proximal view

• Primary • Secondary

57
Pages 42-58_05 7/23/13 4:32 PM Page 58

References

1. Huffman RW. Part six, occlusal morpholo-
gy. In: Guichet NF. Procedures for Occlusal
Treatment—A Teaching Atlas. Anaheim:
Denar, 1968:98.
2. Lundeen HC. Introduction to Occlusal
Anatomy. Lexington, 1969.
3. Thomas PK. Syllabus on Full Mouth
Waxing Technique for Rehabilitation. San
Diego: Instant Printing Service, 1967.
4. Zeisz RC, Nuckolls J. Dental Anatomy. St.
Louis: Mosby, 1949.
5. Linek HA. Tooth Carving Manual.
Pasadena: Wood and Jones, 1949.
6. Burch JG. Introduction to Coronal Tooth
Contour. Worthington, Ohio, 1975.
7. Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD,
Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentals of
Fixed Prosthodontics, ed 3. Chicago:
Quintessence, 1997.

58