59

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the findings, the analysis and the interpretation of the

data gathered in the study in tabular and textual form. This study will be conducted to

find out aquaculture program and the quality of life of the beneficiaries in Davao

Occidental.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

The first research objective is focused on describing socio-demographic profile

of the beneficiaries in terms of sex, civil status, age, household size, number of years in

education, number of training attended; and number of membership to community

organization.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF SEX

Table 1.1 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Sex .

Table 1.1 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Terms Of Sex

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
SEX Frequency Percentage

Male 180 88.7

Female 23 11.3
 60

Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents are male with a frequency

of one hundred eighty (180) or 88.7% while there were only twenty-three (23) female

or 11.3% of the respondents.

A gender and age analysis is the necessary basis for making humanitarian

assistance more sensitive to gender and age. It helps humanitarian organisations to

deconstruct "the affected population" and better understand what specific needs and

capacities women, girls, boys, men and older people affected by an emergency have

and what specific threats they face. This understanding is a precondition for providing

assistance that is well targeted to the specific needs of the different groups. That is, a

gender and age analysis is the basis for a more effective humanitarian response that

creates less unintended negative effects (IASC, 2016).

Further, men often feel more at ease revealing information to men and women

to women. Needs assessment teams should include male and female members and in

most cases, preference should be given to same-sex interviews or discussions. Men,

women, children and older persons often have different perceptions of needs, priorities

and negative effects or threats. Needs assessments should try to gather the views of

members of different groups (Wells, 2015).

 61

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF CIVIL

STATUS

Table 1.2 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Civil Status.

Table 1.2 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Terms Of

Civil Status

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
CIVIL STATUS Frequency Percentage

Married 196 96.6

Single 4 2
Separated 1 0.5
Live-in 1 0.5
Widow 1 0.5

Total 203 100

The result expresses that majority of the respondents are married with a

frequency of one hundred ninety-six or 96.6%, four (4) or 2% of the respondents are

single while there are only one (1) or .5% that is separated, live-in and widow.

Women have been found to be paid less than men for similar work, are less

likely to be promoted, are often evaluated more negatively, and are seen as less

congruent with leadership roles compared with men. Social roles theory suggests that

men occupy a social role associated with earning money and financially providing for
 62

their families, whereas women occupy a social role primarily responsible for children

and home-life duties (Eagly, 2017).

Supporting social role theory, research on marital status discrimination has

found that women are perceived to be less suitable for employment after marriage,

whereas men are perceived as more suitable for employment after marriage.

Furthermore, following marriage, the performance of female employees is expected to

decline, but not for men. Because sexual orientation was not studied in this research, it

is unclear from previous research on marriage bias whether these effects are specific to

heterosexually married persons or all married persons. Additionally, it is important to

note that these studies examined simulations of employment decisions rather than

actual employment decisions (Jordan et al., 2017).

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF AGE

Table 1.3 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Age .

Table 1.3 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Terms Of

Age.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
AGE Frequency Percentage
 63

30 and below 21 10.3

31-40 39 19.2
41-50 70 34.5
51-60 48 23.6
61 and above 25 12.3

Total 203 100

The result presents that majority of the respondents are 41-50 years old while

the least of the respondents are 30 years old and below.

Relatively, aging of the population affects all aspects of the society including

health, social security, education, socio-cultural activities, family life and the labor

market. Regarding the latter, a decline in the young population of working age lowers

the labour force participation rate, leading to a rise in the proportion of retired people.

While governments in both developing and developed countries primarily focus on the

negative effects of this for socio- demographic development, they have often also

considered how such labour shortages can be mitigated by increasing the retirement

age.

Regarding care of the elderly, if fertility continues decreasing then this will

inevitably lead to a lack of care workers, both paid and unpaid, especially, for elderly
 64

people. The social and economic provision of care still creates gender dilemmas for

societies by narrowing the range of employment opportunities for women. As caring

responsibilities are in general better fulfilled by women, high demand for paid care

workers will increase women’s participation in the labor market in place of their role as

unpaid care workers in the household (Mohan, 2018).

Moreover, demographic change has become a global issue as a result of

decreasing fertility and increasing life expectancy in both developed and developing

countries. Over the coming decades, world population will age much faster, mainly

because of declining fertility. In most developed countries, fertility rates have fallen

below the replacement level,1 while a majority of countries report increasing life

expectancy (UN Population Division, 2010).

As a result, the world is witnessing a demographic aging, which can be

expressed as a higher relative proportion of older people in the total population. More

specifically, the number of people over the age of 65 is estimated to reach 1 billion by

2020 and approximately 2 billion by 2050, representing 22% of the world’s population.

The proportion of people aged 80 or over is estimated to reach 5% of the world’s

population by 2050. During this century, the percentage of older individuals (aged 65

or over) will continue to rise well into the twenty-first century. Whereas the proportion

of older individuals was 8% in 1950 and 10% in 2005, it is estimated to reach about

24% by mid-century (UN, 2017).

 65

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF

HOUSEHOLD SIZE

Table 1.4 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Household Size.

Table 1.4 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Davao

Occidental In Terms Of Household Size.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
HOUSEHOLD SIZE Frequency Percentage

5 and below 164 80.8

6 and above 39 19.2

Total 203 100

The result demonstrates that majority of the respondents have a household size

of 5 and below with a frequency of one hundred sixty four (164) or 80.8% of the

respondents while thirty nine (39) or 19.2% of the respondents have a household size

of 6 and above.
 66

The result is relative to the literature of Schubert (2008) opined that poor

households most often adopt micro-coping mechanisms, including withdrawing children

from school, children taking up informal employment and care responsibilities among

others, and these reinforce the spiral of poverty. In the process, children could become

vulnerable to violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect (Badu-Nyarko & Manful, 2011;

Jones et al., 2009).

In addition, the number of children becoming vulnerable due to poverty, as well

as orphans in Ghana continues to increase steadily as indicated by the Multiple

Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS, 2006). The survey showed that about fifteen percent of

children are not living with their biological parents and eight percent of them have one

or both parents dead.

Finally, the Ghana National HIV and AIDS report (2010) indicated that there

were about one million and four hundred thousand orphans and vulnerable children

(OVC) in 2009 and this is expected to increase to about one million and five hundred

thousand by the year 2015. These numbers present an ample concern as Lund and

Agyei-Mensah (2008) contended that the increased number is likely to become one of

Africa’s silent ticking bombs (Fields, 2016).

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF

EDUCATION

Table 1.5 5 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the

beneficiaries in Davao Occidental in terms of Education.

 67

Table 1.5 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Davao

Occidental In Terms Of Education.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
EDUCATION Frequency Percentage

Elementary 77 37.9
High school 117 57.6
College 9 4.4

Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents are high school graduate

with a frequency of one hundred seventeen (117) or 57.6% while the least are college

graduates with a frequency count of nine (9) or 4.4% of the respondents.

The first large studies on the assessment of educational performance were

conducted in the United States in the 1960s, and measured the effectiveness of schools

− not that of students − in standardized tests of basic skills. One of the first references

on student assessment is classic. It was commissioned by the United States

government because they suspected that the distribution of school quality was uneven,

and such inequality impacted directly on educational and occupational opportunities.

One of the conclusions of the report was that schools differed little from one another

and that the main difference explaining variations in the results was family background.
 68

As a result, factors such as parental education and their occupation levels gained

prominence in the discussion. The report also showed that the performance of children

with low socioeconomic status who attended more homogeneous schools was lower

than that of children under the same socioeconomic conditions, but who lived with

other children in better conditions, that is, who attended more heterogeneous schools.

In addition, improvements in the provision of education impacted more on the

performance of black students and other minority groups than on the performance of

whites and Easterners (Coleman, 2016).

The conclusions of Jencks (1972) were similar. The author stated that the most

important determinants for school achievement are family characteristics, which can be

assessed by measurable economic differences between households and by some non-

economic variations that are difficult to quantify. This author did not find relevance in

the effect of the school context either, and concluded that secondary schools

accounted for only 2% of the variation among students (Carvalho, 2017).

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF

NUMBER OF TRAINING ATTENDED

Table 1.6 shows the results on the socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Number of Training attended.

Table 1.6 Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Beneficiaries In Terms Of

 69

Number Of Training Attended

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
TRAINING ATTENDED Frequency Percentage

0 169 83.3
1 34 16.17

Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents haven’t attended any

training with frequency of one hundred sixty-nine (169) or 83.3% while there are only

thirty-four (34) or 16.17% of the respondents have at least attended training once.

Aquaculture development followed a similar pattern. Starting in the 70’s there

was substantial assistance for developing the sub-sector in Latin America, Asia and

Africa. The tendency of these development initiatives was to focus overly on large

infrastructure development, technical packages and technical training, without paying

sufficient attention to the role of these, often new, production systems in the livelihood

or farming system of the intended beneficiaries. All too often, the result was lack of
 70

adoption by one of the intended target groups – the rural poor. As a result of the

apparent inability to impact the rural poor, donor support for aquaculture development

has declined in the past 10 years. Paradoxically, the progress made in Asian

aquaculture during this time saw a tremendous boom in commercial scale aquaculture

by households with better resource bases, hand in hand with the economic expansion

of the region, opening markets and increasing the flow of cash economies to rural

areas (IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM 2001).

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF

NUMBER OF MEMBERSHIP TO COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

Table 1.7 shows the results on the Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries

in Davao Occidental in terms of Number of Membership to Community Organization.

Table 1.7 Socio-demographic profile of the beneficiaries in terms of Number of

Membership to Community Organization.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
Verbal
MEMBERSHIP TO ORGANIZATION Mean Description
 71

0 144 70.9
1 59 29.1

Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents has no membership to

community organization with a frequency of one hundred forty-four or 70.9% while

there are only fifty-nine (59) or 29.1% of the respondents have membership to

community organization.

Community organizing is one of the strategies adopted in any community

development project that requires the full participation of the community. Rivera and

Erlich (1992) discuss about community organizing in a diverse society. Community

organizing is a Western concept and has been adopted and adapted in the context of

Philippine culture. Community development workers/community organizers must fully

understand the concept of community organizing to be able to practice it under the

Philippine socio- cultural context (Apuan, 2018).

Meanwhile, David’s (2004) definition of community organizing highlights it as a

major weapon of powerless communities in asserting their demands, holding

accountable those who rule and treading their own autonomous path to development.

These definitions highlight the nature of community organizing. It is a process by which

a community identifies its problems and finds solutions through collective mobilization
 72

of community people and resources. The ultimate goal/objective of community

organizing is to effect changes in social and environmental institutions so that people

can direct their own lives (Castillo, 2016).

CONTRIBUTION OF THE AQUACULTURE PROGRAM TO HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

BENEFICIARIES.

The second research objective is focused on knowing the level of contribution of

the aquaculture program to household assets beneficiaries in terms of family assets,

social assets, financial assets and economic assets.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE AQUACULTURE PROGRAM TO HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF FAMILY ASSETS

Table 2.1 shows the results on the Contribution of the aquaculture program to

household assets beneficiaries in terms of Family Assets

Table 2.1 Contribution Of The Aquaculture Program To Household Assets

Beneficiaries In Terms Of Family Assets

Family Assets Frequency Percentage

House
own 202 99.5
resides 1 0.5
Total 203 100
Lot
none 1 0.5
own 132 65
 73

lease 20 9.9
resides 50 24.6
Total 203 100
Farm area
none 159 78.3
own 16 7.9
lease 28 13.8
Total 203 100
Appliance
yes 162 79.8
no 41 20.2
Total 203 100
Jewelry
yes 58 28.6
no 145 71.4
Total 203 100
Furniture
yes 116 57.1
no 87 42.9
Total 203 100
Vehicle
yes 125 61.6
no 78 38.4
Total 203 100

The result shows that majority of the respondents own a house with a frequency

of two hundred two (202) or 99.5% while there is only one respondent that merely

resides in a house. Majority of the respondents own a lot with a frequency of one

hundred thirty two or 65% while there is only one (1) respondent or .5% who doesn’t

own a lot. Also, majority of the respondents doesn’t own a farm area with a frequency

of one hundred fifty-nine or 78.3% while the least own a farm lot with a frequency of

sixteen (16) or 7.9%.

 74

Additionally, majority of the respondents own appliances with a frequency of one

hundred sixty two (162) or 79.8% while there are forty-one or 20.2% who doesn’t own

appliances. Majority of the respondents doesn’t own jewelries with a frequency of one

hundred forty-five (145) or 71.4% while there are fifty eight (58) or 28.6% who own

jewelries.

Furthermore, majority of the respondents own furniture with a frequency of one

hundred sixteen or 57.1% while there are eighty-seven (87) or 42.9% who doesn’t;

and, majority of the respondents own a vehicle with a frequency of one hundred

twenty-five (125) or 61.6% while there are seventy eight (78) or 38.4 who doesn’t.

The result is supported by the study of Rinaldi and Sanchis-Arellano (2016)

which indicated that the household sector, like the corporate sector, is part of the real

sector in the economy, in which it plays an important role for many reasons. Household

debt has increased at a rapid pace over the past few decades, raising concerns over its

sustainability and, therefore, its consequences for the financial system and the

macroeconomy as a whole. The increase in the level of household debt may have been

encouraged by macroeconomic stability, financial product innovations and legal or

institutional regulations, while market imperfections, together with the effect of moral

hazard on the behaviour of some lenders, may have boosted household debt to

excessive levels, resulting in the growth of nonperforming loans.

The population and poverty nexus is not new but remains an important

development issue for many countries. Recent research has added the crucial
 75

dimension of vulnerability to poverty to the debate on the determinants of the welfare

status of a population. But the issue of vulnerability has hardly been dealt with using

Philippine data. This paper, therefore, draws together recent results using household

survey data regarding the impact of family size on various aspects of family welfare in

the Philippines. In particular, it shows results of crosstabulation and multivariate

analyses of the role of family size on such areas as poverty incidence, vulnerability to

poverty, as well as the underlying mechanism of savings, labor supply and earnings of

parents and human capital investments (De Dios, 2018).

CONTRIBUTION OF THE AQUACULTURE PROGRAM TO HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF SOCIAL ASSETS

Table 2.2 shows the results on the Contribution of the aquaculture program to

household assets beneficiaries in terms of Social Assets.

Table 2.2 Contribution Of The Aquaculture Program To Household Assets

Beneficiaries In Terms Of Social Assets.

 76

Social Assets Frequency Percentage

Cooperative
membership
yes 76 37.4
no 127 62.6
Total 203 100
Professional
Membership
yes 5 2.5
no 198 97.5
Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents are not members of the

cooperative with a frequency of one hundred twenty seven (127) or 62.6% while there

are seventy six (76) or 37.4% who have cooperative membership. Likewise, majority of

the respondents has no professional membership with a frequency of one hundred

ninety eight (198) or 97.5% while there are only five (5) or 2.5% who have

professional membership.

The result is strengthened by the study of of Mailath & Postlewaite (2006), they

introduced the notion of the social value of an asset, by which it is meant that part of

the value of an asset comes from the social structure of a society.3 The notion is useful

if we are to make sense of a statement such as the following: It is a norm that people

in group X invest more in education than other people. If the endowments of the

members of X are similar to the endowments of others, one must assume that there

are differences in preferences between those in X and those not in X. To a large extent,

preferences over the investment one makes in education are governed by the future
 77

returns on that investment. An obvious part of the return on the investment is the

expected increase in lifetime income the investment generates (Robson, 2017).

While a lot of Filipinos are quite happy with their overall current life situation,

only slightly more than half (58%) of them are quite satisfied with their employment

and job security. In terms of satisfaction in this area, Luzon (64%) topped among the

regions followed by Visayas (61%), but both Metro Manila and Mindanao scored 53%

satisfaction in employment and job stability. Interestingly those from the center and

peripheral regions seemed to be more dissatisfied with their employment and job

stability. This pattern is also reinforced with their satisfaction with the current job:

overall satisfaction for the Philippines was 63% with Luzon scoring a high level of

satisfaction (70%), followed by Visayas (64%)and Metro Manila (61%). Mindanao

stood out as having the lowest level of satisfaction (58%). This is quite logical

considering that most of the investments in infrastructure and commercial-industrial

sectors are highly concentrated in Metro Manila and Calabarzon/Luzon (Holden et al.,

2017).

CONTRIBUTION OF THE AQUACULTURE PROGRAM TO HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS

 78

Table 2.3 shows the results on the Contribution of the aquaculture program to

household assets beneficiaries in terms of Financial Assets. The results were as follows:

Table 2.3 Contribution Of The Aquaculture Program To Household Assets

Beneficiaries In Terms Of Financial Assets

Financial Assets Frequency Percentage

Savings Deposits
yes 55 27.1
no 148 72.9
Total 203 100
Access to Debit
yes 66 32.5
no 137 67.5
Total 203 100

The outcome expresses that that majority of the respondents have no savings

deposits with a frequency count of one hundred forty-eight or 72.9% while there are

fifty-five (55) or 27.1% who have savings deposits; majority of the respondents does

not have access to debit with a frequency of one hundred thirty seven (137) or 67.5%

while there are sixty six (66) or 32.5% who have access to debit.

The outcome is enforced by the study of Aizcorbe (2013) emphasizing that the

share of financial assets in the average household’s domestic portfolio increases with

the national level of development (and in advanced economies it increases also with

the wealth of the household).

Within financial assets, holdings of risky assets are even more concentrated: for

these, holdings below the top five per cent of wealth-holders are nationally negligible.

Curiously, even though the financial assets of the poor are in aggregate negligible, it
 79

appears that countries with deeper financial systems have less absolute poverty, even

after taking account of mean national income. This suggests that a deep financial

system also affects the structure of the economy in subtle ways that are relevant for

the inclusiveness of economic development.

The economic performance of the Philippines in the last three decades has been

mediocre relative to its Asian neighbors. One way of aiming for a higher economic

growth path is by raising the rate of investments. Investments, however, require

financing that will have to be generated from domestic or foreign sources. The picture

of the country’s Gross Domestic Saving (GDS) - measured as a percentage of GDP - is

not so bright relative to other countries in Asia.

Finally, the average GDS ratio of the Philippines during the period 1975 to 2000

is only about 22 percent, much lower compared to Thailand’s 28 percent, South Korea’s

32 percent or Singapore’s 44 percent. The link between saving and economic growth is

not an uncharted territory. Growth theories have shown that saving is important for

economic growth and there are several cross-country studies supporting this. A study

by Mapa and Balisacan (2004), using data from 80 developed and developing countries

for the period 1975 to 2000 showed a positive and significant effect of gross domestic

saving to economic growth. In their study, the authors concluded that a one-

percentage point increase in GDS increases the yearly average growth rate of income

per person by 5 basis points, all things being the same (Mapa, 2016).
 80

CONTRIBUTION OF THE AQUACULTURE PROGRAM TO HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

BENEFICIARIES IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC ASSETS

Table 2.4 shows the results on the Contribution of the aquaculture program to

household assets beneficiaries in Davao Occidental in terms of Economic Assets .The

results were as follows:

Table 2.4 Contribution Of The Aquaculture Program To Household Assets

Beneficiaries In Davao Occidental In Terms Of Economic Assets.

Economic Assets Frequency Percentage

Fish
cage
yes 12 5.9
no 191 94.1
Total 203 100
Fish Pen
yes 1 0.5
no 202 99.5
Total 203 100
Banca
yes 200 98.5
no 3 1.5
Total 203 100
Generator set
yes 33 16.3
no 170 83.7
Total 203 100
Fish net
yes 129 63.5
no 74 36.5
Total 203 100

The result indicates that majority of the respondents have no fish cage with a

frequency of one hundred ninety one or 94.1% while there are only twelve (12) who
 81

have fish cage. Majority of the respondents have no fish pen with a frequency of two

hundred two (202) or 99.5% while there is only one (1) respondent who has a fish

pen.

In addition, majority of the respondents owns a banca with a frequency of two

hundred (200) or 98.5% while there are only three (3) or 1.5% who have no banca.

Mjority of the respondents have no generator set with a frequency count of one

hundred seventy (170) or 83.7% while there are thirty-three (3) or 16.3% have

generator set; and, lastly majority of the respondents have fish net with a frequency of

one hundred twenty nine (129) or 63.5% while there seventy four (74) or 36.5% who

have no fish net.

The result is supported by the study of Campbell (2016) which indicated that

economic assets are entities functioning as stores of value and over which ownership

rights are enforced by institutional units, individually or collectively, and from which

economic benefits may be derived by their owners by holding them, or using them,

over a period of time (the economic benefits consist of primary incomes derived from

the use of the asset and the value, including possible holding gains/losses, that could

be realized by disposing of the asset or terminating it).

Poverty and inequality have been recurrent challenges in the Philippines and

have again come to the fore in the wake of the current global financial crisis and rising

food, fuel, and commodity prices experienced in 2008. The proportion of households

living below the official poverty line has declined very slowly and unevenly in the past

four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring
 82

countries such as the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet

Nam. The growth of the economy has been characterized by boom and bust cycles and

current episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on poverty

reduction. Other reasons for the relatively moderate poverty decline include the high

rate of inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors; and unmanaged

population growth (Nelson, 2017).

PROFILE OF THE BENEFICIARIES’ INCOME IN TERMS OF AQUAFARM

INCOME AND NON-AQUA FARM INCOME

The third research objective aims to find out profile of the beneficiaries’ income

in terms of aquafarm income and non-aqua farm income.

Table below present the Profile of the beneficiaries’ income in terms of aquafarm

income and non-aqua farm aquafarm income and non-aqua farm income. The average

income of the beneficiaries in farming activities is P6, 207.19 and P4, 520.21 in non-

Farming activities. On average, the beneficiaries’ income is P10, 504.73. It implies that

farmers had a bigger income in farming activities compared to non-farming activities.

Table 3. Profile Of The Beneficiaries’ Income In Terms Of Aquafarm Income And Non-
Aqua Farm Income

Monthly Income Mean

Farm 6207.19
Non-farm 4520.21
Average Income 10504.73
 83

Income Distribution Percentage

Income in Aqua Farm 60%
Income in non-Aqua Farm 40%
Total 100%

In terms of income distribution of farmers, it shows that majority or 60% of their

income is derived from income in aquaculture farming and the remaining 40% of their

income is taken from non-farming activities. The result denotes that farming activities

had contributed bigger chunks to farmers’ economic life.

The outcome is relative to the findings of Panikkar et al., (1981) studied the

impact of the introduction of mechanised boats on the socio – economic conditions of

traditional fishermen when they are supplied with mechanised boats. To study this

impact, Calicut region was selected where Agricultural Refinance Development

Corporation (ARDC) had supplied 50 mechanised boats of size 36 inches so that each

boat was allotted to seven fishermen families, thus involving 350 fishermen families in

this venture. The study indicates an improvement in the economic condition of the

fishermen families of Puthiangadi (near Calicut) which received credit facilities from

ARDC.

Finally, direct contribution to dietary intake, fish is sold, contributing to

household food security indirectly through increasing household income which can be

utilized to purchase other food commodities, including lower cost staple foods (Béné et

al., 2007; Aiga et al., 2009).

 84

Socio-Economic Status of Farmers

Presented below is the socio-status of the farmers. Threshold level in the

Province is P10, 797 with family of five to stay out of poverty (PSA, 2018). As shown,

majority of the farmers or 64% is consider poor because their income is below the

poverty threshold and the remaining 36% are already consider non-poor since they are

above the poverty threshold.

Socio-Economic Status of Farmers

Status Frequency Percentage

Poor 130.00 64%

non-poor 73.00 36%

total 203.00 100%

The finding is in line with the study of Masood, et. al. (2012), emphasizing that

basically a large portion of people from rural areas in developing countries rely on the

agricultural sector for their fundamental necessities of life. According to the research

reports in 2004, stated that the total contribution of agriculture in total employment

in these countries constitutes 53% of the total labor force. While in Sub-Saharan Africa

region, 60% of the economically active population was working in that sector.

Now the most important question that arises in one’s mind is that how the

results in low productivity are influencing socio-economic lives of farmers? The answer

to this question is very simple as it is obvious that low agricultural productivity causes
 85

negative impression on the economic condition of farmers which will further results a

great disturbance in the living standard of a large number of people. That’s the basic

reason, on the base of which we claim that agricultural productivity and life style of

farmers are interrelated with each other or can say that they are directly proportional

to each other because low agricultural productivity also cause low income level that

will makes one’s life (farmer) more difficult in coping up with today’s inflation i.e.

disturbing one’s financial life completely

EXTENT OF HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE INFLUENCING

LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD ASSETS TO QUALITY OF LIFE

The last research objective is focused on finding out the extent of influence of

household socio-demographic profile and level of household assets to quality of life.

Presented below is the extent that influence household socio-demographic

profile and level of household assets to quality of life. Among all indicators, only

education and training have significant influence on the quality of life.

Table 4. Extent Of Household Socio-Demographic Profile Influencing Level Of

Household Assets To Quality Of Life

Socio-demographic Profile
Income
Pearson Correlation -0.032
Sex Sig. (2-tailed) 0.648
Pearson Correlation -0.059
Civil Status Sig. (2-tailed) 0.399
Pearson Correlation -0.13
age Sig. (2-tailed) 0.064
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Pearson Correlation 0.044

Household Sig. (2-tailed) 0.533
Pearson Correlation .144*
Education Sig. (2-tailed) 0.04
Pearson Correlation .224**
Training Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001
Pearson Correlation 0.067
Membership to organization Sig. (2-tailed) 0.34
Pearson Correlation -0.068
Household Size Sig. (2-tailed) 0.337
*-significant at 5% level
**-significant at 1% level

The results show that education has influence on the quality of life of the

beneficiaries for it has a p-value of 0.04 which is lower than .05 alpha. Also, training

has an influence on the quality of life of the respondents with a p-value of 0.001 which

is lower than .01 alpha. Thus, null hypothesis is rejected.

The output is enforced by the fact that livelihoods programming recognizes

multiple influences on people at different levels, and seeks to understand the

relationships between these influences and their joint impact upon livelihoods. This

includes influences at the macro level (national and international) and at the micro-

level (community and household). It also recognizes the multiple actors (from the

private sector to national level ministries) influencing livelihoods. It acknowledges the

multiple livelihood strategies that people adopt to protect and secure their livelihoods

and multiple livelihood outcomes (DfID, 2014).

Likewise, how people access and use these assets, within the aforementioned

social, economic, political and environmental contexts, form a livelihood strategy. The
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range and diversity of livelihood strategies are enormous. An individual may take on

several activities to meet his/her needs. One or many individuals may engage in

activities that contribute to a collective livelihood strategy. Within households,

individuals often take on different responsibilities to enable the sustenance and growth

of the family. In some cultures, this grouping may expand to a small community, in

which individuals work together to meet the needs of the entire group (Chambers and

Conway, 2012).

On the contrary, although advances have been made in fishing technology,

practically it has not reached the poor fishermen. Several factors such as low social

status, poor economic conditions, illiteracy, heavy interference of middlemen,

traditional fishing equipment and methods etc. influence the socioeconomic conditions

of fishermen.