VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI -590 018.

2022-2023
A Project Report
(Phase – I) on

“Enhanced Non- biodegradable solid waste

disposal using incinerator”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Amrit Chandra [1JB19EE004]

Chethan M [1JB19EE010]
Prathik R [1JB19EE027]
Yashwanth D [1JB20EE414]

Under the guidance of

Dr .M J Chandrashekar
Asso. Prof., Dept. of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

#67, B G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY
Kengeri, Bengaluru-560 060.
 ||Jai Sri Gurudev||
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®
SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bengaluru-560 060.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work phase – I entitled “Enanced non-biodegradable solid waste
disposal using incinerator” carried out by Amrit Chandra [1JB19EE004], Chethan M
[1JB19EE010], Prathik R [1JB19EE027], Yashwanth D [1JB20EE414] are bonafide students
of SJB Institute of Technology in partial fulfilment for the award of “BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING” in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS as prescribed by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI during the academic
year 2022-23. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work phase – I prescribed for the said
degree.

Dr. M J Chandrashekar Dr. Babu N V Dr. K V Mahendra Prashanth

Associate Professor Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of EEE, SJBIT Dept. of EEE, SJBIT SJBIT

Name of Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our profound grateful to His Divine Soul Jagadguru Padmabhushan
Sri Sri Sri Dr. Balagangadharanatha Mahaswamiji and His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri
Sri Dr. Nirmalanandanatha Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to be a part of this
esteemed institution.
I would also like to express our profound thanks to Revered Sri Sri Dr. Prakashnath
Swamiji, Managing Director, SJB Institute of Technology for his continuous support providing
amenities to carry out project (Phase – I) in this admired institution.
I express our gratitude to Dr. K V Mahendra Prashanth, Principal, SJB Institute of
Technology for providing me excellent facilities and academic ambience which helped me
satisfactory completion of project work (Phase – I).
I extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Babu N V, Academic Dean, Professor & Head,
Department of EEE; for providing us invaluable support throughout the period of my project
work (Phase – I).
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to my guide, Dr M J Chandrashekar for his
valuable guidance,suggestions and cheerful encouragement during the entire period of my project
work (Phase – I).
I express my truthful thanks to Dr. Chandrashekar M J, project coordinator, Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their valuable support.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my earnest gratitude and respect to our parents,
teaching& technical staff of the department, the library staff and all my friends, who have directly
or indirectly supported me during the period of my project work (Phase – I).

Regards, Students

Amrit Chandra [1JB19EE004]

Chethan M [1JB19EE010]
Prathik R [1JB19EE027]
Yashwanth D [1JB20EE414]
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this project report has been carried out under
the supervision of Dr. M J Chandrashekar , Associate Professor in partial fulfilment for the award
of “BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING” in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS as prescribed by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI during the academic year
2022-23.

Amrit Chandra [1JB19EE004]

Chethan M [1JB19EE010]
Prathik R [1JB19EE027]
Yashwanth D [1JB20EE414]
 ABSTRACT

Urban India generates tones of wastes annually. Our country faces major challenges associated
with waste management. Conventional garbage collection is not efficient since the authorities are not
notified until the waste bin is full, and this leads to overflow of waste material. Efficient way of waste
disposal and collection of disposed garbage is essential for a sustainable and clean India. This paper
presents smart waste management using IoT based waste bin for collection and monitoring the level of
waste inside bin and proper disposal.
The system is implemented using ultrasonic sensors which is being controlled by controller,
and ultrasonic sensor detects the level of the waste in the bin. The main focus of this project is to adding
an automatic burning Incinerator compartment, where it contains an Igniter with electrodes which
produces spark. The sensor that sense the waste and fall into the incinerator box with the help of DC
motor and when it gets filled, automatically spark gets produced and burns the waste completely inside
the box and turn them into ash. To avoid pollution from this system air purifier is installed and it is
absolutely designed with safety concern.
 Table of Contents
Chapter Particulars Page
Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Table of contents iv
List of figures
List of tables
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Review, Motivation, Challenges, Objectives 2

3 Methodology & Implementation Details 5

4 Results, Discussions and Performance Analysis 16

5 Conclusion & Future Scope 17

6 Bibliography 18
 List of figures
Figures Particulars Page
2.1 SMS tracking 2

2.2 Block diagram of Waste segregation 3

3.1 Block diagram 6

3.2 Circuit diagram 7

3.3 Ultrasonic sensor 8

3.4 Servo motor 9

3.5 DC motor 10

3.6 Stepper motor 11

3.7 Arduino board 12

3.8 Humidity sensor 13

3.9 Metal detector 13

3.10 LCD display 14

Enhanced Non- biodegradable solid waste disposal using incinerator 2022-23

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final
disposal . This includes collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring
and regulation. Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste
collection services are often provided by local government authorities. Curbside collection is the most
common method of disposal in most countries, in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialized
trucks. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal area. Nowadays, cities with developing
economies experience exhausted waste collection services, inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites
and the problems are worsening . Waste collection method in such countries is an on-going challenge and
many struggle due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization.
Efficient and energy-saving waste management, reducing CO2,air pollution and vehicle exhaust emissions—
these are just a few examples for the demands of future cities. In views of that, the efficient use and responsible
handling of resources become more important Effectively managing waste is important in developed countries.
Waste management may swallow up to 50% of a city’s budget, but only serve a small part of the population.
Sometimes, up to 60%of waste is not being collected, it is often simply burned by the roadside. It can pollute
drinking water Even with great route optimization, the worker must still physically go to the dustbin to check
waste levels. Because of this, trucks often visit containers that do not need emptying, which wastes both time
and fuel. Waste management prevents harm to human health and the environment by reducing the volume and
hazardous character of residential and industrial waste.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

We have searched several researched papers on our project we got some of the papers which is useful to our
project from reputed publications. In that, we sort out advantages to our projects and some of disadvantages
compare to present technology. Here are some papers that are useful to our project.

a) . Smart Waste Management

Niraj H. Rathod, Suraj C. Gurjar , Devika U. Mahindr, Ashiwini B. Sinde Sanjay Ghodawat
Polytechnic, Atigre

The major objective of this proposed system is to stop the dustbin overflowing around the road side
and localities as smart bins are used in real time. This can create the surrounding area a neat and clean
while eliminating the overflow of the wastage outside the dustbin due to regular cleaning of the
dustbin.

METHODOLOGY:-
In proposed system, Smart waste Dustbins are located in several areas of city are connected to Internet
wirelessly, they equipped with ultra-sonic sensors which collects the data about level of collected waste
in Smart waste Dustbin. Then Smart waste Dustbin sends this information to central web portal using
WIFI module. If the Smart waste Dustbin is filled up to its threshold value, then the message is
displayed and the responsible authorities take proper action.

Fig 2.1 Tracking of sms alert

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b) . Enhanced Smart Waste Segregation and Management using Arduino.

Shruthi B Gowda, Balapriya F, Chaya K R, Harshita K Yadav, Vinutha H, Dept. of Computer science
and Engineering Vivekananda institute of technology Bangalore.
METHODOLOGY:- An integrated Arduino program is developed to synchronize the identification
system, automated system, microcontroller, display system, and communication system. An ultrasonic
sensor is attached to the front side of the garbage bin. The transmitter of the ultrasonic sensor emits an
ultrasonic sound that is beyond the human ear listening range, and the receiver receives the reflected
sound waves by the solid objects. Therefore, if there are any personnel detected within a certain range,
the lid will open automatically with the help of a servo motor set up in the upper portion of the garbage
bin. A 30 cm range was set up for the proposed identification system. After the lid being opened, one
can put garbage inside the garbage bin, and the lid will remain open until the personnel is within the
detection range. Finally, if the personnel leave the detection range, the lid will close automatically. A
+5V power supply is used to power the system. The electrical connection between all the components
used to develop the proposed system is shown in Fig. A closed bin is presented here to avoid
interference with the external factors like animals and unusual weather conditions that can cause
littering of waste. The waste level inside the waste bin is continuously monitored by an ultrasonic
sensor set up inside the garbage bin. The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic sound, and the sound
waves get reflected by the garbage inside the waste bin. There is a time gap between transmitting
ultrasonic sound and receiving the reflected sound waves. With the help of this time gap, the percentage
filled up inside the garbage bin is calculated. The calculated numeric data is displayed with the help of
the LCD placed in front of the bin

Fig 2.2 block diagram of waste segregation

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2.1 Objective of our project

• To develop Sensor based smart waste dustbin will judge the level of waste in it and send the
message directly to the municipal corporation.

• To provide a shortest path for the vehicles from the municipal corporation, which will save their
time.

• To emphasize on “Digital India” as well as “Swatch Bharat Abhiyan”.

• To develop a simple system. If there is any problem with any equipment in the future, that part is
easily replaceable with new one without any difficulty and delay.

• To design automatic waste segregation system.

• To Reduce the adverse effects of waste on human health(Air pollution).

2.2 Motivation of our project

Waste management is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities.The problem is over
flowing of wastage on the roads. This, in turn, leads to various hazards such as bad odor &ugliness to
that place which may be the root cause for the spread of various diseases. Several efforts have been
invested in tackling. Waste is an important issue, which needs to be tackled smartly. We got inspired
from “Swatch Bharat Abhiyan” which is a national campaign by the Government of India, to clean the
streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
In proposed system, Smart waste Dustbins are located in several areas of city are connected to Internet wirelessly, they
equipped with ultra-sonic sensors whichcollects the data about level of collected waste in Smart waste Dustbin. Then
Smart waste Dustbin sends this information to central web portal using WIFI module. If the Smart waste Dustbin is
filled up to its threshold value, then the message is displayed and the responsible authoritiestake proper action. Once
all waste is collected then segregation of metal and non-biodegradable waste takes place, which further moved to
incinerator compartment where it burnt and converted into ash and air purifier is add to minimize the air pollution.

( Solid waste management is a significant worldwide problem, mainly for municipalities located within large
urban areas. Efficient waste management is an essential requisite for a clean and safe environment, and keep
cities away from the harm caused by the mismanagement of solid waste produced in urban centers. There are
many technologies for managing waste collection as well as recycling, but among the studied related works,
none addresses the citizen's perspective, focusing only on the collection performed by the landowners. This
paper proposes an integrated system combining identification through ultrasonic sensors and load cell sensors,
location by Global Positioning System (GPS), and communication through Global System of Mobile
Communications (GSM) / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). In other words, everything to provide
citizens with a better disposal methodology for waste generated in their homes, besides being easily integrated
with the municipal collection service to assist in efficient collection scheduling by promoting optimized routes.
The solution is demonstrated, validated, and is ready for use.)

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BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Fig 3.1 Block diagram

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

Fig 3.2 Circuit diagram

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IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

1. ULTRA SONIC SENSOR.

Fig 3.3 Ultrasonic sensor

Ultrasonic transducers operate at frequencies in the range of 30–500 kHz for air-coupled applications. As the
ultrasonic frequency increases, the rate of attenuation increases. Thus, low-frequency sensors (30–80 kHz) are
more effective for long range, while high-frequency sensors are more effective for short range.
There are four pins that you would use to interface with the sensor: VCC, Trig (signal output pin), Echo
(signal input pin), and GND.
Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the range of human hearing.
The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic
sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo.

Specifications
• Power Supply: 3.3V – 5V.
• Operating Current: 8mA.
• Working Frequency: 40Hz.
• Ranging Distance : 3cm – 350cm/3.5m.
• Resolution : 1 cm.
• Measuring Angle: 15 degree.
• Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS TTL.
• Dimension: 50mm x 25mm x 16mm.

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2. SERVO MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS :

Fig 3.4 Servo motor

Tiny and lightweight with high output power, this tiny servo Helicopter, Quadcopter or Robot. durability.
Servo can rotate approximately 180 degrees (90 in each direction), and works just like the standard kinds but
smaller.
You can use any servo code, hardware or library to control these servos. Good for beginners who want to
make stuff move without building a motor controller with feedback & gear box, especially (arms) and
hardware.
Specifications:-
• Weight: 13.4 g

• Dimension: 22.5 x 12 x 35.5

• Stall torque: 1.8 kg·cm (4.8V )

• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree

• Operating voltage: 4.8 V – 6V

• Dead band width: 5 µs MG90S servo

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3. DC GEARED MOTOR

Fig 3.5 DC geared motor

A brushed DC motor from Portescap is ideal for portable and small devices. Brush DC motor technology
offers the distinct advantages of low friction, low starting voltages, absence of iron losses, high efficiency,
good thermal dissipation and linear torque-speed function. These ultra-compact small DC motors are designed
to deliver superb speed-to-torque performance with lower joule heating. We also offer a variety of gearheads
and encoders. Portescap small DC motors can deliver a torque range from 0.36 mNm up to 160 mNm
continuously and from 2.5 mNm up to 1,487 mNm in intermittent operation. In addition, Portescap proudly
offers our special line of high power density DC motors, the Athlonix series! Our brushed DC motors are
designed for quick and easy modification, so you can get exactly what you need with the pricing and delivery
you expect from an off-the shelf solution. We can customize standard brush motor features to meet specific
application requests, including performance specifications, mounting configuration, thermal and ambient
condition requirements, and other operational needs.

Specifications:-

• RPM: 100.
• Operating Voltage: 12V DC
• Gearbox: Attached Plastic (spur)Gearbox
• Shaft diameter: 6mm with internal hole
• Torque: 2 kg-cm
• No-load current = 60 mA(Max)
• Load current = 300 mA(Max).

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4. STEPPER MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS:-

Fig 3.6 Stepper motor

The basic working principle of the stepper motor is the following: By energizing one or more of the stator
phases, a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the coil and the rotor aligns with this
field. hybrid stepping motor has a 1.8° step angle (200 steps/revolution). Each phase draws 1.2 A at 4 V,
allowing for a holding torque of 3.2 kg-cm (44 oz-in). The motor has six color-coded wires terminated with
bare leads that allow it to be controlled by both unipolar and bipolar stepper motor drivers. When used with a
unipolar stepper motor driver, all six leads are used. When used with a bipolar stepper motor driver, the center-
tap yellow and white wires can be left disconnected (the red-blue pair gives access to one coil and the black-
green pair gives access to the other coil).

Specifications:-
• Size: 42.3 mm square × 48 mm, not including the shaft (NEMA 17)
• Weight: 350 g (13 oz)
• Shaft diameter: 5 mm.
• Steps per revolution: 200
• Current rating: 1.2 A per coil
• Voltage rating: 4 V
• Resistance: 3.3 Ω per coil
• Holding torque: 3.2 kg-cm (44 oz-in)
• Inductance: 2.8 mH per coil
• Lead length: 30 cm (12″)
• Output shaft supported by two ball bearings

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5. ARDUINO UNO BOARD:-

Fig 3.7 Arduino board

Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source microcontroller board
that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects. This board can be interfaced with other
Arduino boards, Arduino shields, Raspberry Pi boards and can control relays, LEDs, servos, and motors
as an output.
Specification:-

• Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• output Voltage (limit): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• PWM Digital I/O Pins: 6
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
• DC current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)

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• Clock Speed: 16 MHz

• LED_BUILTIN: 13

6. HUMIDITY SENSOR:-

Fig 3.8 Humidity sensor

DHT11 electronic brick of digital temperature & humidity sensor features a digital temperature & humidity
sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. Its single-bus operation, extremely small size and low
consumption enable it to be used in HVAC, automotive, weather stations, dehumidifier and other
applications.
Specification:-
PCB size:22.0mm X 20.5mm X 1.6mm
Working voltage:3.3 or 5V DC
Operating voltage:3.3 or 5V DC
Measurement range:20-95%RH；0-50℃
Resolution:8bit temperature, 8bit(humidity）
Compatible interfaces:2.54 3-pin interface and 4-pin Grove interface(1)

7. METAL DETECTOR

Fig 3.9 Metal detector

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Metal detectors work by transmitting an electromagnetic field from the search coil into the ground. Any
metal objects (targets) within the electromagnetic field will become energized and retransmit an
electromagnetic field of their own.
Most metal detectors can detect objects about 4-8ʺ (10 - 20 cm) deep. In ideal conditions, a mid-range metal
detector can reach 12-18ʺ (30-45 cm) underground. Some specialized detectors can go as deep as 65' (20 m).
Detection principle. Since the Earth acts as a shield against all particles except neutrinos, a neutrino telescope
uses the detection of upward-going muons as a signature of muon neutrino interactions in the matter
below the detector

7. LCD DISPLAY:-

Fig 3.10 LCD Display

16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations available
like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. But the most used one is the 16*2 LCD hence we are using it here.

Specifications:-

• Operating Voltage: 4.7V to 5.3V.

• Operating Current 1mA (without backlight)
• Can display (16x2) 32 Alphanumeric Characters.
• Custom Characters Support.
• Works in both 8-bit and 4-bit Mode.

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CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSIONS, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND PLAN OF ACTION

WORK DONE:-
• Team formation and allocation of guides.
• Searching for ideas, papers and presenting the ideas and fine tuning of ideas and finalization of
ideas and topics.
• Title finalization and related literature survey.
• Collection of literature and finalization of objectives.
• Problem identification.
• Solving problems and finalizing ideas.
• Block diagram formed.
• Selecting the components required for model preparation.
• Circuit diagram formed.

NEXT PLAN OF ACTION:-

• assembling the components.
• Preparing model.
• Testing of model
• If any modification needed that has to corrected.
• Tabulating the results.

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RESULTS

Various problems and factor related to design, selection of components and their applications were
encountered during implementation of the system. The programming of Arduino board using Arduino IDE
software programming language and debugging of process control was another challenge to the project. The
movements and operational control by sensors and controller will achieved by Arduino. The use of updated
literature review and continuous research which was a major source to understand the issues related to disposal
of solid waste. The proposed system able to segregates the non-biodegradable waste such as paper and metal.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

By using this method, the collection of waste in the city becomes easier. It helps in reducing air pollution,
man power, time and money. with the help of proper technology (GPS & SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS),
we can guide the trucks in selecting the path for garbage collection. This project can add an edge to the
cities aiming to get smart and people-friendly. And also helps to emphasize on “Digital India” as well as
“Swatch Bharat Abhiyan”.

FUTURE SCOPE

In future the project can be used in automated vacuum collection system with some external attachment fixed
to it. It requires some modification in design and in working of the system. that ensures te transportation of
waste with the help of pneumatic tubes located under the ground. When the refuse enters in the system it
travels until it ends up at a collection depot where it is further sealed in containers and awaits its upcoming
transportation and disposal. Thus, an effective way of automated vacuum collection system can be achieved.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERED TEXTBOOK
1. Textbook: E-Waste management ,Navitika singh and Shuchita Agarwal 2021.
2. Textbook: Solid waste system, Amrita Chakraborty 2019.

REFERANCE PAPERS

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[2]. P. Fedchenkov, A. Zaslavsky, and I. Sosunova, ‘‘Enabling smart waste management with sensorized
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[7].K. C. Saranya, V. Sujan, B. Abivishaq, and K. N. Kanna, ‘‘Smart bin with automated metal segregation
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[8]. K. Subbulakshmi, ‘‘Smart recycle trash management systems for smart city using IoT,’’ J. Mech. Continua
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[10]. P. Haribabu, Sankit R. Kassa, J. Nagaraju, R. Karthik, N. Shirisha, M. Anila, “Implementation

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[11].Saurabh Dugdhe1, Pooja Shelar, Sajuli Jire, Anuja Apte, “Efficient Waste Collection System”,IEEE International
Conference on Internet of Things and Applications, 2016.

[12]. Sahil Mirchandani, Sagar Wadhwa, Preeti Wadhwa, Richard Joseph, “IOT EnabledDustbins”, IEEE International
Conference on Big Data, IoT and Data Science, 2017

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