VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI -590 018.

2023-2024
A Technical Seminar Report on

“Wireless Sensor Network Based Air Pollution

Monitoring System”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Hari Keerthan M [1JB20EE012]

Under the guidance of

Mr. Kubera U
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
#67, B G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION
CITY
Kengeri, Bengaluru-560 060.
 ||Jai Sri Gurudev||
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®
SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bengaluru-560 060.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Technical Seminar entitled “Wireless Sensor Network based Air Pollution
Monitoring System” carried out by Hari Keerthan M[1JB20EE012 ]is bonafide student of SJB
Institute of Technology in partial fulfilment for the award of “BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING” in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS as prescribed by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI during the academic year
2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. This report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of Technical Seminar prescribed for the said degree.

Mr. Kubera U Dr. M J Dr. K V Mahendra Prashanth

Assistant Chandrashekar Principal
Professor Professor & Head
Dept. of EEE, SJBIT Dept. of EEE, SJBIT SJBIT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our profound grateful to His Divine Soul Jagadguru Padmabhushan Sri
Sri Sri Dr. Balagangadharanatha Mahaswamiji and His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Dr.
Nirmalanandanatha Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to be a part of this esteemed
institution.

I would also like to express our profound thanks to Revered Sri Sri Dr. Prakashnath Swamiji,
Managing Director, SJB Institute of Technology, for his continuous support in providing
amenities to carry out this Internship in this admired institution.

I express my gratitude to Dr. K V Mahendra Prashanth, Principal, SJB Institute of Technology,

for providing me excellent facilities and academic ambience; which helped me in satisfactory
completion of Technical Seminar work.

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. M J Chandrashekar, Professor & Head, Dept. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, for providing us invaluable support throughout the period of my Technical
Seminar work.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my guide, Mr. Kubera U, for his valuable guidance,
suggestions and cheerful encouragement during the Technical Seminar work.

I express my truthful thanks to Mr. Hemanth Kumar S, Technical Seminar coordinator, Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their valuable support.

Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my earnest gratitude and respect to our parents, teaching
& technical staff of the department, the library staff and all my friends, who have directly or
indirectly supported me during the period of Technical Seminar work.

Regards,
Sandeep B G
[1JB20EE029]
 ABSTRACT

 Due to industrial and technical advancements, environmental parameter monitoring has

become very important.
 The quality of air is degraded to such poor level that it is adversely affecting the health of
living creatures on earth. Hence, continuous analysis of air pollution has become necessary.
 Recent studies have suggested the use of Wireless Sensor Network in environmenta l
monitoring and pollution control.
 The WSN network employs large number of sensor nodes, processing unit and high speed
internet connection.
 It allows monitoring of a large area along with the acquisition of detailed data. Such network
collects the real-time data and display the result in a user friendly format
 Table of Contents

Chapter Particulars Page

Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Table of contents iv
List of figures v
List of Tables vi
1 Introduction 7
2 Analysis of Literature 9
3 Architecture 11
4 Result Discussion 17
5 Conclusion 18
6 References 19
 List of Figures

Fig 3. 1: Basic architecture of WSN for air pollution monitoring...................................11

Fig 3. 2: MQ315 Gas Sensor.............................................................................................12
Fig 3. 3: MQ2 Gas Sensor.................................................................................................13
Fig 3. 4: Optical Dust Sensor............................................................................................14
Fig 3. 5: GPS Module........................................................................................................14
Fig 3. 6: Wi-Fi Module.....................................................................................................15
Fig 3. 7: MCP3008............................................................................................................16
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Earth's atmosphere is a delicate veil of gases that envelops our planet, vital for sustaining life as
we know it. Without the gravitational pull of the Earth and its atmosphere, the air we breathe would
escape into space. This atmospheric layer diminishes in thickness as altitude increases, seamlessly
merging into outer space with no distinct boundary. Divided into five layers—Exosphere,
Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, and Troposphere—the atmosphere plays a crucial role in
regulating our climate and protecting us from harmful solar radiation.

Composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with traces of argon, carbon dioxide,
and other gases, air is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless mixture. Additionally, it contains
approximately 1% water vapor. However, the quality of this essential resource is under threat due to
various factors contributing to air pollution. Urban centers worldwide face the brunt of this issue,
exacerbated by factors such as industrial concentration, vehicular emissions, power plant pollutants,
fuel combustion, forest fires, and even nuclear activities.

As societies gravitate towards urbanization and development, the concept of smart cities emerges as
a promising solution to address the challenges of pollution and climate change. Smart cities aim to
offer their residents a safe and healthy living environment, leveraging technology and innovation. A
pivotal aspect of this endeavor involves deploying wireless sensor networks to monitor air quality,
transportation systems, and pollutant levels comprehensively. These networks collect real-time
data, analyze pollutant concentrations, and transmit information to cloud-based platforms accessible
to the public.

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By integrating air quality monitoring into urban planning and transportation management, smart
cities empower individuals to make informed decisions. For instance, if a particular area
experiences high pollution levels on a given day, commuters can opt for less congested routes,
thereby reducing traffic congestion and mitigating pollution levels. This proactive approach not
only improves air quality but also enhances overall public health and well-being.

Despite the pressing need for efficient air quality monitoring systems, only a handful of cities have
implemented Smart Air Quality Detection Systems. This underscores the urgency for broader
adoption of such technologies, particularly in densely populated urban centers facing severe
pollution challenges. By leveraging advanced sensor networks and cloud computing, cities can
proactively tackle air pollution, paving the way for a cleaner and healthier future for all inhabitants.

In conclusion, the quest for sustainable urban development necessitates a concerted effort to combat
air pollution and promote environmental stewardship. Smart cities offer a promising avenue for
achieving these objectives by harnessing technology to monitor, analyze, and address air quality
issues effectively. Through collaborative initiatives and investments in innovative solutions, we can
create livable urban environments that prioritize the health and well-being of present and future
generations.

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CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE

 H. Hromic, D.L. Phuoc, M. Serrano, A. Antonic, I.P. Zarko, C. Hayes , and S. Decker, “Real
time analysis of sensor data for the interet of things by means of clustering and event
processing,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, June
2015, pp. 685-691

Gas sensors play a crucial role in air pollution control by detecting and monitoring various gases
emitted into the atmosphere. These sensors are designed to detect specific pollutants as carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM). Gas sensors provide real-time data on pollutant
levels, allowing authorities to air quality, identify pollution sources, and implement effective to
mitigation measures.

 G. Spandana, R. Shanmughasundram, “Design and Development of Air Pollution

Monitoring System for Smart Cities” , in Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Intelligent computing And Control Systems (ICICCS) 2018, pp. 1640-1643

Wireless sensors for air pollution control are innovative devices used to monitor and manage air
quality in real-time. These sensors can detect various pollutants such as particulate matter,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds. They
provide valuable data for assessing pollution levels, identifying sources, and implementing
effective control measures. These sensors are advantageous because they offer flexibility in
placement, cost-effectiveness, and can be integrated into existing networks for comprehensive
monitoring systems.
.

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 A. Kadri,E. Yaacoub, M. Mushtaha, and A. Abu- Dayya, “Wireless sensor network for real-
time air –pollution monitoring,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on
Communications, Signal Processing and their Applications, February 2013, pp. 1-5.

An optical dust sensor for air pollution control typically works by detecting the concentration of
particulate matter (PM) in the air using light scattering or absorption techniques. These sensors
can provide real-time data on air quality, helping to monitor pollution levels and take appropriate
measures to mitigate them. They are commonly used in HVAC systems, to the industrial
facilities, and smart cities for environmental monitoring and control purposes.

 V. Kumar, A. S. Pandey, S. K. Sinha, "Grid integration and power quality issues of wind
and solar energy system: A review", 2016 11-12 March 2016, 2016, pp. 71-80.

Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability
and maturity of each technology are presented. Classification of various Power Quality Issues
used by different researchers has been done. Application of various techniques as applied to
mitigate the different Power Quality problems is also presented for consideration.

 Navarro, P. Mancarella, L. F. Ochoa, D. Randles, "Impacts of photovoltaics on low voltage

networks: A case study",10-13 June 213, 2013, pp. 1-4.

PV location plays a significant role on the potential impacts on voltage. In addition, it was also
observed that longer feeders present voltage issues sooner than shorter ones. Photovoltaics (PV)
market is the fastest growing electrical energy generation industry with an average yearly growth
rate of more than 40%. In 2016, the reported production data for the global solar PV
manufacturing is in the range of 65 to 75 GW. The location of PV systems were one where they
are located from the transformer to the last consumer and another where they located form the last
consumer to the transformer.

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CHAPTER 3

Architecture for monitoring Air pollution

Solar Photovoltaics (SPV)

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) air quality monitoring system is a sophisticated network
comprising numerous sensors designed to measure various pollutants present in the air. These
pollutants include Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon
Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitric Oxide (NO), dust
particles, and particulate matters. Installed in hundreds or even thousands, these sensors are
strategically placed throughout the designated area to ensure comprehensive coverage of air quality
monitoring.

The WSN network not only includes the array of sensors but also encompasses essential
components such as data storage, data prediction, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication
protocols, as well as modules for drawing conclusions and providing recommendations. The M2M
Platform, a core part of the system, comprises several modules, including data storage, prediction,
and data preprocessing. These modules work in tandem to analyze real-time data collected by the
sensors, convert analog signals into digital format using Analog to Digital Converters (ADC), and
process the data using microcontrollers and internet connectivity.

Figure 3.1: Basic architecture of WSN for air pollution monitoring

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Users interact with the WSN air quality monitoring system through mobile interfaces and web
platforms, which provide access to the stored data and real-time updates on air quality conditions.
Through these interfaces, users can receive notifications regarding excessive levels of air pollutants
in their selected area, enabling them to take timely and informed actions to protect their health and
well-being. Overall, the integration of advanced sensor technology, data analysis algorithms, and
user-friendly interfaces makes WSN air quality monitoring systems invaluable tools for promoting
environmental awareness and public health.

Details of Sensing entity and GPS module

MQ135 Gas Sensor

The MQ135 Gas Sensor is a popular component utilized in air quality monitoring systems.
Specifically designed to detect a variety of gases such as ammonia, nitrogen oxides, benzene, and
carbon dioxide, it operates based on the principle of chemical reactions between the gas molecules
and the sensor's sensitive layer. This sensor is widely used due to its high sensitivity, low cost, and
ease of integration into electronic circuits. Its applications range from indoor air quality monitoring
to industrial safety systems, providing valuable insights into pollutant levels and facilitating
informed decision-making for mitigating air pollution.

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Figure 3.2: MQ135 Gas Sensor

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MQ2 Sensor
.
The MQ2 Sensor is a versatile gas sensor widely used for detecting a range of gases including LPG,
propane, methane, alcohol, hydrogen, and smoke. It operates on the principle of conductivity changes
in its sensitive layer when exposed to target gases, leading to voltage variations that can be measured
and analyzed. Due to its affordability, compact size, and ease of use, the MQ2 Sensor finds
applications in various fields such as gas leakage detection in homes, industrial safety systems, and air
quality monitoring in urban environments. Its ability to provide real-time detection of potentially
hazardous gases makes it an essential component in ensuring safety and environmental protection.

Figure 3.3: MQ2 Sensor

Optical Dust Sensor

This sensor is used for detecting very tiny molecules such as cigarette smoke. It is capable of
detecting particle as small as 0.8 micron. The device, consisting of an infrared LED and a
phototransistor, obliquely arranged to permit the detected light reflected by the dust particles in the
air. It has outstandingly low current consumption i.e. < 20mA.

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Figure 3.4: Optical Dust Sensor

GPS Module
This GPS module is developed with the help of the MTK3339 chipset. It has an outstanding high
sensitivity receiver and an in-built antenna. It can update the data of 10 locations per second with
high speed, high sensitivity logging or tracking. Power consumption is extremely low, i.e. 20mA
during navigation. The module also consists of a standard ceramic patch antenna that provides a -165
dB sensitivity.

Figure 3.5: GPS Module

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Wi-Fi Module
ESP8266 is a system on chip (SoC) module having Wi-Fi developed by Espressif system. It is
extensively used for expansion of IoT (Internet of Things) embedded applications. It has a and 64KB
boot ROM, 64KB instruction RAM and 96 KB data RAM.

Figure 3.6: Wi-Fi Module

Analog to Digital Converter

The MCP3008 is a low-cost, 8 channel, 10-bit A to D converter. It has excellent performance and
very low power consumption making it perfect for embedded based applications.

The MCP3008 features 200k samples/sec and it can work within a temperature range of -40 to
+85oC. Applications of MCP3008 comprises of data acquisition, robotics, instrumentation and
measurements, multi-channel data loggers, industrial PCs and smart sensors.

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Figure 3.7: MCP3008

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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

 Describe the process of collecting data using wireless sensor networks. This may include information
about the types of sensors used, their placement, and the frequency of data collection.
 Present the results of air quality monitoring, including measurements of various pollutants such as
particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and
ozone (O3). Compare the observed pollutant levels with established air quality standards or
guidelines.
 Discuss the effectiveness of any implemented control measures in reducing air pollution levels. This
could include the use of real-time data from the sensor network to optimize the operation of pollution
control devices such as scrubbers or filters.
 Overall, the result and discussion section should provide a comprehensive analysis of the data
collected through wireless sensor networks and offer insights into the effectiveness of air pollution
control measures in the study area.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Due to the alarming levels of pollution in some of the major cities of world, continuous monitoring of air
quality has become a major issue.
By using wireless sensing network along with high speed internet connection, the monitoring and
analysis process has become effective, efficient and is easily accessible by common people.
Such automated systems are accurate, reliable and history of the parameters is also stored which can be
used at any later time. The WSN monitoring systems can also be implemented for other types of
pollution such as water pollution, soil pollution or radioactive contamination.
Using high efficiency communication protocol along with sensor network to achieve accurate data in real
time and processing of data will be achieved in near future.

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CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

1. S. Nagaraj, B. Rajashree, “Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Real-Time Ambient

Air Pollution Monitoring and Air Quality in Metropolitan Cities –A Survey”, in Proceedings of
IEEE International Conference on Smart Technology for Smart Nation,2017,pp.1393-1397.

2. S. Mansour, N. Nasser, L. Karim, and A. Ali, “Wireless sensor network-based air pollution
monitoring,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computing, Networking and
Communications, February 2013,pp. 1-5.

3. S. Devarakonda, P. Sevusu, H. Liu, R. Liu, L. Iftode ,and B. Nath, “Real-time air quality
monitoring through mobile sensing in metropolitan areas,” in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
SIGKDD International Workshop on Urban Computing, vol. 15, no. 8,December 2013,pp. 15:1-
15:8

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