A SURVEY REGARDING EFFECTS OF FEMALE

SPORTS PARTICIPATION ON THEIR HEALTH

By SADIA BIBI
Roll No. 2004

Supervised By SHAGHFTA SULEMAN

A thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of BS in Health and Physical
Education

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL

EDUCATION GOVT. GIRLS DEGREE COLLEGE
NO.1 DERA ISMAIL KHAN
June 2021-2024
 DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to my
Teachers, Parents and Well-wisher
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL FROM THE STUDENTS
SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

The students Supervisory Committee and external examiner hereby certify

that the Contents and form of research thesis titled "Perception of Stakeholders
regarding Role of Sports in Emotional Development of Youth" submitted by SADIA
BIBI, students of BS in Sports Sciences and Physical education (04 Years) session
2021-2024, Department of Health and Physical Education Govt. Girls Degree
College No. 1 Dera Ismail Khan, were checked and found satisfactory. The student's
supervisory committee and external examiner recommend him for the award of BS
degree in Sports Sciences and Physical Education.

STUDENTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

1. SHAGHFTA SULEMAN Supervisor

2. SHUMAILA SAEED Member
3. SARWAT JAHBEEN Member
4. ZAHRA SHAH Member

External Examiner

Forwarded By

SHAGHUFTA SULEMAN Head of Department

 STUDENT'S DECLARATION.

SADIA BIBI, Roll No 2004, student of BS program, session 2020-2024

Health and Physical Education Department, Govt. Girls Degree College
No.1 D.l Khan, do hereby state that my BS thesis titled " A Survey Regarding
Effects of Female Sports Participation on their Health" is a bona fide, genuine
and original research work carried out by me, except where otherwise
acknowledge in the text, and has not been submitted previously by me or
published earlier and will not be submitted in future for taking any degree
from Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan or anywhere else in the
country/world.

SADIA BIBI

Dated:
 LIST OF CONTENTS

S. NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1. Approval Form
2. Student’s Declaration
3. List of Contents
4. Acknowledgement
5. Chapter 1: Introduction
6 1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of the Student
1.4 Significance of the student
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Limitations
1.7 Delimitations
7. Chapter No. 2 Review of Literature
8. Chapter No. 3 Materials and Methods
9. 3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population
3.3 Sample Size.
3.4 Data Collection Instrument
3.5 Measurement Scale
3.6 Validity of Instrument
3.7 Mode of Data Collection
3.8 Variable
3.8.1 Independent Variables
 3.7.2 Dependent Variables
3.9 Analysis of Data
10. Chapter No. 4 Result and Discussion
11. Chapter 5: Findings, conclusions, Recommendations,
and suggestions, summary
10. Chapter 6 Reference
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In acknowledgement, credit should be given to individuals who have

contributed to the research or to the thesis preparation, funding agency of
research and the institute that facilitated the research work.

Special thanks to SHAGHUFTA SULEMAN Head of Department and

my thesis supervisor. Without his guidance and support I was unable to write
this thesis. He guided me at each and every step. Thank you very much sir.

SADIA BIBI
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A positive association between team sports participation and physical

function, physical health, psychological health, quality of life, and motivation
has been previously demonstrated. Physical activity and sport participation
are associated with greater self-esteem among adolescents. Compared with
other types of extracurricular activities, participation in sports may lead to
increased initiative, but also high emotional stress. Participating in sport has
many important positive effects for females: female athletes are less likely to
join gangs or use drugs, begin having sex at a later age, and are less likely
to have unprotected sex or an unintended pregnancy than non-athletes.
Nationwide, girls who participate on school sports teams are less likely ever
to have used marijuana, cocaine, or other illegal drugs. Benefits likely persist
into early adulthood. Young female athletes who participated in sports have
greater lean body mass and better physical health scores in early adulthood
than women who did not participate in youth sports participation for women
athletes include higher levels of physical activity, lower body mass index
(BMI), and lower risk of obesity.

Physical activities play a vital role in people's emotional, mental,

psychological, social, and physical development. Despite general agreement
with this concept, many societies have not yet guaranteed equal rights and
opportunities for men and women in sport and exercise. Due to cumulative
and diverse working environments, sports professionals need to understand
how different social and cultural factors can influence individuals. Scholars
emphasize that the consequences of not participating in physical activities
are not acceptable globally (Yu et al. 2004). There are many studies about
women's participation in physical activities in different countries (Batty and
Lee 2002; Yu et al. 2004; Harkness 2012); however, very limited research is
available about the issues that influence women's participation in physical
activities in Pakistan (Laar et al. 2019; Nanayakkara 2012). In general, the
participation rate of Muslim women in sports is lower than that of women of
other religions. Many previous studies, in different religious contexts (Klein
2007; Di-Capua 2005; Mirsafian et al. 2014), focused on the idea that religion
imposes many restrictions on sports. In the Pakistani context, Muslim
women's participation in physical activities depends on religious and cultural
constraints (Fazal et al. 2019), and the ethos of college physical education
and sports facilities (Laar et al. 2019).

Keeping in mind the numerous benefits of female sports participation

it is recommended that females participation in sports may be encouraged
at all level.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Sport has been one of the most important socio-cultural learning

experiences for boys and men for many years. Experts in the field of physical
education and sports say that girls and women who play sports have higher
levels of confidence and self- esteem and lower levels of depression. They
further says girls and women who play sports have a more positive body
image and experience higher states of psychological well-being than girls
and women who do not play sports.

Keeping in view the above statements of experts, it seems quite

meritorious to know the role of sports in uprooting social evils from society.
Therefore this study was thus designed and launched to explore and
determine the "Effect of Female sports participation on their health"

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

Objectives of the study wee-

1. To investigate the effects of female sports participation on their health at

secondary level.

2. To find out the perception of sports coaches regarding the impact of

female sports participation on their health.

3. To find out the perception of sportswomen regarding the impact of female

sports participation on their health.

4. To compare the difference between the perception of sports coaches and

sportswomen regarding the impact of female sports participation on their
health.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significance because it investigate the effects of female

participation at secondary level. Through this study, researcher also explores
how sports affect female health. Primarily the females, their parents,
educational institutions, Elementary and Secondary Education Department
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
and Youth affairs department can be the potential beneficiaries of the results
of this research study. Moreover the recommendations of this research study
can help the authorities to take steps for the maximum female's sports
participation. The findings and recommendations of this research study will
definitely improve the female's participation in sports. This research study
attempted to extend the existing information database about female's sports
participation and its effect on health. This study will contribute to the
academic discussion and knowledge on the subject matter in Pakhtunkhwa
province particularly and Pakistan generally. This research study is also one
of the requirements of the Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan for award of
BS degree in Health and Physical Education.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

Research Questions of the Study are:

1. What is the effects of female sports participation on their health?

2. What is the perception of sports coaches regarding the impact of female

sports participation on their health?

3. What is the perception of sportswomen regarding the impact of female

sports participation on their health?

4. What are the difference between the perception of sports coaches and
sportswomen regarding the impact of female sports participation on their
health.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. As there was no existing instrument for the collection of data regarding

effect of Female sports participation on their health, therefore, the researcher
made instrument was used for collection of data.
2. The present study was conducted in District Dera Ismail Khan of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan; therefore the results cannot be
generalized all over the province or country.

1.7 Delimitations of the Study

1. Only sports coaches and sportswomen were included in the study.

2. Study was conducted in District Dera Ismail Khan only.

3. Only 100 coaches and 100 sportswomen were included in the study.

4. The study was confined to 200 respondents from within the population.
 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Women's participation in sports has had dissimilar developments

across. different regions and countries, which can best be traced through
participation in the Olympics. There have been revolutionary developments
from the end of the 19th century, predominantly in Europe and the USA. Prior
to that, sports were developed by men and for men. The first Olympics in
1896, which did not allow women to participate, is one example that
distinguishes the women's role as applauding the athletes from the spectator
stands. At the second Olympics, without the approval of the International
Olympics Committee (IOC), organizers allowed women to compete officially
in two events, and un officially in at least 11 sports. In 1928, a long dispute
between the IOC, the International Amateur Athletics Federation and the
International Women's Sports Association, will partially resolved when
women participated for the first time in the Olympic Games. Since the
beginning of the Summer Olympics women's participation has increased
from 22 participants in two women's events in the 1900 Olympics (2.2% of
total participants), to 5059 participants in 145 women's events in the 2016
Olympics (45% of total participants). This reveals a massive increase in the
number of female participants and a huge development in women's
programs. Therefore, in the presence of frequent and significant opposition
to women's sports, there will a continuous struggle towards increasing the
number of women participating in physical activities. The literature on the
problems of women's participation in sports across the world show diverse
sets of challenges that are similar in nature. Women face gender stereotypes
and are considered weaker and submissive, and allowing them to participate
in sports could make them strong, which seems to challenge male
dominance (Messner 1988). Numerous studies on women's participation in
sports (Kara and Demirci 2010; Maher and Thompson Tetreault 1997;
Samdahl and Jekubovich 1997) determined that lack of knowledge, lack of
time, overcrowding, family and financial difficulties, and a long distance from
activity areas were the most significant constraints women faced.

The participation of Muslim women in sports is significantly lower than

that of other women, and seems to be problematic regarding various sports
(Pfister 2010). As far as Muslim women's attitudes toward sports and
exercise are concerned, religious affiliation, the environment, culture,
traditions, und social factors play important roles. Some Muslim countries
have not been supportive of women's participation in sports, regardless of
the level of competition; in contrast, some Muslim countries allow women to
participate in almost all sports, but also stipulate Islamic dress codes
(Mirsafian et al. 2014). Normally, women have very few options for clothing
in an Islamic country and wearing revealing clothes is not encouraged.
Sports outfits are one of the major issues constraining participation in sports
events, such as the Olympics, for women from Islamic countries. In many
Islamic countries, women wear a hijab, covering their entire body except the
face and hands, while they can decide if and how they want to cover their
hair in other Islamic countries. The formal dress codes in competitive sport
do not fully meet Islamic criteria, but most Muslim women athletes decide to
wear formal dress, claiming that this does not conflict with their faith. The
case of accepting hijab in taekwondo competitions by the World Taekwondo
Federation is one of many examples that has spurred debates on respecting
every culture in sports, by providing the freedom to wear culturally accepted
clothes to compete. However, some federations have strict dress codes; the
Modern Pentathlon Federation is one example, prohibiting women from
wearing a "burqini," a swimming outfit that covers the whole body. This has
caused severe concerns about Muslim women's participation in swimming
competitions (Pfister 2010). Besides the sports outfit, interpretations of
Islamic values, and the cultures of individual countries are other challenges
for women's participation in sports.

Pakistan, an Islamic country with a 97%Muslim population, provides

similar but diverse examples compared to the rest of the Islamic world. In
Pakistani society, men dominate in all aspects of life, including sports, like
not only other Islamic countries that share a similar faith, but other South
Asian countries that share a similar culture (Nanayakkara 2012). Literature
on the issue of sports in Pakistan is comparatively limited in its context and
in the games it focuses on. The majority of published material is dominated
by cricket, especially analysis of the rivalry between Pakistan and India
(Nawaz and Hess 2018). However, the academic literature on Pakistan's
participation in other international games, such as the Olympics, is very
limited. In the context of women's participation in sports, it is even more
sparse, despite the fact that only 10 Pakistani women have participated in
competitions Throughout the history of the Summer Olympics, from 1896 to
2016. Only a few studies (Laar et al. 2019; Cailliau 2013; Khan 2007; Nawaz
and Hess 2018) have paid attention to the role of women in sports, and
constraints that women might face during sports participation. Women's
participation in sports in Pakistan depends on several factors, including
interests, abilities and skills, caste, social class, cultural norms, and religious
restrictions (Khan 2007; Laar et al. 2019). Cailliau's (2013) analysis of the
reasons for the absence of Pakistani women athletes in the Summer Olympic
Games determined that nearly 90% of Pakistani women do not participate in
sports, and several constraints, such as lack of money and facilities, family
permission, and social, cultural and religious restrictions, play important
roles. Though Pakistani law does not forbid women from wearing specific
clothing, cultural norms that have been constructed through Islamic values
require women to follow several societal and religious traditions
(Nanayakkara 2012). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to
describe the current situation of Pakistani female students participating in
sports activities, in terms of religion, culture, and other socioeconomic
concepts that play important roles in women's participation in sports.

Despite these constraints, Muslim women in Pakistan show a positive

attitude toward sports (Khan et al. 2012), and religion is considered less of a
constraint than other social and economic factors (Laar et al. 2019).
However, the society and culture in Pakistan have always been measured
through Islamic values (Ashraf 2019). Islam has a greater impact on most
aspects of life in Pakistan than in other Islamic countries (Laar 2019; Wilber
1964; Ashraf 2018). It continues to be the dominant factor discussed in the
literature regarding influences on people's lives, particularly the lives of
women. Therefore, it is very important to understand how social and cultural
factors in Pakistan influence women's participation in sports, and further
provide suggestions with the aim of helping Pakistani society, particularly
Pakistani women, to maintain a healthy lifestyle by enhancing their
participation in sports. This is the best way for women to realize their freedom
and rights and strengthen gender equality in Pakistani society. The broad
purpose of this paper is to add to the literature looking at the participation
levels of women in Muslim countries, in this case in Pakistan. While a few
books and articles have been written from this perspective, especially
regarding the participation levels of women from Muslim countries, and
elaborating on Pakistan, the list is by no means exhaustive. The current
study has the potential to open a fresh understanding of female sports
participation in Pakistan and the perceived challenges relating to this that will
serve to illuminate some constructive suggestions and issues, in terms of
participation in and development of sport in Pakistan.

Physical activities play a vital role in people's emotional, mental,

psychological, social, and physical development. Despite general agreement
with this concept, many societies have not yet guaranteed equal rights and
opportunities for men and women in sport and exercise. Due to cumulative
and diverse working environments, sports professionals need to understand
how different social and cultural factors can influence individuals. Scholars
emphasize that the consequences of not participating in physical activities
are not acceptable globally (Yu et al. 2004). There are many studies about
women's participation in physical activities in different countries (Batty and
Lee 2002; Yu et al. 2004; Harkness 2012); however, very limited research is
available about the issues that influence women's participation in physical
activities in Pakistan (Laar et al. 2019; Nanayakkara 2012). This paper
mainly discusses women's participation in physical activities in Pakistan, and
how this is influenced by different social and cultural factors. By adopting the
feminism-in-sports conceptual approach. according to Story and Markula
(2017), in sport studies. feminist theory identifies the participation of men and
women in sports within the hegemonic masculine system of society. In
general, the participation rate of Muslim women in sports is lower than that
of women of other religions. Many previous studies, in different religious
contexts (Klein 2007; Di-Capua 2005; Mirsafian et al. 2014), focused on the
idea that religion imposes many restrictions on sports. In the Pakistani
context, Muslim women's participation in physical activities depends on
religious and cultural constraints (Fazal et al. 2019), and the ethos of college
physical education and sports facilities (Laar et al. 2019). Despite these
constraints, Muslim women in Pakistan show a positive attitude toward
sports (Khan et al. 2012), and religion is considered less of a constraint than
other social and economic factors (Laar et al. 2019). However, the society
and culture in Pakistan have always been measured through Islamic values
(Ashraf 2019). Islam has a greater impact on most aspects of life in Pakistan
than in other Islamic countries (Laar 2019; Wilber 1964; Ashraf 2018). It
continues to be the dominant factor discussed in the literature regarding
influences on people's lives, particularly the lives of women. Therefore, it is
very important to understand how social and cultural factors in Pakistan
influence women's participation in sports, and further provide suggestions
with the aim of helping Pakistani society, particularly Pakistani women, to
maintain a healthy lifestyle by enhancing their participation in sports. This is
the best way for women to realize their freedom and rights and strengthen
gender equality in Pakistani society. The broad purpose of this paper is to
add to the literature looking at the participation levels of women in Muslim
countries, in this case in Pakistan. While a few books and articles have been
written from this perspective, especially regarding the participation levels of
women from Muslim countries, and elaborating on Pakistan, the list is by no
means exhaustive. The current study has the potential to open a fresh
understanding of female sports participation in Pakistan and the perceived
challenges relating to this, that will serve to illuminate some constructive
suggestions and issues, in terms of participation in and development of sport
in Pakistan.

Women's participation in sports has had dissimilar developments

across different regions and countries, which can best be traced through
participation in the Olympics. There have been revolutionary developments
from the end of the 19th century, predominantly in Europe and the USA. Prior
to that, sports were developed by men and for men. The first Olympics in
1896, which did not allow women to participate, is one example that
distinguishes the women's role as applauding the athletes from the spectator
stands. At the second Olympics, without the approval of the International
Olympies Committee (IOC), organizers allowed women to compete officially
in two events, and unofficially in at least 11 sports. In 1928, a long dispute
between the IOC, the International Amateur Athletics Federation and the
International Women's Sports Association, was partially resolved when
women participated for the first time in the Olympic Games. Since the
beginning of the Summer Olympics, women's participation has increased
from 22 participants in two women's events in the 1900 Olympics (2.2% of
total participants), to 5059 participants in 145 women's events in the 2016
Olympics (45% of total participants). This reveals a massive increase in the
number of female participants and a huge development in women's
programs. Therefore, in the presence of frequent and significant opposition
to women's sports, there was a continuous struggle towards increasing the
number of women participating in physical activities.

The literature on the problems of women's participation in sports

across the world show diverse sets of challenges that are similar in nature.
Women face gender stereotypes and are considered weaker and
submissive, and allowing them to participate in sports could make them
strong, which seems to challenge male dominance (Messner 1988).
Numerous studies on women's participation in sports (Kara and Demirci
2010; Maher and Thompson Tetreault 1997; Samdahl and Jekubovich 1997)
determined that lack of knowledge, lack of time, overcrowding, family and
financial difficulties, and a long distance from activity areas were the most
significant constraints women faced. The participation of Muslim women in
sports is significantly lower than that of other women, and seems to be
problematic regarding various sports (Pfister 2010). As far as Muslim
women's attitudes toward sports and exercise are concerned, religious
affiliation, the environment, culture, traditions, and social factors play
important roles. Some Muslim countries have not been supportive of
women's participation in sports, regardless of the level of competition; in
contrast, some Muslim countries allow women to participate in almost all
sports, but also stipulate Islamic dress codes (Mirsafian et al. 2014).
Normally, women have very few options for clothing in an Islamic country
and wearing revealing clothes is not encouraged. Sports outfits are one of
the major issues constraining participation in sports events, such as the
Olympics, for women from Islamic countries. In many Islamic countries,
women wear a hijab, covering their entire body except the face and hands,
while they can decide if and how they want to cover their hair in other Islamic
countries. The formal dress codes in competitive sport do not fully meet
Islamic criteria, but most Muslim women athletes decide to wear formal
dress, claiming that this does not conflict with their faith. The case of
accepting hijab in taekwondo competitions by the World Taekwondo
Federation is one of many examples that has spurred debates on respecting
every culture in sports, by providing the freedom to wear culturally accepted
clothes to compete. However, some federations have strict dress codes; the
Modern Pentathlon Federation is one example, prohibiting women from
wearing a "burqini," a swimming outfit that covers the whole body. This has
caused severe concerns about Muslim women's participation in swimming
competitions (Pfister 2010). Besides the sports outfit, interpretations of
Islamic values, and the cultures of individual countries are other challenges
for women's participation in sports.

Pakistan, an Islamic country with a 97%Muslim population, provides

similar but diverse examples compared to the rest of the Islamic world. In
Pakistani society, men dominate in all aspects of life, including sports, like
not only other Islamic countries that share a similar faith, but other South
Asian countries that share a similar culture (Nanayakkara 2012). Literature
on the issue of sports in Pakistan is comparatively limited in its context and
in the games it focuses on. The majority of published material is dominated
by cricket, especially analysis of the rivalry between Pakistan and India
(Nawaz and Hess 2018). However, the academic literature on limited. In the
context of women's participation in sports, it is even more sparse, despite
the fact that only 10 Pakistani women have participated in competitions
throughout the history of the Summer Olympics, from 1896 to 2016. Only a
few studies (Laar et al. 2019; Caillinu 2013; Khan 2007; Nawaz and Hess
2018) have paid attention to the role of women in sports, and constraints that
women might face during sports participation. Women's participation in
sports in Pakistan depends on several factors, including interests, abilities
and skills, caste, social class, cultural norms, and religious restrictions (Khan
2007; Laar et al. 2019). Cailliau's (2013) analysis of the reasons for the
absence of Pakistani women athletes in the Summer Olympic Games
determined that nearly 90% of Pakistani women do not participate in sports,
and several constraints, such as lack of money and facilities, family
permission, and social, cultural and religious restrictions, play important
roles. Though Pakistani law does not forbid women from wearing specific
clothing, cultural norms that have been constructed through Islamic values
require women to follow several societal and religious traditions
(Nanayakkara 2012). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to
describe the current situation of Pakistani female students participating in
sports activities, in terms of religion, culture, and other socioeconomic
concepts that play important roles in women's participation in sports.

In Jordan, Kanan (2010) investigated perceived barriers to participate

in sports activities among female students in northern of the country. Group
of school students from the seventh, tenth, and twelfth grades participated in
the study. The results showed that the barriers could be categorized in two
categories. The first category included religious barriers, barriers related to
the available sports facilities and equipments, and academic barriers. The
second category included psychological barriers, social barriers, and health
related barriers. In addition, the results showed that there were significant
differences in students' perceived barriers to participate in sports activities
based on their geographic locations and GPA levels. In another study that
was conducted in Jordan, Battikhi (2008) conducted a study that aimed to
identify the reasons for female students' reluctance to participate in physical
and sports activities. The participants were group of female students from
the faculty of physical education at Jordan University. The results showed
that the most reported reasons for the students reluctance to participate in
sports activities were related to the availability and suitability of the sports
facilities and tools, religious reasons, academic reasons, psychological
reasons, social reasons, and health reasons. In Egypt, Barsoum (2003)
conducted a study that nimed to examine female students' perceived barriers
to participate in sports activities at Helwan University's campuses. The
results showed that the main perceived barriers were related to the lack of
attention toward sports activities and hobbies during the pre-tertiary
education, lack of sports awareness among the majority of the members of
the community, students feeling tired and their need for sleep within the
weekdays, full-time study load in science colleges, the increasing number of
studying hours and lectures, shortage in sports equipments, lack of diversity
in the available university sports, and the low quality of sports facilities. In
USA, Young, Ross, and Barcelona, (2003) examined students' perceived
constraints that would influence their participation in on-campus recreational
sports activities. Four hundreds and sixteen students who considered
themselves non-participants in campus recreational sports participated in the
study. The results showed that lack of time because of work, school or family,
and not knowing about the existing activities, were the two most strongly
perceived constraints.

In Kuwait, Al-Duaij (2002) found that main perceived barriers to

participate in sports activities among university students were related to
seven groups. First, barriers related to students in terms of students' lack of
knowledge about the time and place of the sports activities and female
students feeling of embarrassment when they participate in sports activities.
Second, academic barriers in terms of lack of time due to full time study load,
scheduling conflicts between academic responsibilities and sports activities,
lack of encouragement by the faculty members to participate in sports
activities. Third, organizational barriers in terms of lack of diversity of the
available sports activities. Fourth, social barriers in terms of sports activities
being dominated by same group of students. Fifth, lack of stadiums, halls
and sport equipment’s at the university. Sixth, lack of moral and financial
incentives. Seventh, lack of the sports supervisors' sincerity. Worldwide,
Hardman and Marshal. (2002) conducted a survey study that aimed to
examine the status of physical education programs in different countries. The
results showed that the female students had limited opportunities to
participate in sports activity in some Islamic countries like Iraq, Iran, United
Arab Emirates, and Yemen. In addition, the female students in these
countries had limited access to diversity of physical activities and sports
programs. The researchers reported that traditional and religious factors
would negatively affect female students' participation in sports activity in
these countries.
 CHAPTER: 3 MATERIALS AND METHOD

3,1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

This was survey type descriptive research study with quantitative

approach in which questionnaire was used as data collection instrument.

Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe the

characteristics of a population. It collects data that are used to answer a wide
range of what, when, and how questions pertaining to a particular population
or group (Research connection, 2021).

3.2 POPULATION:

A population is a complete set of people with a specialized set of

characteristics, and a sample is a subset of the population. A population is a
complete set of people with a specialized set of characteristics, and a sample
is a subset of the population (Banerjee & Chaudhury, 2010).

Any inferences from a sample refer only to the defined population from
which the sample has been properly selected is called target population. In
statistics, a population is an entire group about which some information is
required to be ascertained. A statistical population need not consist only of
people. We can have population of heights, weights, BMIs, hemoglobin
levels, events, outcomes, so long as the population is well defined with
explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. In selecting a population for study,
the research question or purpose of the study will suggest a suitable
definition of the population to be studied, in terms of location and restriction
to a particular age group, sex or occupation. The population must be fully
defined so that those to be included and excluded are clearly spelt out, In
descriptive studies, it is customary to define a study population and then
make observations on a sample taken from it. Study populations may be
defined by geographic location, age, sex, with additional definitions of
attributes and variables (Banerjee & Chaudhury, 2010).

Population of this particular research study comprised of sports

coaches and sportswomen of district D I Khan.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

A sample is any part of the fully defined population. sample is properly

chosen and the inclusion and exclusion criteria are well defined. To make
accurate inferences, the sample has to be representative. A representative
sample is one in which each and every member of the population has an
equal and mutually exclusive chance of being selected (Banerjee &
Chaudhury, 2010).

A sample may be defined as random if every individual in the

population being sampled has an equal likelihood of being included. Random
sampling is the basis of all good sampling techniques and disallows any
method of selection based on volunteering or the choice of groups of people
known to be cooperative. (Indrayan, 2008)

In present research study convenient or available sampling technique

was adopted to sample out target population.
SAMPLE SIZE

There is no specific limit of correct sample size, but the sample of the
study depend upon the purpose and nature of the research study (Ahmed,
2007). Fraenkel & Wallen (2009) stated that there is no clear-cut answer to
the question that what is the sufficient size for a sample? Sample should be
as large as the researcher can obtain with a reasonable expenditure of time
and energy. According to them a sample with a minimum number of 100 is
essential for descriptive studies, a sample of at least 50 is deemed necessary
for correlational studies to establish the existence of a relationship, a
minimum of 30 individuals per group is recommended for experimental and
causal comparative studies.

The sample size of present research study was 200 respondents out
of which 100 were sports coaches and 100 were sportswomen..

3.4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

Researcher made closed form questionnaire was prepared and used

as data collection instrument.

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a set of

standardized questions to gather statistically useful information on some
subject from one or more respondents. The main purpose of a questionnaire
is to extract data from the respondents. It's a relatively inexpensive, quick,
and efficient way of collecting large amount data even when the researcher
isn't present to collect those responses first hand. A questionnaire just a set
of questions used to gather statistically useful information from the
respondents. It's often considered as an important tool used in the survey
process. A survey, on the other hand, is a process which includes using a
questionnaire to ask the questions, collect responses, and analyze them to
get to a result (Pahwa, 2021)..

3.5 MEASURING SCALE

To measure the opinion of the respondents a three point Likert scale

was used ranging from Disagree to Agree.

Fig 3.2 Illustration of Measurement Scale used for data collection in

present study

Version Agree Not Sure Disagree

Numerical Value 5 4 3

3.6 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT:

Initial draft of questionnaire was distributed among the M.Phil. P.hD

scholars and experts for the purpose of instrument validity. The M.Phil/PhD
were asked to point out ambiguities, difficulties and give valuable comments
and suggest changes in the initial draft of the questionnaire. In the light of
the feedback and suggestions of the respondent’s final draft of the
questionnaire was prepared.

3.7 Mode of Data Collection

Researcher went herself to distribute questionnaire among the

respondents and also collected the filled questionnaire back from the
respondents.
3.8 VARIABLES

A variable in research refers to a person, place, things, or phenomenon

that you are trying to measure in some way.

3.8.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Respondent’s i.e. coaches and sportswomen

Gender i.e. males and females

3.8.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Effects of Females sports participation on their health

3.9 DATA ANALYSIS

In present research study the collected data were arranged, organized,

tabulated and processed through statistical package for social sciences
(SPSS) version-16. Percentage was used as statistical technique for
analysis of data.
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table#4.1:

Participation in sports promotes females health

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches and 50% sportswomen

were agreed that participation in sports promotes females health. However
few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches and 20% sportswomen were
disagreed with the statement. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and
30% sportswomen could not decide in favor or against.

Table#4.2:

Participation in sports develops females physically

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 55 15 30 100

Percentage 55% 15% 30% 100%

Sportswomen 65 15 20 100

Percentage 65% 15% 20% 100%

 The majority of respondent's i.e. 55 %coaches and 65% sportswomen
were agreed that participation in sports develops females physically.
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 30% coaches, and 20% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 15% coaches and 15%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against

Table#4.3

Participation in sports develops females mentally

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 30 10 100

Percentage 60% 30% 10% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches 60% and 50%

sportswomen were agreed that participation in sports develops females
mentally. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 10% coaches and 20%
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 30% coaches
30% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.4:

Participation in sports develops females socially

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 50 20 30 100
Percentage 50% 20% 30% 100%

Sportswomen 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 50% coaches 50% and 60%

sportswomen were agreed that participation in sports develops females
socially. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 30% coaches 30% and20%
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. coaches 20% i.c.
sportswomen 20%

Table#4.5:

Participation in sports develops females emotionally

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 70 20 10 100

Percentage 70% 20% 10% 100%

Sportswomen 65 15 20 100

Percentage 65% 15% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 70% coaches and 65% sportswomen were
agreed that participation in sports develops females emotionally. However,
few of the respondent's i.e.10% coaches and 20% sportswomen were
disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and 15% sportswomen
could not decide favor or against.
Table#4.6:

Participation in sports develops females psychologically

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Conches 55 20 25 100

Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

Sportswomen 60 25 15 100

Percentage 60% 25% 15% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 55% coaches 55% and 60% sportswomen
were agreed that participation in sports develops females psychologically.
However, few of the respondent's i.e.25% conches and 15% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% conches 25%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.7:

Participation in sports helps to control obesity in females

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Conches 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 55 20 25 100

Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 80% coaches and 75% sportswomen were
agreed that participation in sports helps to control obesity in females.
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches and 25% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 30% coaches and 20%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.8:

Participation in sports makes the females physically fit

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches and 50% sportswomen

were agreed that participation in sports makes the females physically fit.
However, few of the respondent's i.c. 20% coaches and 20% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. coaches 20% i.c. sportswomen
30% could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.9:

Participation in sports increase the efficiency of different body systems

in females.
Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 65 15 20 100

Percentage 65% 15% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 65% coaches and 60% sportswomen

were agreed that participation in sports increase the efficiency of different
body systems in females. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20%
coaches and 20% sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e.
15% coaches and 20% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Tablet 4.10:

Females who play sports have stronger immune system

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 70 15 15 100

Percentage 70% 15% 15% 100%

Sportswomen 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 70% coaches and 60% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have stronger immune system
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 15% coaches and 20% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 15% coaches and 20%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.11

Females who play sports have reduced risk of heart disease

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 50 25 25 100

Percentage 50% 25% 25% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 50% coaches and 50% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of heart
disease. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 25% coaches and 20% i.e.
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. couches 25% i.e.
sportswomen 30% could not decide favor or against.

Tablet 4.12

Females who play sports have reduced risk of high blood pressure

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 55 20 25 100
Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches and 55% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of high blood
pressure. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches 25%
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and
20% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.13:

Females who play sports have reduced risk of diabetics

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 65 20 15 100

Percentage 65% 20% 15% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches and 65% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of diabetics.
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches and 15% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and 20%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.
Table#4.14:

Females who play sports have reduced risk of breast cancer

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 50 15 35 100

Percentage 50% 15% 35% 100%

Sportswomen 55 20 25 100

Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 50% coaches 50% and 55%

sportswomen were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk
of breast cancer. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 35% coaches and
25% sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.c. 15%
coaches and 20% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.15:

Females who play sports have reduced risk of colon cancer

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 50 20 30 100

Percentage 50% 20% 30% 100%

Sportswomen 55 20 25 100

Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

 The majority of respondent's i.e. 50% coaches and 55% sportswomen
were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of colon cancer.
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 30% coaches and 25% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and 20%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.16: Females who play sports have reduced risk of

osteoporosis (bones disease)

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 60% coaches and 50% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of osteoporosis
(bones disease). However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches 20%
and 20% sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20%
coaches and 30% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.
Table#4.17:

Females who play sports have stronger bones

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 55 15 30 100

Percentage 55% 15% 30% 100%

Sportswomen 60 15 25 100

Percentage 60% 15% 25% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 55% coaches 55% and 60%

sportswomen were agreed that females who play sports have stronger
bones. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 30% coaches 30% and 25%
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 15% coaches and
15% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.

Table#4.18:

Females who play sports have healthier menstruation periods.

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

 The majority of respondent's i.c. 60% coaches and 50% sportswomen
were agreed that females who play sports have healthier menstruation
periods. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 20% coaches and 20%,
sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and
30% sportswomen could not decide favor or against

Table#4.19:

Females who play sports have reduced risk of depression

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 60 25 15 100

Percentage 60% 25% 15% 100%

Sportswomen 50 30 20 100

Percentage 50% 30% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e.60% coaches 60% and 50%

sportswomen were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk
of depression. However, few of the respondent's i.e. 15% coaches and 20%
i.e. sportswomen were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 25% coaches
25% and 30% sportswomen could not decide favor or against.
Table#4.20:

Females who play sports have reduced risk of anxiety

Options Agree Not Sure Disagree Total

Coaches 55 20 25 100

Percentage 55% 20% 25% 100%

Sportswomen 60 20 20 100

Percentage 60% 20% 20% 100%

The majority of respondent's i.e. 55% coaches and 60% sportswomen

were agreed that females who play sports have reduced risk of anxiety.
However, few of the respondent's i.e. 25% coaches and 20% sportswomen
were disagreed. Few of the respondents i.e. 20% coaches and 20%
sportswomen could not decide favor or against.
 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary:

This study was conducted to know about the "Effect of Female sports
participation on their health". Main objectives of the study were:-

1. To investigate the effects of female sports participation on their health at

secondary level.

2. To find out the perception of teachers regarding the impact of female

sports participation on their health at secondary level.

3. To find out the perception of students regarding the impact of female

sports participation on their health at secondary level.

4. To compare the difference between the perception of teachers and

students regarding the impact of female sports participation on their health
at secondary level.

In order to obtain these objectives following research questions were

formulated: What is the effectiveness of female sports participation on their
health at secondary level? What is the perception of teachers regarding the
impact of female sports participation on their health at secondary level? What
is the perception of students regarding the impact of female sports
participation on their health at secondary level? What are the difference
between the perception of teachers and students regarding the impact of
female sports participation on their health at secondary level? Population
was comprised of all the female secondary school teachers and students of
district D I Khan. Female secondary schools of district D I Khan were
selected through convenient sampling technique. Total 200 respondents
from Female secondary schools of district D I Khan were included in this
study through simple random sampling technique. In order to collect the
relevant data, a questionnaire consisting of 20 suitable and relevant
questions to find out the Effect of Female sports participation on their health
was prepared on point three point Likert scale. The three-point scale options
were "Agree", "Not Sure", "Disagree". The developed questions were then
administered and collected back personally by the researcher. For data
analysis, the responses of respondents were tabulated through using simple
percentage. It has been concluded that female's sports participation is very
important to promote their health, physical fitness and to reduce the risk of
various diseases in females.

5.2 Findings:

Following were the findings of the study:

5.2.1 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

promotes females health.

5.2.2 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

develops females physically.

5.2.3 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

develops females mentally.

5.2.4 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

develops females socially.
5.2.5 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports
develops females emotionally.

5.2.6 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

develops females psychologically.

5.2.7 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

helps to control obesity in females.

5.2.8 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

makes the females physically fit.

5.2.9 The majority of respondents were agreed that participation in sports

increase the efficiency of different body systems in females.

5.2.10 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have stronger immune system

5.2.11 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of heart disease.

5.2.12 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of high blood pressure.

5.2.13 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of diabetics.

5.2.14 The majority of respondents were that agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of breast cancer.

5.2.15 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of colon cancer.
5.2.16 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have reduced risk of osteoporosis (bones disease).

5.2.17 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have stronger bones.

5.2.18 The majority of respondents were agreed that females who play
sports have healthier menstruation periods..

5.2.19 The majority of respondents were agreed that Females who play
sports have reduced risk of depression.

5.2.20 The majority of respondents were agreed that Females who play
sports have reduced risk of anxiety.

5.3 Conclusions:

After the findings and facts it was concluded that participation in sports
promotes females health, develops females physically, mentally, socially,
emotionally and psychologically. It has been concluded that participation in
sports control obesity. makes the females physically fit, have stronger
immune system, reduced risk of heart diseases, high blood pressure,
diabetes, breast cancer, colon cancer. It has also been concluded that
females who play sports have stronger bones, reduced risk of osteoporosis,
depression, and reduced risk of anxiety and have healthier menstruation
period.
5.4 Recommendations:

On the basis of findings and conclusion the following recommendations are

given.

5.4.1 Female sports may be given due attention in Pakistan.

5.4.2 Female sports may be introduced from gross root level to achieve
desired results.

5.4.3 Educational institutions may encourage female participation in sports.

5.4.4 Females sports coach may be provided to train female athletes.

5.4.5 Sufficient sports funds may be provided to organize female sports

competitions.

5.4.6 Sufficient sports facilities including play grounds, courts, gymnasium,

swimming pool, and track and field etc. may be provided to female's athletes.

5.4.7 Females sports competitions may be organized at district, division,

provincial and national level.

5.5 Suggestions for Future Research

5.5.1 The present research study was conducted only in Dera Ismail Khan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To generalize the result of this research study in whole
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, this study may be conducted in whole of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

5.5.2 This study may be conducted in whole of Pakistan.

5.5.3 Questionnaire was used as data collection instrument in present
research study. This research study may be replicated by using interview as
data collection instrument.

5.5.4 This study may be supplemented by inclusion of other demographic

variables such as educational qualifications of respondents and sports
background of the respondents.
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 Appendix-A

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & PHYSICAL EDUCATION GOVT.

GIRLS DEGREE COLLEGE NO.1 DERA ISMAIL KHAN

Dear Respondents

Assalaam-o-Aliakum,

With profound regards I would like to say that

being B.S student in Health and Physical Education Department Govt. Girls
Degree College #1 Dera Ismail Khan, I am conducting a research study as
a partial requirement for the degree of B.S in Health and Physical Education.
The title of the study is "Effect of Female sports participation on their health""

The attached questionnaire is part of this study for the collection of requisite
information. You are requested to tick or encircle the answer of your choice.
I hope you will extend a maximum cooperation with me in the
accomplishment of the task at hand by responding to this questionnaire. I
assure you that your response will be kept confidential. I also assure you that
your views will only be used for research purpose.

Your cooperation in this regard will highly be appreciated.

Yours Sincerely,

SADIA BIBI
Roll No. 2004
Student B.S Health & Physical Education
Session 2020-2024