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𝑒 1 𝑝
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐒·𝐋 , 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑗𝑚
8𝜋𝜖 𝑚 𝑐 𝑟 8𝑚 𝑐
𝑒𝐵
𝐻 𝐻 𝐿 2𝑆 not diagonal in 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑗𝑚
2𝑚
1
1
3/15/2024
⟹ 𝑗𝑚 𝐿 𝑗𝑚 𝑗𝑚 𝐽 𝑗𝑚 𝑚ℏ
𝑒ℏ
⟹𝐸 𝑔 𝐵 𝑚 𝑠 ,𝑗 𝑙
2𝑚
𝑙 1⟹𝑔 1
𝑔 1
3
𝐸 𝐸 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚 𝐻 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚
𝑒𝐵 𝑒ℏ
𝐸 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚 𝐿 2𝑆 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚 𝐸 𝐵 𝑚 2𝑚
2𝑚 2𝑚
degenerate in 𝑙 and 𝑠
𝑝 𝑒 1 𝑝
𝐻 𝐻 𝝁 ·𝐁 𝐒·𝐋
8𝑚 𝑐 8𝜋𝜖 𝑚 𝑐 𝑟 8𝑚 𝑐
• Energy correction (𝐻 is still diagonal in each 𝑙 subspace):
1 𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚 𝐻 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑚 𝑚 𝛼 𝑚𝑐
2 𝑛 𝑙 𝑙 1/2 𝑙 1
⟹ 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝛼 𝐸 independent of 𝐵
4
2
3/15/2024
𝑎 2𝑏 0 0 0 0 0 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
,
0 𝑎 0 0 0 𝟑 𝟏
,
𝟐 𝟐
0 0 𝑎 0 0 𝟑
,
𝟏
𝐻 ⟶ 0 0
𝟐 𝟐
0 𝑎 2𝑏 0 0 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
,
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
0 0 5𝑎 0 ,
0 𝟐 𝟐
0 0 5𝑎
𝟏
,
𝟏
0 0 𝟐 𝟐
ℏ
𝑎 𝛼 𝑚𝑐 𝑏 𝐵
5
Spin‐Spin Coupling
𝑔 𝑒
• Dipole moment of proton: 𝝁 𝐒 , 𝑔 5.6
2𝑚
𝐻 𝝁 ·𝐁
𝐁 𝜇 𝑔 𝑒 3 𝐒 · 𝑟̂ 𝐒 · 𝑟̂ 𝐒 ·𝐒 𝐒 ·𝐒 𝛿 𝐫
𝝁 𝑒 𝑚 𝑚 8𝜋𝑟 3
𝑣
𝑒
𝑒 𝝁 𝐒 • Good states: 𝐒 𝐒 𝐒
𝑚
• Energy correction in the ground state 𝑛 1 :
𝜇 𝑔 𝑒
𝐸 𝐒 ·𝐒 hyperfine structure
3𝜋𝑚 𝑚 𝑎
1
𝐒 ·𝐒 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
2
ℏ𝟐 ⁄4 , triplet state 𝑆 1
3ℏ𝟐 /4, singlet state 𝑆 0
λ 21 cm H atom 6