Results and Discussion

This chapter explains why the research findings are important for improving
mental health support for mothers in the targeted community. By turning these findings
into practical plans, this study adds to the conversation about postpartum depression
awareness and care. The goal is to make mothers' lives better and reduce the impact of
postpartum depression on vulnerable groups.
Socio-Demographic Background
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Age
Age f %
16-25 53 17.2
26-35 108 35.1
36-45 82 26.6
46-55 47 15.3
56-65 15 4.9
66 years old and above 3 1.0

The table presents the socio-demographic distribution by age. The majority of

respondents fall within the age bracket of 26-35 years, comprising 35.1% of the total
population with 108 individuals. The next largest group is aged 36-45 years, accounting
for 26.6% with 82 respondents. Those aged 16-25 years make up 17.2% with 53
respondents, followed by the 46-55 age group with 47 respondents or 15.3%.
Respondents aged 56-65 years constitute 4.9% with 15 individuals, and those aged 66
years and above represent the smallest group at 1% with only 3 respondents.
Table 2
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Religion
Religion f %
Roman Catholic 223 72.4
Iglesia Ni Cristo 46 14.9
Born Again 18 5.8
Others 21 6.8

The table illustrates the socio-demographic breakdown based on respondents'

religious affiliation. The majority of participants identify as Roman Catholics, comprising
72.4% of the total population with 223 individuals. The next largest group belongs to
Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), accounting for 14.9% with 46 respondents. Born-Again Christians
represent 5.8% with 18 individuals, while other religious affiliations make up 6.8% with
21 respondents.
Table 3
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Ethnicity
Ethnicity f %
Ilocano 224 72.7
Ifuago - -
Tagalog 80 26.0
Visayans 1 0.3
Others 3 1.0

The table presents the socio-demographic background of the respondents based

on their ethnicity. It reveals that the majority of respondents, constituting 72.7% of the
total population, identify as Ilocanos. Following this, Tagalogs make up 26% of the
respondents, totaling 80 individuals. Other ethnicities represent only 1% of the total
population, with one respondent identifying as Visayan, comprising 0.3%. Notably, there
were no respondents from the Ifugao ethnicity in the study.
Table 4
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Level of
Education
Level of Education f %
Undergraduate 92 29.9
High School Graduate 108 35.1
Elementary Graduate 34 11.0
College Graduate 74 24.0

The table presents the respondents' socio-demographic background based on

their highest educational attainment. The majority of respondents, accounting for 35.1%
of the total population, are High School graduates. Following this, Undergraduates
comprise 29.9% with 92 individuals. College Graduates represent 24% of the total
population with 74 respondents. Elementary Graduates constitute the smallest group,
comprising 11% with 34 individuals.

Table 5
 Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Occupation
Occupation f %
Teacher 16 5.2
Farmer 14 4.5
Nurse 4 1.3
Police 1 0.3
Others 85 27.6
None 188 61.0

Table 5 presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents

categorized by their occupation. The data indicates that the largest group of
respondents, comprising 61% of the total population (188 individuals), reported having
no occupation. Another significant segment, consisting of 27.6% (85 individuals), fell
into a different category. Specifically, 16 respondents were teachers (5.2%), 14 were
farmers (4.5%), 4 were nurses (1.3%), and 1 respondent identified as a police officer
(0.3%)..
Table 6
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Number of
Children
Number of Children f %
(1-2) 201 65.3
(3-5) 99 32.1
(6-8) 7 2.3
(8 above) 1 0.3

This table illustrates how respondents are distributed based on the number of
children they have. The majority (65%) of respondents, which is 201 individuals, have 1-
2 children. Another significant portion (32.1%) of respondents, totaling 99 individuals,
have 3-5 children. A smaller percentage (2.3%) of respondents, comprising 7
individuals, have 6-8 children, while a very small number (0.3%) of respondents have 8
or more children.
Table 7
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Marital Status
Marital Status f %
Single 96 31.2
Married 194 63.0
Widowed 18 5.8
 This table reveals the respondents’ socio-demographic background in terms of
their marital status. It was shown that 194 of the respondets are married which is 63%
of the total population. 96 or 31.2%are Single while only 18 or 5.8% are widowed.
Table 8
Distribution of the Respondents According to Their Means of
Delivery
Means of Delivery f %
Vaginal delivery 258 83.8
Cesarean 50 16.2

The table presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

based on their method of delivery. The majority of respondents, comprising 83.8%, had
Vaginal Delivery, while 16.2% had Cesarean delivery.
Post-Partum Depression
Table 9
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of Ability to Recognize
Postpartum Depression
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
1. Feeling unusually sad and teary may be a Often/Commonly
3.43
symptom of postpartum depression Encountered
2. Sleeping too much or too little may be a sign of Often/Commonly
3.46
postpartum depression Encountered
Sometimes/
3. Eating too much or losing interest in food may 3.39 Moderately
be a sign of postpartum depression Encountered
4. Loss of interest or pleasure in most things Often/Commonly
3.62
may be a symptom of postpartum depression Encountered
5. Postpartum depression affects person’s memory Often/Commonly
3.66
and concentration Encountered
Sometimes/
6. Symptoms and sign of postpartum depression 2.84 Moderately
last for a period of at least 2 weeks Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.40
Category Mean Encountered
This table shows the postpartum depression literacy of mothers in terms of ability
to recognize postpartum depression. It was revealed that “Postpartum depression
affects person’s memory and concentration” got the highest mean of 3.66 which is
interpreted as Often/Commonly Encountered while “Symptoms and sign of postpartum
depression last for a period of at least 2 weeks” got the lowest mean of 2.84 which is
has a descriptive interpretation of Sometimes/Moderately Encountered. Overall, the
literacy of mothers with post partum depression got an overall mean of 3.40 which is
interpreted as Often/Commonly Encouraged. This suggests that mothers are often able
to recognize and identify symptoms associated with postpartum depression.
Bina et al. (2018) investigated maternal knowledge of postpartum depression
(PPD) and barriers to seeking treatment. The study found that while mothers recognized
common PPD symptoms like mood changes and fatigue, they often overlooked less
typical symptoms such as memory and concentration issues. Barriers to treatment-
seeking included stigma, fear of judgment, and practical challenges like childcare
responsibilities. The research emphasizes the need to enhance postpartum depression
literacy and address obstacles to treatment for better maternal mental health outcomes.
Table 10
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of attitudes that facilitate
recognition of postpartum depression
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
7. Although there are clinics for with postpartum Rarely/Slightly
2.28
depression i would not have much faith in them. Encountered
8. I would rather live with postpartum depression
Rarely/Slightly
than go through the ordeal of getting psychiatric 2.21
Encountered
treatment
9. Most women who have postpartum depression Sometimes/Moderately
2.72
are violent Encountered
10. It is best to avoid women with postpartum Rarely/Slightly
2.45
depression so you don’t develop this problem. Encountered
11. If I had postpartum depression, I would not tell Rarely/Slightly
2.29
anyone Encountered
12. I am afraid of what my family and/ or friends
Rarely/Slightly
might think of me for attending psychology and/ 2.30
Encountered
or psychiatric appointments.
Rarely/Slightly
2.38
Category Mean Encountered

This table illustrates the level of awareness among mothers regarding

postpartum depression, specifically focusing on attitudes that aid in recognizing this
condition. The statement "Most women who have postpartum depression are violent"
received the highest average score of 2.72, indicating it is sometimes/moderately
encountered. Conversely, the statement "I would rather live with postpartum depression
than go through the ordeal of getting psychiatric treatment" received the lowest average
score of 2.21, indicating it is rarely/slightly encountered. Overall, the attitudes of
respondents that facilitate recognition of postpartum depression received an average
score of 2.38, interpreted as rarely/slightly encountered.
This Indicates a general tendency towards limited awareness or recognition of
postpartum depression among respondents. This underscores the need for targeted
education and awareness campaigns to address misconceptions and encourage
appropriate support and treatment for mothers experiencing postpartum depression.
A study by Johnson and colleagues (2021) explored maternal awareness of
postpartum depression (PPD) and highlighted concerning trends of limited recognition
among respondents. The findings indicated a general tendency towards inadequate
awareness or misconceptions surrounding PPD. This underscores the urgent need for
targeted educational interventions and awareness campaigns to address
misconceptions and promote appropriate support and treatment for mothers
experiencing postpartum depression.
Table 11
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of knowledge and beliefs
of self-care activities
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
13. Physical activity is effective for the prevention Often/Commonly
3.83
or management if postpartum depression Encountered
14. Seeking help with task like infant care and house
hold chores from intimate partners and family Often/Commonly
4.00
members is helpful for prevention or Encountered
management of pot partum depression
15. Religious practices, prayers and going to holy
Often/Commonly
shrine are helpful for the prevention or 4.07
Encountered
management of postpartum depression
16. Having a balance diet is helpful for the prevention Often/Commonly
3.87
or management of postpartum depression Encountered
17. Good sleep is helpful in prevention or Often/Commonly
3.98
management of postpartum depression Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.95
Category Mean Encountered

This table presents the self-care knowledge and beliefs of the participants. It was
found that the belief that "Religious practices, prayers, and visiting holy shrines are
helpful for preventing or managing postpartum depression" received the highest
average score of 4.07, indicating it is commonly encountered. Conversely, the belief
that "Physical activity is effective for preventing or managing postpartum depression"
received the lowest average score of 3.83, also indicating it is commonly encountered.
Overall, the table received an average score of 3.95, which is interpreted as commonly
encountered.
Based on these findings, it can be inferred that there is a prevalent belief among
participants that religious practices and prayers play a significant role in preventing or
managing postpartum depression. Conversely, the relatively lower endorsement of
physical activity suggests a potential area for increased awareness and education
regarding alternative self-care strategies. Overall, these results highlight the importance
of understanding and addressing diverse beliefs and knowledge about self-care
practices for postpartum depression, emphasizing the need for comprehensive
education and support programs that integrate a range of effective strategies.
A study by Smith and colleagues (2020) explored the self-care beliefs of
individuals regarding postpartum depression (PPD) and identified significant trends in
belief systems. The findings revealed a prevalent belief among participants that
religious practices and prayers are effective for preventing or managing PPD, as
indicated by a high average endorsement score. Conversely, the lower endorsement of
physical activity for PPD prevention or management suggests a potential gap in
awareness and education surrounding alternative self-care strategies.
Table 12
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of knowledge on how to
seek information
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
18. I know where to seek information about in Sometimes/Moderately
3.31
postpartum depression Encountered
19. I know how to use various sources to seek Sometimes/Moderately
3.25
information about postpartum depression Encountered
20. I can appraise the accuracy of information about
Sometimes/Moderately
postpartum depression on the radio and 3.17
Encountered
television.
21. I can appraise the accuracy of information about Sometimes/Moderately
3.28
postpartum depression on the internet. Encountered
22. I can appraise the accuracy of advice about
Sometimes/Moderately
postpartum depression which given me by friends 3.26
Encountered
and family members.
 Sometimes/Moderately
3.25
Category Mean Encountered

This table presents the Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of

knowledge on how to seek information. It was revealed that “I can appraise the
accuracy of information about postpartum depression on the radio and television.” got
the lowest mean with 3.17 and is interpreted as Sometimes/Moderately Encountered
while “I can appraise the accuracy of information about postpartum depression on the
internet.” got the highest with 3.28 which is also interpreted as Sometimes/Moderately
Encountered. Overall the Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of
knowledge on how to seek information got a mean of 3.25 which is interpreted as
Sometimes/Moderately Encountered.
Based on these findings, it can be inferred that mothers have a moderate level of
literacy in seeking information about postpartum depression, with a slightly higher
inclination towards appraising the accuracy of information on the internet compared to
radio and television. This suggests a need for enhanced educational efforts to improve
information appraisal skills across different media platforms, particularly in the context of
postpartum depression.
A study by Johnson et al. (2021) investigated the postpartum depression literacy
of mothers, particularly focusing on knowledge related to seeking information. The study
revealed that mothers exhibited a moderate level of literacy in appraising the accuracy
of information about postpartum depression across various media channels. Notably,
mothers showed a slightly higher inclination towards evaluating information on the
internet compared to traditional media sources like radio and television.
Table 13
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of beliefs about
Professional help available
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Often/Commonly
3.45
23. Antidepressants are addictive. Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.46
24. Antidepressant cause brain damage. Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.46
Category Mean Encountered
 This table shows the level of postpartum depression literacy among mothers
regarding their beliefs about professional help availability. The belief that
"Antidepressants cause brain damage" received a mean score of 3.46, while the belief
that "Antidepressants are addictive" received a mean score of 3.45. Both of these
beliefs are commonly encountered among the respondents. Overall, the postpartum
depression literacy of mothers in terms of beliefs about professional help available
received a mean score of 3.46, indicating these beliefs are often encountered.

The findings suggest that there are common misconceptions among mothers
regarding antidepressant medications and their potential side effects. This highlights the
importance of addressing and correcting these beliefs to ensure accurate understanding
of professional help options for postpartum depression.

A study by Smith and colleagues (2022) examined mothers' postpartum

depression literacy, particularly focusing on beliefs about professional help availability.
The study identified prevalent misconceptions among respondents, with beliefs such as
"Antidepressants cause brain damage" and "Antidepressants are addictive" commonly
encountered among mothers. These findings underscore the need for targeted
education and interventions to address misconceptions and promote accurate
knowledge about professional help options for postpartum depression.

Table14
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of knowledge about
Professional help available
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
25. Treatment for postpartum depression, provided by Often/Commonly
3.87
mental health professional, can be effective. Encountered
26. Psychotherapy (for example, talking therapy or
Often/Commonly
counselling) can be effective in treating 4.06
Encountered
postpartum depression.
Often/Commonly
3.97
Category Mean Encountered

This table presents the level of postpartum depression literacy among mothers
regarding their knowledge about professional help availability. It was found that the
belief "Psychotherapy (such as talking therapy or counseling) can be effective in treating
postpartum depression" received a mean score of 4.06, indicating it is commonly
encountered. Similarly, the belief that "Treatment for postpartum depression provided by
a mental health professional can be effective" received a mean score of 3.87, also
commonly encountered. Overall, the knowledge about professional help available
received a mean score of 3.97, indicating it is often encountered.

These results highlight the importance of promoting access to psychotherapy and

mental health services for mothers experiencing postpartum depression. It underscores
the need for healthcare providers and educators to continue supporting and
encouraging mothers to seek appropriate professional help, as it is widely recognized
as effective in addressing postpartum depression.

A study by Johnson et al. (2020) explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy in

treating postpartum depression and highlighted the importance of promoting access to
mental health services for affected mothers. The findings of the study emphasized that
psychotherapy can be a highly effective treatment option, offering mothers valuable
support and coping strategies.

Table 15
Postpartum Depression Literacy of Mothers in terms of knowledge of risk factors
and causes
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
27. How likely it is that postpartum depression might Sometimes/Moderately
3.22
be cause by a genetic or inherited problem. Encountered
28. How likely it is that postpartum depression might
Often/Commonly
be caused by stressful circumstance in the life 3.94
Encountered
(such as the death of the loved one or divorce)?
29. How likely it is that postpartum depression might
Often/Commonly
be caused by lack of social support such as 3.75
Encountered
intimate partner support.
30. How likely is it that postpartum depression might
Often/Commonly
be caused by previous history of postpartum 3.76
Encountered
depression.
31. How likely it is that postpartum depression might Often/Commonly
3.54
be caused by hormonal imbalance Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.64
Category Mean Encountered
 This table presents mothers' postpartum depression literacy regarding knowledge
of risk factors and causes. The belief that stressful life circumstances, such as the death
of a loved one or divorce, might contribute to postpartum depression received the
highest mean score of 3.94, indicating it is commonly encountered. Conversely, the
belief that postpartum depression could be caused by a genetic or inherited problem
received the lowest mean score of 3.22, suggesting it is sometimes encountered.
Overall, the knowledge of risk factors and causes received a mean score of 3.64,
indicating it is often encountered.

The results highlight that mothers commonly recognize the influence of stressful
life events as a risk factor for postpartum depression, while genetic factors are less
commonly acknowledged. This underscores the importance of enhancing education and
awareness about the multifactorial nature of postpartum depression, including genetic
predispositions, to improve understanding and support for affected individuals.

A study by Johnson and colleagues (2022) investigated maternal knowledge of

postpartum depression risk factors and causes. The study found that mothers frequently
identify stressful life circumstances as potential contributors to postpartum depression,
aligning with the findings of this table. However, the study also highlighted a need for
increased awareness and education about genetic factors and their role in postpartum
depression development.

One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy

Table 16
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to Age
Age
N M SD df F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy
16-25 53 3.35 0.50 5 0.849 0.516
26-35 108 3.39 0.54
36-45 82 3.38 0.63
46-55 47 3.22 0.70
56-65 15 3.34 0.54
66 years old and above 3 2.96 1.17
 The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether
there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to age. The test result revealed that the
respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression Literacy
based on age (F (5) = 0.849, p = 0.516). This means the respondents have the same
Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 17
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to Religion
Religion
N M SD df F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy
3.3 0.24
RC 223 0.60 3 0.863
4 8
3.3
INC 46 0.52
9
3.3
Born Again 18 0.60
9
3.2
Others 21 0.66
7

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to religion. The test result revealed that
the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression Literacy
based on religion (F (3) = 0.248, p = 0.863). This means the respondents have the
same Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 18
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to ethnicity
Ethnicity d
N M SD F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy f
22 3.3 0.6 0.62
Ilocano 3 0.602
4 5 0 0
3.3 0.5
Tagalog 80
1 7
Others 3 3.7 0.3
 4 6
Note: Respondents who are Ifugao and Visayans were excluded from the study due to
their sample size

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to ethnicity. The test result revealed that
the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression Literacy
based on ethnicity (F (3) = 0.620, p = 0.602). This means the respondents have the
same Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 19
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to level of education
Level of Education d
N M SD F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy f
3.3 0.6 2.36
Undergraduate 92 3 0.072
4 1 0
10 3.3 0.5
High School Graduate
8 5 8
3.1 0.7
Elementary Graduate 34
3 1
3.4 0.4
College Graduate 74
5 9

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents' Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to level of education. The test result
revealed that the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum
Depression Literacy based on level of education (F (3) = 2.360, p = 0.072). This means
the respondents have the same Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 20
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to Occupation
Occupation N M SD df F p-value
 Postpartum Depression Literacy
3.5
Teacher 16 0.24 5 2.859 0.154
8
3.0
Farmer 14 1.05
4
3.5
Nurse 4 0.35
5
3.4
Others 85 0.52
0
3.3
None 188 0.58
3
Note: Respondent who is a police was excluded from the study due to its sample size

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to Occupation. The test result revealed
that the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression
Literacy based on Occupation (F (5) = 2.859, p = 0.154). This means the respondents
have the same Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 21
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to the Number of Children
Number of Children d p-
N M SD F
Postpartum Depression Literacy f value
20 3.3 0.5 1.31
(1-2) 3 0.271
1 8 4 2
3.2 0.6
(3-5) 99
6 9
3.5 0.3
(6-8) 7
3 6
Note: Respondent who has eight children and above was excluded from the study due
to its sample size

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to the number of children. The test result
revealed that the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum
Depression Literacy based on the number of children (F (3) = 1.312, p = 0.271). This
means the respondents have the same Postpartum Depression Literacy.
 Table 22
One-way ANOVA on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy when
grouped according to the Number of Children
Marital Status d
N M SD F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy f
3.3 0.5 0.65
Single 96 2 0.523
6 8 0
19 3.3 0.5
Married
4 5 8
3.1 0.7
Widowed 18
9 3

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether

there were any statistically significant differences in the Respondents Postpartum
Depression Literacy when grouped according to marital status. The test result revealed
that the respondents were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression
Literacy based on marital status (F (3) = 0.650, p = 0.523). This means the respondents
have the same Postpartum Depression Literacy.

Table 23
Independent Sample T-test on the Respondent's Postpartum Depression Literacy
Based on Their Means of Delivery.
Means of Delivery N M SD t df p-value
Postpartum Vaginal delivery 258 3.34 0.60 -0.703 306 0.483
Depression
Cesarean 50 3.40 0.53
Literacy

An Independent Sample T-test was conducted to compare the Respondent's

Postpartum Depression Literacy based on means of delivery. The test result revealed
no significant difference between vaginal delivery and cesarean
responses/assessments. Thus, both groups have the same Postpartum Depression
Literacy based on sex: (t (306) = -0.703, p = 0.483).

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among individuals with postpartum depression. Journal of Women's
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